前言
golang 的sync
包下有种锁,一种是sync.RWMutex
,另一种是sync.Mutex
,本文将讲解下sync.RWMutex
是如何实现的?适用于什么场景?如何避免读/写 饥饿问题?就让我们带着这些问题来看源码是如何实现的
例子
package main
import (
"fmt"
"math/rand"
"sync"
)
type Content struct {
rw sync.RWMutex
val int
}
func (c *Content) Read() int {
c.rw.RLock()
defer c.rw.RUnlock()
return c.val
}
func (c *Content) Write(v int) {
c.rw.Lock()
defer c.rw.Unlock()
c.val = v
}
func main() {
const (
readerNum = 100
writerNum = 3
)
content := new(Content)
var wg sync.WaitGroup
for i := 0; i < writerNum; i++ {
wg.Add(1)
go func() {
defer wg.Done()
content.Write(rand.Intn(10))
}()
}
for i := 0; i < readerNum; i++ {
wg.Add(1)
go func() {
defer wg.Done()
fmt.Println(content.Read())
}()
}
}
互斥性
- 读读不互斥
- 读写互斥
- 写写互斥
源码
type RWMutex struct {
w Mutex // held if there are pending writers //当要获取写锁时,需要对w加锁
writerSem uint32 // semaphore for writers to wait for completing readers //writers使用的信号量,用于等待readers完成读操作
readerSem uint32 // semaphore for readers to wait for completing writers //readers使用的信号量,用于等待writers完成写请求
readerCount int32 // number of pending readers //当前正在读的readers数量,也即已经获取读锁成功的数量
readerWait int32 // number of departing readers //等待readers完成读操作的数量,从readerCount拷贝过来,用于写锁请求时,表示还剩多少读锁未释放
}
获取读锁
func (rw *RWMutex) RLock() {
...
if atomic.AddInt32(&rw.readerCount, 1) < 0 {
// A writer is pending, wait for it.
runtime_SemacquireMutex(&rw.readerSem, false, 0)
}
...
}
若readerCount
大于0时,说明已经有reader获取读锁,那么直接返回成功,表示获取读锁成功,若atomic.AddInt32(&rw.readerCount, 1)<0
表示已经有写锁再排队,此时写锁会将readerCount
置为一个很小的负数(下文源码会解释),那么这个时候有reader来获取读锁时,只能在 readerSem
中排队,这样就不会导致写锁饥饿.
获取写锁
func (rw *RWMutex) Lock() {
...
// First, resolve competition with other writers.
rw.w.Lock()
// Announce to readers there is a pending writer.
r := atomic.AddInt32(&rw.readerCount, -rwmutexMaxReaders) + rwmutexMaxReaders //注: rwmutexMaxReaders = 1 << 30
// Wait for active readers.
if r != 0 && atomic.AddInt32(&rw.readerWait, r) != 0 {
runtime_SemacquireMutex(&rw.writerSem, false, 0)
}
...
}
writer 获取写锁是,首先w
进行加锁,这样就可以避免其他的writer 也来获取写锁。
atomic.AddInt32(&rw.readerCount, -rwmutexMaxReaders)
将readerCount
置为一个很小的负数,这样就可以阻止reader直接获取读锁,从而在 readerSem
中排队。
已经阻止了后来的writer和reader,那么需要等待已经成功获取读锁的reader 释放读锁,这里才能获取写锁, 这里将readerCount
拷贝到readerWait
,然后本次writer 进入 writerSem
中排队,等待已经获取读锁的reader释放读锁,并通知这个writer.
释放读锁
func (rw *RWMutex) RUnlock() {
...
if r := atomic.AddInt32(&rw.readerCount, -1); r < 0 {
// Outlined slow-path to allow the fast-path to be inlined
rw.rUnlockSlow(r)
}
...
}
func (rw *RWMutex) rUnlockSlow(r int32) {
if r+1 == 0 || r+1 == -rwmutexMaxReaders {
throw("sync: RUnlock of unlocked RWMutex")
}
// A writer is pending.
if atomic.AddInt32(&rw.readerWait, -1) == 0 {
// The last reader unblocks the writer.
runtime_Semrelease(&rw.writerSem, false, 1)
}
}
由上面获取读锁可知,每次获取一个读锁,readerCount
加一,所以这里需要减一,如果减一之后小于0,说明有writer正在获取锁。那么,需要调用rUnlockSlow
进行后续操作。
- 判断
readerWait
是否等于0,也即是否还有reader 还没有释放读锁。 - 若等于0,则表示在writer 获取写锁开始,全部的reader已经释放读锁,这时就需要通知唤醒之前那个还阻塞在获取写锁的writer
释放写锁
func (rw *RWMutex) Unlock() {
...
// Announce to readers there is no active writer.
r := atomic.AddInt32(&rw.readerCount, rwmutexMaxReaders)
if r >= rwmutexMaxReaders {
throw("sync: Unlock of unlocked RWMutex")
}
// Unblock blocked readers, if any.
for i := 0; i < int(r); i++ {
runtime_Semrelease(&rw.readerSem, false, 0)
}
// Allow other writers to proceed.
rw.w.Unlock()
...
}
这里主要通过atomic.AddInt32(&rw.readerCount, rwmutexMaxReaders)
恢复readerCount
,恢复后的值就是当前阻塞在获取读锁的reader数量,这时就需要
runtime_Semrelease(&rw.readerSem, false, 0)
将这些reader 全部唤醒,表示他们获取到读锁。
性能比较
以下数据来自参考文献[1]中作者benchmark 的数据,这里使用sync.Lock
和sync.RWMutex
来比展示使用读写锁性能优势,其中writeRadio 表示 reader:writer 的比值,耗时减低相对sync.Lock
而言。说明在读多写少的场景中,读写锁能大幅提升性能。
writeRatio | 3 | 10 | 20 | 50 | 100 | 1000 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
耗时降低 | 24% | 71.3% | 83.7% | 90.9% | 93.5% | 95.7% |