P1825 [USACO11OPEN]Corn Maze S——bfs

[USACO11OPEN]Corn Maze S

题面翻译

奶牛们去一个 N × M N\times M N×M 玉米迷宫, 2 ≤ N ≤ 300 , 2 ≤ M ≤ 300 2 \leq N \leq 300,2 \leq M \leq300 2N300,2M300

迷宫里有一些传送装置,可以将奶牛从一点到另一点进行瞬间转移。这些装置可以双向使用。

如果一头奶牛处在这个装置的起点或者终点,这头奶牛就必须使用这个装置。

玉米迷宫除了唯一的一个出口都被玉米包围。

迷宫中的每个元素都由以下项目中的一项组成:

  1. 玉米,# 表示,这些格子是不可以通过的。
  2. 草地,. 表示,可以简单的通过。
  3. 传送装置,每一对大写字母 A \tt{A} A Z \tt{Z} Z 表示。
  4. 出口,= 表示。
  5. 起点, @ 表示

奶牛能在一格草地上可能存在的四个相邻的格子移动,花费 1 1 1 个单位时间。从装置的一个结点到另一个结点不花时间。

题目描述

This past fall, Farmer John took the cows to visit a corn maze. But this wasn’t just any corn maze: it featured several gravity-powered teleporter slides, which cause cows to teleport instantly from one point in the maze to another. The slides work in both directions: a cow can slide from the slide’s start to the end instantly, or from the end to the start. If a cow steps on a space that hosts either end of a slide, she must use the slide.

The outside of the corn maze is entirely corn except for a single exit.

The maze can be represented by an N x M (2 <= N <= 300; 2 <= M <= 300) grid. Each grid element contains one of these items:

* Corn (corn grid elements are impassable)

* Grass (easy to pass through!)

* A slide endpoint (which will transport a cow to the other endpoint)

* The exit

A cow can only move from one space to the next if they are adjacent and neither contains corn. Each grassy space has four potential neighbors to which a cow can travel. It takes 1 unit of time to move from a grassy space to an adjacent space; it takes 0 units of time to move from one slide endpoint to the other.

Corn-filled spaces are denoted with an octothorpe (#). Grassy spaces are denoted with a period (.). Pairs of slide endpoints are denoted with the same uppercase letter (A-Z), and no two different slides have endpoints denoted with the same letter. The exit is denoted with the equals sign (=).

Bessie got lost. She knows where she is on the grid, and marked her current grassy space with the ‘at’ symbol (@). What is the minimum time she needs to move to the exit space?

输入格式

第一行:两个用空格隔开的整数 N N N M M M

2 ∼ N + 1 2\sim N+1 2N+1 行:第 i + 1 i+1 i+1 行描述了迷宫中的第 i i i 行的情况(共有 M M M个字符,每个字符中间没有空格)。

输出格式

一个整数,表示起点到出口所需的最短时间。

样例 #1

样例输入 #1

5 6
###=##
#.W.##
#.####
#.@W##
######

样例输出 #1

3

提示

例如以下矩阵, N = 5 , M = 6 N=5,M=6 N=5,M=6

###=##
#.W.##
#.####
#.@W##
######

唯一的一个装置的结点用大写字母 W \tt{W} W 表示。

最优方案为:先向右走到装置的结点,花费一个单位时间,再到装置的另一个结点上,花费 0 0 0 个单位时间,然后再向右走一个,再向上走一个,到达出口处,总共花费了 3 3 3 个单位时间。

分析

  1. 此题就是迷宫问题求最短路,加上n,m的范围,直接bfs,第一眼看见传送门想到了T1215 拯救公主——bfs+三维数组标记+二进制状态压缩,以为麻烦来了,但是发现此题简单,不需要去拿宝石之类,空手到达终点即可;
  2. 注意点:在找传送门的另一半时,需要加上 (i != x || j != y),别找了个他自己本身;其次就是如果走到传送门必须传送,如下图样例,不能直接@到A然后A再直接到终点=,这是错的,此题走到传送门要求必须传送,然后传送门不用打标记(vis),因为传送门可以来回传送
    P1825 [USACO11OPEN]Corn Maze S——bfs_第1张图片
    P1825 [USACO11OPEN]Corn Maze S——bfs_第2张图片
#include

using namespace std;

struct node {
    int x, y, step;

    node(int xx, int yy, int ste) {
        x = xx, y = yy, step = ste;
    }
};

int n, m;
char a[305][305];
int vis[305][305];
queue<node> q;
int dx[] = {-1, 0, 1, 0};
int dy[] = {0, 1, 0, -1};

pair<int, int> findDoor(char c, int x, int y) {
    for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
        for (int j = 0; j < m; ++j) {
            //不能找到它本身
            if (a[i][j] == c && (i != x || j != y))
                return {i, j};
        }
    }
}

void bfs() {
    while (!q.empty()) {
        node now = q.front();
        q.pop();
        int x = now.x, y = now.y, step = now.step;
        if (a[x][y] == '=') {
            cout << step;
            return;
        }
        for (int i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
            int xx = x + dx[i];
            int yy = y + dy[i];
            if (xx >= 0 && yy >= 0 && xx < n && yy < m && !vis[xx][yy] && a[xx][yy] != '#') {
                vis[xx][yy] = 1;
                //传送门, 把传送到的点放入队列(传送门自己本身可以不加队列里,把它到的目的传送门加队列)
                if (a[xx][yy] >= 'A' && a[xx][yy] <= 'Z') {
                    //获取传送的目的地
                    pair<int, int> p = findDoor(a[xx][yy], xx, yy);
                    xx = p.first, yy = p.second;
                    //传送门不标记,随便传
                    vis[p.first][p.second] = 0;
                }
                //(xx,yy)可能是另一半的传送门,也可能是草地'.'
                q.push(node(xx, yy, step + 1));
            }
        }
    }
}

int main() {
    cin >> n >> m;
    int startx, starty;
    for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
        for (int j = 0; j < m; ++j) {
            cin >> a[i][j];
            if (a[i][j] == '@')
                startx = i, starty = j;
        }
    }
    q.push(node(startx, starty, 0));
    vis[startx][starty] = 1;
    bfs();
    return 0;
}

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