python可以利用serial模块来和串口设备进行485或者232通讯。
当然,网上这类串口调试助手的小程序有很多,不过这些程序要么是要收费,只能试用30天,要么是不好用。
况且,别人写的程序,你只能使用,无法取出其中的数据来进行处理,所以,如果可以自己写一个程序,既方便使用,又可以随时随地使用其中的数据。
软件:python3.10
pycharm2021
硬件:window10电脑
串口485设备(国产流量计)
串口转usb线(电脑不带串口,只能转接)
准备好了后,就可以开始写程序了。
串口通讯程序首先要对串口进行设置,如波特率、数据位、停止位、校验位等。可以称之为初始化:
初始化:
def serial_init(self): #初始化 self.port = self.port_set.currentText() self.bps = int(self.baud_set.currentText()) self.timeout = float(self.timeout_set.text()) try: self.ser = serial.Serial(port=self.port,baudrate=self.bps,bytesize=8,parity='N',stopbits=1) print(self.ser) if self.ser.is_open: print('串口正常') except Exception as e: QMessageBox.warning(self, 'tips!', str(e), QMessageBox.Ok | QMessageBox.Cancel, QMessageBox.Ok) print('异常:', e)
初始化完成后,需要将串口打开,只有串口成功打开,才可以进行后面的数据传输。python中的serial模块,提供serial.isopen来进行检查。当然,此处需要注意的是,在串口serial实例化的时候,实际上已经同时打开串口了。所以,如果在初始化程序里建立了实例化:
self.ser = serial.Serial(port=self.port,baudrate=self.bps,bytesize=8,parity='N',stopbits=1)
那么也可以不用在重复打开串口了。
串口打开:
def open_serial(self): #打开串口 try: self.ser.open() except Exception as e: QMessageBox.warning(self, 'tips!', str(e), QMessageBox.Ok | QMessageBox.Cancel, QMessageBox.Ok) print('异常:', e)
串口关闭:
def close_serial(self): #关闭串口 try: self.ser.close() except Exception as e: QMessageBox.warning(self,'tips!',str(e),QMessageBox.Ok|QMessageBox.Cancel,QMessageBox.Ok) print('异常:', e)
调试完成后,最好关闭串口,有始有终。
在完成上面的初始化和打开步骤后,就可以进行数据的读、写了,本例中使用了与流量计进行通讯,读取流量计实时流量。该流量计读、写数据时有专门的格式:
所以,从电脑端发送指令时,需要按照流量计的格式发送,才能得到正确的反馈。485是半双工传输,即同一时间只能进行读或者写,读、写不能同时进行。
本例中,读取流量指令格式为:
01 03 00 10 00 02 C5 CE
实际操作中,我将流量计设备地址修改为2,即
02 03 00 10 00 02 C5 CE
发送数据:
def send_data(self): ct = datetime.datetime.now() #获取当前系统时间 ct_str = ct.strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S") #格式化当前系统时间(字符形式) try: self.senddata_s=self.le_senddata.text() self.senddata=bytes.fromhex(self.senddata_s) #字符转成字节 self.ser.write(self.senddata) #self.senddata_str=self.senddata.hex() self.senddata_str_fg=self.str_fenge(self.senddata_s) #self.le_senddata.setText(self.senddata.hex()) self.le_recdata.append('\n' + '[' + ct_str+ ']' + ' ' + self.senddata_str_fg + '\n') #print(self.senddata) time.sleep(0.1) self.read_data_size() except Exception as e: QMessageBox.warning(self, 'tips!', str(e), QMessageBox.Ok | QMessageBox.Cancel, QMessageBox.Ok)
读取数据:
def read_data_size(self): ct=datetime.datetime.now() ct_str=ct.strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S") try: #self.size=10 self.read_data=self.ser.read_all() #print(self.read_data) self.read_data_str=self.read_data.hex() #字节转成16进制字符显示 #re.findall(r'.{3}',self.read_data_str) self.read_data_str_fg=self.str_fenge(self.read_data_str) #print(self.read_data_str) self.le_recdata.append('\n'+'['+ct_str+']'+' '+self.read_data_str_fg+'\n') except Exception as e: QMessageBox.warning(self, 'tips!', str(e), QMessageBox.Ok | QMessageBox.Cancel, QMessageBox.Ok) #return self.read_data
serial的读取数据时,有几种方式,read()、read_all()、readline(),read()就是按照字节数size大小读取缓存区字节,read_all()即读取所有数据,readline()读取缓存区最新一行数据。
完整程序:
