理论+实操:防火墙双机热备

文章目录

  • 一:双机热备的工作原理
    • 1.1 双机热备概述
    • 1.2 VRRP(虚拟路由冗余协议Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol)
    • 1.3 VGMP
  • 二:双机热备配置
    • 2.1 双击热备的备份方式
    • 2.2 开启双机热备功能
    • 2.3 配置自动备份模式
    • 2.4 配置手工批量备份模式
    • 2.5 配置快速备份模式
    • 2.6 连接路由器时的双机热备
  • 三:实操配置
    • 3.1 环境
    • 3.2 需求
    • 3.3 思路步骤
    • 3.4 拓扑图
    • 3.5 配置命令

一:双机热备的工作原理

1.1 双机热备概述

  • 单一链路存在的问题
    理论+实操:防火墙双机热备_第1张图片

  • 防火墙和路由器之间双机热备的区别

路由器双机热备:

数据从内部网络传输到外部网络,经过双机热备的主路由A(另一个为备路由器B),当A失效后路由网路收敛更新路由表,数据会从备路由B返回

防火墙:

数据从内部网络传输到外部网络,经过双机热备的防火墙A(另一个为备防火墙B),防火墙A生成会话表;当A失效后网路收敛更新路由表,数据会从防火墙B返回,但因为没有会话表,所以数据无法正常返回

————————————解决办法————————————————

  • 华为防火墙的做双机热备模式

1.热备模式————一个防火墙为主,一个防火墙为备

2.负载均衡模式——————防火墙之间互为主备

通过另外一个接口互相连接构成心跳线,去备份会话表和server-map表

1.2 VRRP(虚拟路由冗余协议Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol)

  • 专业术语

VRRP路由器

虚拟路由器

VRID

虚拟IP/MAC

IP地址拥有者

优先级

抢占模式

非抢占模式

HSRP VRRP
协议类型 专有协议 公有协议
虚拟IP 不可以是成员路由器IP 可以是成员路由器IP
虚拟MAC 00-00-07-AC-组号 00-00-5e-00-01-VRID
状态机 五个 三个
报文 三种(hello、政变、辞职) 一种(VRRP通告报文)
特性 支持接口跟踪 不支持接口跟踪
  • VRRP的角色

①MASTER路由器

ARP响应

数据包的转发

默认每隔1s向其他路由器通告master路由器当前的状态信息

②backup路由器

不提供数据包的转发

master路由器故障时,接替转发数据包的工作

  • VRRP的状态机

Initialize状态————执行接口UP,优先级<255,变成backup状态

Initialize状态————执行接口UP,优先级=255,变成master状态

master状态————执行接口shutdown,变成initialize状态

master状态(此时优先级小于255)————接收到优先级更大的VRRP报文,变成initialize状态

backup状态————执行接口shutdown,变成initialize状态

backup状态————master_down_interval计时器超时,变成master状态

问题:VRRP的缺陷是master的内网链路出现问题时,上层路由器并不知道,此时依然会把数据发送给master,但是因为下行接口出现问题,数据无法正常通讯

这就是双机热备需要解决的问题,由此产生VGMP

1.3 VGMP

  • 概念

VRRP组管理协议

实现对VRRP备份组的统一管理

保证设备在各个备份组中的状态一致性

  • 特点——VGMP工作思路

VGMP组的状态决定了VRRP备份组的状态

VGMP组的状态通过比较优先级决定

默认情况下,VGMP组的优先级为45000

通过心跳线协商VGMP状态信息

一旦检测到被分组的状态变成initialize,VGMP组的优先级会自动-2

备注:在加入了VGMP组之后,VRRP中状态标识从master和backup变成了active和standby状态

  • VGMP报文封装

组播报文——组播穿二层

​ 二层头-IP头-VRRP报文头-VGMP报文头-DATA

单播报文——单播报文可以穿越三层网络,接口有IP地址

​ 二层头-IP头-UDP报文头-VRRP报文头-VGMP报文头-DATA

  • 配置保温封装
hrp interface GigabitEthernet 1/0/0
配置心跳接口g 1/0/0,发送组播报文,但是ensp模拟器不支持该命令
hrp interface GigabitEthernet 1/0/0 remote 1.1.1.1
配置心跳接口g 1/0/0,发送单播报文,reote 表示对端口心跳接口IP,要求路由可达

