学习来源:日撸 Java 三百行(11-20天,线性数据结构)_闵帆的博客-CSDN博客
在《数据结构》中, 使用“抽象数据类型”来描述不同的数据结构. 在《面向对象程序设计》中, 用对象来存储数据及其上的操作. 我认为, 它们的本质都是相同的,都是把具体的事物抽象化. 但数据结构更注重事物之间的联系, 面向对象则更注重本身属性。
数据及其上操作的总和.
例如, 我是一个对象, 具有身高、体重、年龄、跑步速度等数据; 同时,我具有吃饭、睡觉、送快递等功能.
从计算机的发展来看.
第一阶段以操作 (函数) 为中心, 一个计算导弹轨迹的函数, 根据不同输入获得不同输出. 这属于面向过程.
第二阶段以数据为中心, 即数据存放于数据库, 使用不同的算法来处理它. 这属于面向数据.
第三阶段认为数据及其上的操作是统一不可分的, 这就到了面向对象.
前面已经使用过 int i; 这类代码, int 就是类型, i 是一个具体的整数变量. 同理, 对象就是属于某种类的变量. 也可以用集合的方式来理解: 类是集合, 对象是其中的元素; int 是指所有整数的集合, i 是其中的一个元素.
包并非程序设计必须的东西, 其作用仅仅是将类进行合理的组织. 但是, 在计算机界, 往往这种可有可无的东西才是最重要的. 如文档、注释、编码规范. 可有可无是针对程序的运行而言, 其核心是计算机; 而重要是针对程序的易读性、可维护性而言, 其核心是程序员.
常量用 final 修饰. 这里故意把 MAX_LENGTH 设置得比较少, 方便调拭后面的越界检查代码.
用 new 生成新的对象.
有一个成员变量叫做 length. 程序里还有用 length 表示一个整数数组的长度. 实际上, 同一个变量名可以被不同的类所使用.
toString 这个方法很特殊, 它覆盖了 Object 类的相应方法. 可以看到, 在 println 里面使用 tempFirstList 时, 由于是用另一个字符串与其相加, 系统会自动调用 tempFirstList.toString().
把逻辑上相邻的结点储存在物理位置上的相邻储存单元中, 结点的逻辑关系由储存单元的邻接关系来体现.
通俗来讲, 顺序表就是把线性表中的所有元素按照其逻辑顺序, 依次储存到从指定的储存位置开始的一块连续的储存空间中.
第一个元素的储存位置就是指定的储存位置, 第 i+1 个元素的储存位置在第 i 个元素后面.
1.编写顺序表的两个构造函数. 一个参数为空, 另一个参数为 int 数组并用其初始化顺序表.
2.重写顺序表的 toString 方法
package datastructure.list;
/**
* SequentialList
*
* @author Shihuai Wen Email:[email protected]
*/
public class SequentialList {
/**
* The maximal length of the list. It is a constant.
*/
private static final int MAX_LENGTH = 10;
/**
* The actual length not exceeding MAX_LENGTH. Attention: length is not only
* the member variable of Sequential list, but also the member variable of
* Array. In fact, a name can be the member variable of different classes.
*/
int length;
/**
* The data stored in an array.
*/
int[] data;
/**
*********************
* Construct an empty sequential list.
*********************
*/
public SequentialList() {
length = 0;
data = new int[MAX_LENGTH];
}// Of the first constructor
/**
*********************
* Construct a sequential list using an array.
*
* @param paraArray
* The given array. Its length should not exceed MAX_LENGTH. For
* simplicity now we do not check it.
*********************
*/
public SequentialList(int[] paraArray) {
this.data = new int[MAX_LENGTH];
this.length = paraArray.length;
// Copy data.
for (int i = 0; i < paraArray.length; i++) {
this.data[i] = paraArray[i];
} // Of for i
}// Of the second constructor
/**
*********************
* Overrides the method claimed in Object, the superclass of any class.
*********************
*/
@Override
public String toString() {
String resultString = "";
if (this.length == 0) {
return "empty";
} // Of if
for (int i = 0; i < this.length - 1; i++) {
resultString += data[i] + ", ";
} // Of for i
resultString += data[this.length - 1];
return resultString;
}// Of toString
/**
*********************
* Reset to empty.