from numpy.lib.function_base import place import serial import serial.tools.list_ports import sys import re import os import time import datetime import threading from PyQt5.QtCore import * from PyQt5.QtGui import * from PyQt5.QtWidgets import * class Serialwindow(QWidget): def __init__(self) -> None: super().__init__() self.initUI() def initUI(self): #self.stylefile = 'E:\\100proworld2021\opencvtestpro01\爬虫程序\爬虫-style.qss' #self.qssstyle = CommonHelper.readQSS(self.stylefile) self.port = '' self.bps = 0 self.timeout = 0.0 self.senddata=bytes() self.read_data='' self.btn_plist=QPushButton('获取可用串口',self) self.btn_plist.setGeometry(20,20,60,20) self.btn_plist.clicked.connect(self.get_serial_info) self.btn_plist.adjustSize() self.btn_ser_init=QPushButton('初始化',self) self.btn_ser_init.setGeometry(20,50,60,20) self.btn_ser_init.clicked.connect(self.serial_init) self.btn_ser_init.adjustSize() self.btn_open=QPushButton('打开串口',self) self.btn_open.setGeometry(20,80,60,20) self.btn_open.clicked.connect(self.open_serial) self.btn_open.adjustSize() self.btn_close=QPushButton('关闭串口',self) self.btn_close.setGeometry(20,110,60,20) self.btn_close.clicked.connect(self.close_serial) self.btn_close.adjustSize() self.btn_read_data=QPushButton('读取数据',self) self.btn_read_data.setGeometry(20,140,60,20) self.btn_read_data.clicked.connect(self.read_data_size) self.btn_read_data.adjustSize() self.btn_write_data=QPushButton('发送数据',self) self.btn_write_data.setGeometry(40,460,60,20) self.btn_write_data.clicked.connect(self.send_data) self.btn_write_data.adjustSize() #Qcombobox self.port_set=QComboBox(self) self.port_set.setGeometry(500,20,100,20) self.port_set.addItems(['COM1']) #self.port_set.activated.connect(self.Qcombo) self.lbl_port_set=QLabel(self) self.lbl_port_set.setGeometry(420,20,60,20) self.lbl_port_set.setText('串口号:') self.baud_set=QComboBox(self) self.baud_set.setGeometry(500,50,100,20) self.baud_set.addItems(['9600','19200','38400','115200']) self.lbl_baud_set=QLabel(self) self.lbl_baud_set.setGeometry(420,50,60,20) self.lbl_baud_set.setText('波特率:') self.stopbit_set=QComboBox(self) self.stopbit_set.setGeometry(500,80,100,20) self.stopbit_set.addItems(['0','1']) self.lbl_stopbit_set = QLabel(self) self.lbl_stopbit_set.setGeometry(420, 80, 60, 20) self.lbl_stopbit_set.setText('停止位:') self.parity_set=QComboBox(self) self.parity_set.setGeometry(500,110,100,20) self.parity_set.addItems(['无','奇校验','偶校验']) self.lbl_parity_set = QLabel(self) self.lbl_parity_set.setGeometry(420, 110, 60, 20) self.lbl_parity_set.setText('校验位:') self.databit_set=QComboBox(self) self.databit_set.setGeometry(500,140,100,20) self.databit_set.addItems(['8','7']) self.lbl_databit_set=QLabel(self) self.lbl_databit_set.setGeometry(420,140,60,20) self.lbl_databit_set.setText('数据位:') self.timeout_set=QLineEdit(self) self.timeout_set.setGeometry(500,170,100,20) self.timeout_set.setText('1000') self.lbl_timeout_set=QLabel(self) self.lbl_timeout_set.setGeometry(420,170,60,20) self.lbl_timeout_set.setText('超时设置:') self.lbl_timeout_set_2=QLabel(self) self.lbl_timeout_set_2.setGeometry(610,170,60,20) self.lbl_timeout_set_2.setText('ms') # self.le_senddata=QLineEdit(self) self.le_senddata.setGeometry(120,460,300,20) self.le_senddata.setText('010300100002C5CE') self.le_recdata=QTextEdit(self) self.le_recdata.setGeometry(120,220,600,200) self.setGeometry(100,100,800,600) self.setWindowTitle('简易串口调试助手-菌尘') # self.setStyleSheet(self.qssstyle) self.show() def Qcombo(self): print(self.port_set.currentText()) print(self.baud_set.currentText()) print(self.stopbit_set.currentText()) print(self.parity_set.currentText()) print(self.databit_set.currentText()) print(self.timeout_set.text()) def get_serial_info(self): #获取可用串口列表 #打印可用串口列表 #self.need_serial = '' self.plist = list(serial.tools.list_ports.comports()) if len(self.plist) <= 0: print('未找到串口') qm = QMessageBox.warning(self, '提示窗口', '未找到串口!