备注:

华为防火墙在默认情况下放行组播流量,禁止单播流量,所以如果配置了remote参数,还需要配置local区域和心跳接口所在安全区域之间的安全策略

ensp模拟器中,即使心跳接口之间直接相连,也必须配置remote参数,否则无法配置

通常把心跳接口配置在DMZ

二:双机热备配置

2.1 双击热备的备份方式

  • 自动备份
  • 手动批量备份
  • 快速备份

2.2 开启双机热备功能

hrp enable 注意,开启成功提示符会发生变化

2.3 配置自动备份模式

hrp auto-sync
security-policy (+B)	+B表示该命令可以同步
rule name test (+B)
source-zone trust (+B)
action permit (+B)
quit
quit

2.4 配置手工批量备份模式

hrp sync 【config | connection-status】
用户模式下执行

2.5 配置快速备份模式

hrp sync 【config | connection-status】

2.6 连接路由器时的双机热备

VRRP通告报文(组播)无法通过路由器

理论+实操:防火墙双机热备_第2张图片
解决办法:

接口直接加入VGMP组

检测到接口变化时,降低优先级

自动切换

Standby的VGMP组增加cost值

三:实操配置

3.1 环境

FW1、FW2、S1、S2、组成双机热备网络

3.2 需求

正常情况下通过FW1转发

FW1故障时,通过FW2转发

3.3 思路步骤

1.基本的网络参数和路由配置

2.接口加入安全区域并配置安全策略

3.配置VRRP备份组

4.配置心跳接口

5.启用双机热备

6.配置备份方式

7.检查配置并验证

  • 查看双机热备的状态信息
  • 查看心跳接口状态
  • PC1访问R1并查看安全规则及会话
  • FW1断开G1/0/2,验证故障切换

3.4 拓扑图

理论+实操:防火墙双机热备_第3张图片

3.5 配置命令

配置IP地址

R1

[R1]system-view
[R1]un in en
[R1]int g 0/0/0
[R1-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]ip add 10.1.1.1 24
[R1-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]q
[R1-LoopBack0]int loo 0
[R1-LoopBack0]ip add 1.1.1.1 32
[R1-LoopBack0]q

FW1

Username:admin
Password:Admin@123
The password needs to be changed. Change now? [Y/N]: y
Please enter old password: 
Please enter new password: 
Please confirm new password: 

 Info: Your password has been changed. Save the change to survive a reboot. 
*************************************************************************
*         Copyright (C) 2014-2018 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd.         *
*                           All rights reserved.                        *
*               Without the owner's prior written consent,              *
*        no decompiling or reverse-engineering shall be allowed.        *
*************************************************************************
system-view 
Enter system view, return user view with Ctrl+Z.
[USG6000V1]un in en
Info: Saving log files...
Info: Information center is disabled.
[USG6000V1]sysname FW1
[FW1]int g 1/0/0
[FW1-GigabitEthernet1/0/0]ip add 10.1.1.101 24
[FW1-GigabitEthernet1/0/0]un sh
Info: Interface GigabitEthernet1/0/0 is not shutdown.
[FW1-GigabitEthernet1/0/0]q
[FW1]int g 1/0/1
[FW1-GigabitEthernet1/0/1]ip add 172.16.1.1 24
[FW1-GigabitEthernet1/0/1]un sh
Info: Interface GigabitEthernet1/0/1 is not shutdown.
[FW1-GigabitEthernet1/0/1]q
[FW1]int g 1/0/2
[FW1-GigabitEthernet1/0/2]ip add 192.168.10.101 24
[FW1-GigabitEthernet1/0/2]un sh
Info: Interface GigabitEthernet1/0/2 is not shutdown.
[FW1-GigabitEthernet1/0/2]q