*********************
*/
public void reset() {
this.length = 0;
}// Of reset
/**
*********************
* The entrance of the program.
*
* @param args
* Not used now.
*********************
*/
public static void main(String args[]) {
int[] tempArray = { 1, 4, 6, 9 };
SequentialList tempFirstList = new SequentialList(tempArray);
System.out.println("Initialized, the list is: " + tempFirstList.toString());
System.out.println("Again, the list is: " + tempFirstList);
tempFirstList.reset();
System.out.println("After reset, the list is: " + tempFirstList);
}// Of main
}// Of class SequentialList
尽量保证类中变量为私有, 提高其安全性.
当类中变量名可能出现重复时尽量使用 this 关键字进行指明.
在重写函数的时候需要在函数名上一行写上 @Override 用以注明.
在顺序表(一)的基础上进行修改.
查找给定数值元素的位置. 找不到就返回 -1.
一个整数, 如下所示
4
若顺序表中存在该输入整数则返回第一次出现时的下标, 若不存在则返回 -1
/**
*********************
* Find the index of the given value. If it appears in multiple positions,
* simply return the first one.
*
* @param paraValue The given value.
* @return The position. -1 for not found.
*********************
*/
public int indexOf(int paraValue) {
int tempPosition = -1;
for (int i = 0; i < length; i++) {
if (data[i] == paraValue) {
tempPosition = i;
break;
} // Of if
} // Of for i
return tempPosition;
}// Of indexOf
在给定位置增加元素. 如果顺序表已满, 或位置不在已有位置范围之内, 就拒绝增加. 该位置可以是在最后一个元素之后一个.
两个整数一个表示插入位置, 另一个表示需要插入的元素.
1 ==> paraPosition
4 ==> paraValue
返回一个布尔值, 增加成功返回 true , 增加失败返回 false.
/**
*********************
* Insert a value to a position. If the list is already full, do nothing.
*
* @param paraPosition The given position.
* @param paraValue The given value.
* @return Success or not.
*********************
*/
public boolean insert(int paraPosition, int paraValue) {
if (length == MAX_LENGTH) {
System.out.println("List full.");
return false;
} // Of if
if ((paraPosition < 0) || (paraPosition > length)) {
System.out.println("The position " + paraPosition + " is out of bounds.");
return false;
} // Of if
// From tail to head. The last one is moved to a new position. Because length <
// MAX_LENGTH, no exceeding occurs.
for (int i = length; i > paraPosition; i--) {
data[i] = data[i - 1];
} // Of for i
data[paraPosition] = paraValue;
length++;
return true;
}// Of insert
删除给定位置的元素. 要处理给定位置不合法的情况. 该位置必须是已经有数据的.
一个整数表示删除位置
返回一个布尔值, 删除成功返回 true , 删除失败返回 false.
/**
*********************
* Delete a value at a position.
*
* @param paraPosition The given position.
* @return Success or not.
*********************
*/
public boolean delete(int paraPosition) {
if ((paraPosition < 0) || (paraPosition >= length)) {
System.out.println("The position " + paraPosition + " is out of bounds.");
return false;
} // Of if
// From head to tail.
for (int i = paraPosition; i < length - 1; i++) {
data[i] = data[i + 1];
} // Of for i
length--;
return true;
}// Of delete
package datastructure.list;
/**
* SequentialList
*
* @author Shihuai Wen Email:[email protected]
*/
public class SequentialList {
/**
* The maximal length of the list. It is a constant.
*/
private static final int MAX_LENGTH = 10;
/**
* The actual length not exceeding MAX_LENGTH. Attention: length is not only the
* member variable of Sequential list, but also the member variable of Array. In
* fact, a name can be the member variable of different classes.
*/
int length;
/**
* The data stored in an array.
*/
int[] data;
/**
*********************
* Construct an empty sequential list.
*********************
*/
public SequentialList() {
length = 0;
data = new int[MAX_LENGTH];
}// Of the first constructor
/**
*********************
* Construct a sequential list using an array.
*
* @param paraArray The given array. Its length should not exceed MAX_LENGTH.
* For simplicity now we do not check it.