请检查接线和电脑接口。', QMessageBox.Ok|QMessageBox.Cancel,QMessageBox.Ok) if qm == QMessageBox.Yes: print('Yes') else: print('No') else: for i in list(self.plist): self.port_set.addItem(i.name) #return self.need_serial #print(self.plist) def serial_init(self): #初始化 self.port = self.port_set.currentText() self.bps = int(self.baud_set.currentText()) self.timeout = float(self.timeout_set.text()) try: self.ser = serial.Serial(port=self.port,baudrate=self.bps,bytesize=8,parity='N',stopbits=1) print(self.ser) if self.ser.is_open: print('串口正常') except Exception as e: QMessageBox.warning(self, 'tips!', str(e), QMessageBox.Ok | QMessageBox.Cancel, QMessageBox.Ok) print('异常:', e) def open_serial(self): #打开串口 try: self.ser.open() except Exception as e: QMessageBox.warning(self, 'tips!', str(e), QMessageBox.Ok | QMessageBox.Cancel, QMessageBox.Ok) print('异常:', e) def close_serial(self): #关闭串口 try: self.ser.close() except Exception as e: QMessageBox.warning(self,'tips!',str(e),QMessageBox.Ok|QMessageBox.Cancel,QMessageBox.Ok) print('异常:', e) def read_data_size(self): ct=datetime.datetime.now() ct_str=ct.strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S") try: #self.size=10 self.read_data=self.ser.read_all() #print(self.read_data) self.read_data_str=self.read_data.hex() #字节转成16进制字符显示 #re.findall(r'.{3}',self.read_data_str) self.read_data_str_fg=self.str_fenge(self.read_data_str) #print(self.read_data_str) self.le_recdata.append('\n'+'['+ct_str+']'+' '+self.read_data_str_fg+'\n') except Exception as e: QMessageBox.warning(self, 'tips!', str(e), QMessageBox.Ok | QMessageBox.Cancel, QMessageBox.Ok) #return self.read_data def read_data_line(self): self.read_data=self.ser.readline() return self.read_data def send_data(self): ct = datetime.datetime.now() #获取当前系统时间 ct_str = ct.strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S") #格式化当前系统时间(字符形式) try: self.senddata_s=self.le_senddata.text() self.senddata=bytes.fromhex(self.senddata_s) #字符转成字节 self.ser.write(self.senddata) #self.senddata_str=self.senddata.hex() self.senddata_str_fg=self.str_fenge(self.senddata_s) #self.le_senddata.setText(self.senddata.hex()) self.le_recdata.append('\n' + '[' + ct_str+ ']' + ' ' + self.senddata_str_fg + '\n') #print(self.senddata) time.sleep(0.1) self.read_data_size() except Exception as e: QMessageBox.warning(self, 'tips!', str(e), QMessageBox.Ok | QMessageBox.Cancel, QMessageBox.Ok) def read_data_alway(self, way): print('开始接受数据:') while True: try: if self.ser.inWaiting: if(way == 0 ): for i in range(self.ser.inWaiting): print('接收ascII数据:'+str(self.read_data_size(1))) data1 = self.read_data_size(1).hex() data2 = int(data1, 16) print('接收到16进制数据:'+data1+'接收到10进制数据:'+str(data2)) if(way == 1 ): data = self.ser.read_all() except Exception as e: print('异常:', e) def str_fenge(self,A): ''' 对字符串进行按长度分割,并在中间加入其他字符,如空格、短横等 ''' b = re.findall(r'.{2}',A) c = ' '.join(b) #print(c) return c if __name__ == '__main__': app = QApplication(sys.argv) ex = Serialwindow() sys.exit(app.exec_())
上面的程序经过测试,可以与流量计正常通讯。
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