FW2

system-view 
Enter system view, return user view with Ctrl+Z.
[USG6000V1]un in en
Info: Saving log files...
Info: Information center is disabled.
[USG6000V1]sysname FW2
[FW2]int g 1/0/0
[FW2-GigabitEthernet1/0/0]ip add 10.1.1.102 24
[FW2-GigabitEthernet1/0/0]un sh
Info: Interface GigabitEthernet1/0/0 is not shutdown.
[FW2-GigabitEthernet1/0/0]q
[FW2]int g 1/0/1
[FW2-GigabitEthernet1/0/1]ip add 172.16.1.2 24
[FW2-GigabitEthernet1/0/1]un sh
Info: Interface GigabitEthernet1/0/1 is not shutdown.
[FW2-GigabitEthernet1/0/1]q
[FW2]int g 1/0/2
[FW2-GigabitEthernet1/0/2]ip add 192.168.10.102 24 
[FW2-GigabitEthernet1/0/2]un sh
Info: Interface GigabitEthernet1/0/2 is not shutdown.
[FW2-GigabitEthernet1/0/2]q

开始配置接口所在的安全区域和策略

FW1

[FW1]firewall zone trust 
[FW1-zone-trust]add int g 1/0/2
[FW1-zone-trust]q
[FW1]firewall zone dmz 
[FW1-zone-dmz]add int g 1/0/1
[FW1-zone-dmz]q
[FW1]firewall zone untrust 
[FW1-zone-untrust]add int g 1/0/0
[FW1-zone-untrust]q
[FW1]sec
[FW1-policy-security]rule name xintiao
[FW1-policy-security-rule-xintiao]source-zone local
[FW1-policy-security-rule-xintiao]destination-zone dmz	
[FW1-policy-security-rule-xintiao]action permit 
[FW1-policy-security-rule-xintiao]q

[FW1-policy-security]rule name trusttoun	
[FW1-policy-security-rule-trusttoun]source-zone trust 
[FW1-policy-security-rule-trusttoun]destination-zone untrus	
[FW1-policy-security-rule-trusttoun]action permit 
[FW1-policy-security-rule-trusttoun]q

FW2

[FW2]fire zon dmz
[FW2-zone-dmz]add int g 1/0/1
[FW2-zone-dmz]q	
[FW2]firewall zone untrust 
[FW2-zone-untrust]add int g 1/0/0
[FW2-zone-untrust]q
[FW2]firewall zone trust 
[FW2-zone-trust]add int g 1/0/2
[FW2-zone-trust]q
[FW2]sec
[FW2-policy-security]rule name xintiao
[FW2-policy-security-rule-xintiao]source-zone local
[FW2-policy-security-rule-xintiao]destination-zone dmz
[FW2-policy-security-rule-xintiao]act per
[FW2-policy-security-rule-xintiao]q

[FW2-policy-security]rule name trusttoun
[FW2-policy-security-rule-trusttoun]source-zone trust 
[FW2-policy-security-rule-trusttoun]destination-zone untrust 
[FW2-policy-security-rule-trusttoun]act per
[FW2-policy-security-rule-trusttoun]q

配置静态路由

[FW1]ip route-static 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 10.1.1.1
[FW2]ip route-static 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 10.1.1.1

然后开始配置VRRP组

上联口vrid 2

[FW1]int g 1/0/0
[FW1-GigabitEthernet1/0/0]dis this
2020-02-14 15:44:34.070 
#
interface GigabitEthernet1/0/0
 undo shutdown
 ip address 10.1.1.101 255.255.255.0
#
return
[FW1-GigabitEthernet1/0/0]vrrp vrid 2 virtual-ip 10.1.1.100 active
[FW2]int g 1/0/0
[FW2-GigabitEthernet1/0/0]dis this
2020-02-14 15:46:06.630 
#
interface GigabitEthernet1/0/0
 undo shutdown
 ip address 10.1.1.102 255.255.255.0
#
return
[FW2-GigabitEthernet1/0/0]vrrp vrid 2 vi 10.1.1.100 standby 

