通过100个单词掌握英语语法(二十七)had

[have 的过去式和过去分词，主要动词，助动词和情态动词(had to)]  
主要动词:Have you had lunch? 助动词 :It had rained all night.情态动词:I had to see the doctor.
had 用作主要动词的结构和have是一样的:
They had no friends. We had a nice chat.

语法结构
1 had | + 过去分词
  The film had already started when we got there.
  At the airport I realized I had left my passport at home.
  Until last week,it hadn't rained in the region for several years.
  从过的某一个点往回看，表示在那个时间之前发生的事情.(这也叫做过去完成时)
  Stephen told me he had found a new agent.
  The doctor asked him if he had ever had hepatitis.
  转述人们所说的或所问的有关过去的事。

2  had | + been | + -ing
   It had been raining heavily all morning,and the roads were still slippery.
   Before he moved to Toronto he had been living in Vancouver.
   从过去的某一个点往回看,表示到那个时间点之前一直在进行的事情。(这叫做过去完成进行时)   

3 had | + been | + 过去分词
   They told me that the house had just been sold.
   Before I bought it ,the car had been owned by a retired professor.
   从过去的某一个点往回看,表示在那个时间之前受某一行为影响的事情。
   (这叫做过去完成时被动语态)  

4  if | + had分句(过去完成时), | + 分句 (would have/could have等)
   if we had booked,we would have got a table.

5  had | + 名词短语 | + 过去分词, | + 分句(would have/could have等)  
   Had we been informed of the situation,we would have acted accordingly.
   语法结构4的一种更正式的表达法。

6 had | + 带to的不定式
  did | + not | + have | + 带to的不定式
  I'm sorry I'm late but I had to take the kids home.
  It snowed so much they had to close the airport.
  Because it was a holiday,Emma didn't have to work on Monday.
  表示必要的、 有义务要做的事()或没必要、没义务要做的事.

7 had | + better | ( + not ) | + 动词原形
  Look at you! You're soaking wet.You had better come in and dry off.
  We'd better not tell Rob,or he'll want to come too.
  表示你认为某事应该(或不应该)发生,提建议。
 
搭配
  在过去完成时里最常用的一些动词是:be,make,go,come,take,see,have,say和leave.
     It had been ages since I had last seen Felicity.
     We'd made good progress by the time the snow started.
    
   在过去完成时里最常见的副词有: never,already,ever,always,just,once.
     Before I went to Finland,I'd never had a sauna.
     Although we'd already eaten,we accepted their offer of a snack.
     It was the first time I had ever seen a yak.
     This was not my first visit.I had been there once before.

固定短语
   'have had it '= be in a bad condition,be in serious trouble情况不好,深陷麻烦
   The TV has had it,it's time we got a new one.
   I lost Jim's digital camera.~Now,you've had it.