*********************
*/
public SequentialList(int[] paraArray) {
this.data = new int[MAX_LENGTH];
this.length = paraArray.length;
// Copy data.
for (int i = 0; i < paraArray.length; i++) {
this.data[i] = paraArray[i];
} // Of for i
}// Of the second constructor
/**
*********************
* Overrides the method claimed in Object, the superclass of any class.
*********************
*/
@Override
public String toString() {
String resultString = "";
if (this.length == 0) {
return "empty";
} // Of if
for (int i = 0; i < this.length - 1; i++) {
resultString += data[i] + ", ";
} // Of for i
resultString += data[this.length - 1];
return resultString;
}// Of toString
/**
*********************
* Reset to empty.
*********************
*/
public void reset() {
this.length = 0;
}// Of reset
/**
*********************
* Find the index of the given value. If it appears in multiple positions,
* simply return the first one.
*
* @param paraValue The given value.
* @return The position. -1 for not found.
*********************
*/
public int indexOf(int paraValue) {
int tempPosition = -1;
for (int i = 0; i < length; i++) {
if (data[i] == paraValue) {
tempPosition = i;
break;
} // Of if
} // Of for i
return tempPosition;
}// Of indexOf
/**
*********************
* Insert a value to a position. If the list is already full, do nothing.
*
* @param paraPosition The given position.
* @param paraValue The given value.
* @return Success or not.
*********************
*/
public boolean insert(int paraPosition, int paraValue) {
if (length == MAX_LENGTH) {
System.out.println("List full.");
return false;
} // Of if
if ((paraPosition < 0) || (paraPosition > length)) {
System.out.println("The position " + paraPosition + " is out of bounds.");
return false;
} // Of if
// From tail to head. The last one is moved to a new position. Because length <
// MAX_LENGTH, no exceeding occurs.
for (int i = length; i > paraPosition; i--) {
data[i] = data[i - 1];
} // Of for i
data[paraPosition] = paraValue;
length++;
return true;
}// Of insert
/**
*********************
* Delete a value at a position.
*
* @param paraPosition The given position.
* @return Success or not.
*********************
*/
public boolean delete(int paraPosition) {
if ((paraPosition < 0) || (paraPosition >= length)) {
System.out.println("The position " + paraPosition + " is out of bounds.");
return false;
} // Of if
// From head to tail.
for (int i = paraPosition; i < length - 1; i++) {
data[i] = data[i + 1];
} // Of for i
length--;
return true;
}// Of delete
/**
*********************
* The entrance of the program.
*
* @param args Not used now.
*********************
*/
public static void main(String args[]) {
int[] tempArray = { 1, 4, 6, 9 };
SequentialList tempFirstList = new SequentialList(tempArray);
System.out.println("After initialization, the list is: " + tempFirstList.toString());
System.out.println("Again, the list is: " + tempFirstList);
int tempValue = 4;
int tempPosition = tempFirstList.indexOf(tempValue);
System.out.println("The position of " + tempValue + " is " + tempPosition);
tempValue = 5;
tempPosition = tempFirstList.indexOf(tempValue);
System.out.println("The position of " + tempValue + " is " + tempPosition);
tempPosition = 2;
tempValue = 5;
tempFirstList.insert(tempPosition, tempValue);
System.out.println(
"After inserting " + tempValue + " to position " + tempPosition + ", the list is: " + tempFirstList);
tempPosition = 8;
tempValue = 10;
tempFirstList.insert(tempPosition, tempValue);
System.out.println(
"After inserting " + tempValue + " to position " + tempPosition + ", the list is: " + tempFirstList);
tempPosition = 3;
tempFirstList.delete(tempPosition);
System.out.println("After deleting data at position " + tempPosition + ", the list is: " + tempFirstList);
for (int i = 0; i < 8; i++) {
tempFirstList.insert(i, i);
System.out.println("After inserting " + i + " to position " + i + ", the list is: " + tempFirstList);
} // Of for i
tempFirstList.reset();
System.out.println("After reset, the list is: " + tempFirstList);
}// Of main
}// Of class SequentialList
函数 要求同样的输入参数获得同样的输出结果, 但 方法 所依赖的数据既包括参数列表中给出的,也依赖于对象的成员变量.
程序员的世界无非就是增删改查.