下联口vrid 1

[FW1]int g 1/0/2
[FW1-GigabitEthernet1/0/2]vrr vrid 1 vi 192.168.10.100 ac
[FW2]int g 1/0/2
[FW2-GigabitEthernet1/0/2]vrr vri 1 vi 192.168.10.100 st

接下来开始配置会话表同步,配置心跳线

[FW1]hrp int g 1/0/1 re 172.16.1.2 ?
  heartbeat-only  Indicate the interface is used only for transfering control
                  messages
              

[FW1]hrp int g 1/0/1 re 172.16.1.2 
[FW2]hrp int g 1/0/1 remote 172.16.1.1

开启hrp双机热备

[FW1]hrp enable
Info: NAT IP detect function is disabled.
HRP_S[FW1]
[FW2]hrp en
Info: NAT IP detect function is disabled.
HRP_M[FW1]dis hrp state
2020-02-14 15:54:47.140 
 Role: active, peer: standby
 Running priority: 45000, peer: 45000
 Backup channel usage: 0.00%
 Stable time: 0 days, 0 hours, 0 minutes
 Last state change information: 2020-02-14 15:54:27 HRP core state changed, old_
state = abnormal(standby), new_state = normal, local_priority = 45000, peer_prio
rity = 45000.
HRP_S[FW2]dis hrp state
2020-02-14 15:55:33.730 
 Role: standby, peer: active
 Running priority: 45000, peer: 45000
 Backup channel usage: 0.00%
 Stable time: 0 days, 0 hours, 1 minutes
 Last state change information: 2020-02-14 15:54:26 HRP link changes to up.

双机热备中的自动备份模式

HRP_S[FW2] hrp auto-sync 
HRP_M[FW1]hrp auto-sync 

查看心跳线接口

HRP_M[FW1]dis hrp interface 
2020-02-14 15:59:51.650 
             GigabitEthernet1/0/1 : running
             HRP_S[FW2]dis hrp interface 
2020-02-14 16:00:12.980 
             GigabitEthernet1/0/1 : running
HRP_M[FW1]dis hrp ?
  configuration        Check local configuration with remote firewall
  history-information  Indicate HRP history information
  interface            Indicate HRP backup channels infomation
  state                Indicate the HRP status infomation
  statistic            Indicate HRP statistic information

配置回城路由

[R1]ip route-static 192.168.10.0 24 10.1.1.100
HRP_M[FW1]dis firewall session table 
2020-02-14 16:07:35.370 
 Current Total Sessions : 7
 icmp  VPN: public --> public  192.168.10.1:47813 --> 1.1.1.1:2048
 udp  VPN: public --> public  172.16.1.2:16384 --> 172.16.1.1:18514
 icmp  VPN: public --> public  192.168.10.1:48581 --> 1.1.1.1:2048
 udp  VPN: public --> public  172.16.1.2:49152 --> 172.16.1.1:18514
 udp  VPN: public --> public  172.16.1.1:49152 --> 172.16.1.2:18514
 icmp  VPN: public --> public  192.168.10.1:48325 --> 1.1.1.1:2048
 icmp  VPN: public --> public  192.168.10.1:48069 --> 1.1.1.1:2048
HRP_M[FW1]dis firewall server-map 
2020-02-14 16:07:41.410 
 Current Total Server-map : 0

FW1断开G1/0/2,验证故障切换

HRP_M[FW1-GigabitEthernet1/0/2]shutdown 

PCping1.1.1.1

理论+实操:防火墙双机热备_第4张图片

HRP_S[FW1]dis firewall session table 
2020-02-14 16:10:00.940 
 Current Total Sessions : 3
 udp  VPN: public --> public  172.16.1.2:16384 --> 172.16.1.1:18514
 udp  VPN: public --> public  172.16.1.2:49152 --> 172.16.1.1:18514
 udp  VPN: public --> public  172.16.1.1:49152 --> 172.16.1.2:18514
HRP_S[FW1]dis hrp state 
2020-02-14 16:10:18.400 
 Role: standby, peer: active (should be "active-standby")
 Running priority: 44998, peer: 45000
 Backup channel usage: 0.00%
 Stable time: 0 days, 0 hours, 1 minutes
 Last state change information: 2020-02-14 16:09:03 HRP core state changed, old_
state = normal, new_state = abnormal(standby), local_priority = 44998, peer_prio
rity = 45000.
HRP_M[FW2]dis hrp state
2020-02-14 16:10:54.770 
 Role: active, peer: standby (should be "standby-active")
 Running priority: 45000, peer: 44998
 Backup channel usage: 0.00%
 Stable time: 0 days, 0 hours, 1 minutes
 Last state change information: 2020-02-14 16:09:02 HRP core state changed, old_
state = normal, new_state = abnormal(active), local_priority = 45000, peer_prior
ity = 44998.
HRP_S[FW1-GigabitEthernet1/0/2]un sh
HRP_S[FW1]dis hrp state
2020-02-14 16:12:10.980 
 Role: standby, peer: active (should be "active-standby")
 Running priority: 45000, peer: 45000
 Backup channel usage: 0.00%
 Stable time: 0 days, 0 hours, 3 minutes
 Last state change information: 2020-02-14 16:09:03 HRP core state changed, old_
state = normal, new_state = abnormal(standby), local_priority = 44998, peer_prio
rity = 45000.

过了一会,发现active回到了FW1

HRP_S[FW1]dis hrp state
2020-02-14 16:15:33.200 
 Role: active, peer: standby
 Running priority: 45000, peer: 45000
 Backup channel usage: 0.00%
 Stable time: 0 days, 0 hours, 2 minutes
 Last state change information: 2020-02-14 16:12:44 HRP core state changed, old_
state = abnormal(standby), new_state = normal, local_priority = 45000, peer_prio
rity = 45000.
HRP_M[FW2]dis hrp state
2020-02-14 16:16:11.400 
 Role: standby, peer: active
 Running priority: 45000, peer: 45000
 Backup channel usage: 0.00%
 Stable time: 0 days, 0 hours, 3 minutes
 Last state change information: 2020-02-14 16:12:44 HRP core state changed, old_
state = abnormal(active), new_state = normal, local_priority = 45000, peer_prior
ity = 45000.

原因是因为在接口处表明了active

在生产环境中,有可能会遇到心跳线闪断的问题,导致网络无法正常通讯

闪断原因大多数是因为接口或者网线解除不良,导致VRRP在两个接口之间来回切换,容易使控制报文不稳定,不可以正确指导数据层面的数据转发

tate = abnormal(standby), new_state = normal, local_priority = 45000, peer_prio
rity = 45000.


HRP_M[FW2]dis hrp state
2020-02-14 16:16:11.400
Role: standby, peer: active
Running priority: 45000, peer: 45000
Backup channel usage: 0.00%
Stable time: 0 days, 0 hours, 3 minutes
Last state change information: 2020-02-14 16:12:44 HRP core state changed, old_
state = abnormal(active), new_state = normal, local_priority = 45000, peer_prior
ity = 45000.


原因是因为在接口处表明了active

在生产环境中,有可能会遇到心跳线闪断的问题,导致网络无法正常通讯

闪断原因大多数是因为接口或者网线解除不良,导致VRRP在两个接口之间来回切换,容易使控制报文不稳定,不可以正确指导数据层面的数据转发

心跳线也可以使用ETH-TRUNK做

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