a n + 1 = ( a n − 1 ) 2 , a 1 = 0 a_{n+1}=(a_n-1)^2,a_1=0 an+1=(an−1)2,a1=0
视频1-21
高等数学教案
洛必达法则及应用
数学函数绘图工具
U ( a , s ) = { x ∣ ∣ x − a ∣ < s } U(a,s) = \{x||x-a|U(a,s)={x∣∣x−a∣<s}
去心邻域: U ( a , s ) = { x ∣ 0 < ∣ x − a ∣ < s } U(a,s) = \{x|0<|x-a|U(a,s)={x∣0<∣x−a∣<s}
( a + b ) 3 = a 3 + b 3 + 3 a b 2 + 3 a 2 b (a+b)^3 =a^3+b^3+3ab^2+3a^2b (a+b)3=a3+b3+3ab2+3a2b
a 3 + b 3 = ( a + b ) ( a 2 − a b + b 2 ) a^3+b^3=(a+b)(a^2-ab+b^2) a3+b3=(a+b)(a2−ab+b2)
a 3 − b 3 = ( a − b ) ( a 2 + a b + b 2 ) a^3-b^3=(a-b)(a^2+ab+b^2) a3−b3=(a−b)(a2+ab+b2)
a 4 + 1 = ( a 2 + 1 + 2 a ) ( a 2 + 1 − 2 a ) a^4+1=(a^2+1+\sqrt{2}a)(a^2+1-\sqrt{2}a) a4+1=(a2+1+2a)(a2+1−2a)
换底公式: log a b = log c b log c a \log_ab=\cfrac{\log_cb}{\log_ca} logab=logcalogcb
x β ≪ e a x ( x → + ∞ ) x^{\beta}\ll e^{ax}(x\to+\infty) xβ≪eax(x→+∞)
lim x → 0 + x ln x = 0 \lim\limits_{x\to0^+}x\ln x=0 x→0+limxlnx=0
等比: S n = n a 1 , q = 1 S n = a 1 ( 1 − q n ) 1 − q , q ≠ 1 S_n=na_1,q=1\\ S_n=\cfrac{a_1(1-q^n)}{1-q},q\neq1 Sn=na1,q=1Sn=1−qa1(1−qn),q=1
等差: S n = n ( a 1 + a n ) 2 = n a 1 + n ( n − 1 ) d 2 S_n=\cfrac{n(a_1+a_n)}{2}=na_1+\cfrac{n(n-1)d}{2} Sn=2n(a1+an)=na1+2n(n−1)d
裂项相消法
基 本 初 等 函 数 { x a a x log a x sin x , cos x , tan x , cot x , sec x , csc x arcsin x , arccos x , arctan x , a r c c o t x 基本初等函数\\ \begin{cases} x^a\\ a^x\\ \log_ax\\ \sin x,\cos x,\tan x,\cot x,\sec x,\csc x\\ \arcsin x,\arccos x,\arctan x,arccot x \end{cases} 基本初等函数⎩⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎨⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎧xaaxlogaxsinx,cosx,tanx,cotx,secx,cscxarcsinx,arccosx,arctanx,arccotx
{ 1 sin x = csc x 1 cos x = sec x \begin{cases} \cfrac{1}{\sin x}=\csc x\\ \cfrac{1}{\cos x}=\sec x \end{cases} ⎩⎪⎨⎪⎧sinx1=cscxcosx1=secx
{ 1 + tan 2 x = sec 2 x 1 + cot 2 x = csc 2 x \begin{cases} 1+\tan^2x=\sec^2x\\ 1+\cot^2x=\csc^2x \end{cases} {1+tan2x=sec2x1+cot2x=csc2x
各种三角函数图像
基础三角函数
sin 2 x = 2 sin x cos x cos 2 x = cos 2 x − sin 2 x = 2 cos x − 1 = 1 − 2 sin x sin 2 x = 1 − cos 2 x 2 cos 2 x = 1 + cos 2 x 2 tan 2 x = 1 − cos 2 x 1 + cos 2 x arcsin x + arccos x = π 2 ( − 1 ≤ x ≤ 1 ) arctan x + a r c c o t x = π 2 ( − ∞ ≤ x ≤ + ∞ ) sec 2 x = 1 + tan 2 x \sin 2x=2\sin x\cos x\\ \cos 2x=\cos ^2x-\sin^2x=2\cos x-1=1-2\sin x\\ \sin^2x=\cfrac{1-\cos2x}{2}\\ \cos^2x=\cfrac{1+\cos2x}{2}\\ \tan^2x=\cfrac{1-\cos2x}{1+\cos2x}\\ \arcsin x+\arccos x=\cfrac{\pi}{2}(-1\le x\le1)\\ \arctan x+arccot x=\cfrac{\pi}{2}(-\infty\le x\le+\infty)\\ \sec^2 x=1+\tan^2x sin2x=2sinxcosxcos2x=cos2x−sin2x=2cosx−1=1−2sinxsin2x=21−cos2xcos2x=21+cos2xtan2x=1+cos2x1−cos2xarcsinx+arccosx=2π(−1≤x≤1)arctanx+arccotx=2π(−∞≤x≤+∞)sec2x=1+tan2x
ln ( x + x 2 + a ) ′ = 1 x 2 + a \ln(x+\sqrt{x^2+a})^{'}=\cfrac{1}{\sqrt{x^2+a}} ln(x+x2+a)′=x2+a1
x a { a = 0 ; 1 a > 0 { a 为 整 数 { a = 2 n 图 像 单 调 区 间 与 x 2 相 同 a = 2 n + 1 图 像 单 调 区 间 与 x 3 相 同 a 为 小 数 图 像 单 调 区 间 x 相 同 a < 0 { a 为 整 数 { a = 2 n 图 像 单 调 区 间 与 1 x 2 相 同 a = 2 n + 1 图 像 单 调 区 间 与 1 x 相 同 a 为 小 数 图 像 单 调 区 间 1 x 相 同 x^a\begin{cases} a=0;&1\\ a>0&\begin{cases} a为整数& \begin{cases} a=2n&图像单调区间与x^2相同\\ a=2n+1&图像单调区间与x^3相同 \end{cases}\\ a为小数&图像单调区间\sqrt{x}相同 \end{cases}\\\\ a<0&\begin{cases} a为整数& \begin{cases} a=2n&图像单调区间与\cfrac{1}{x^2}相同\\ a=2n+1&图像单调区间与\cfrac{1}{x}相同 \end{cases}\\ a为小数&图像单调区间\cfrac{1}{\sqrt{x}}相同 \end{cases} \end{cases} xa⎩⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎨⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎧a=0;a>0a<01⎩⎪⎨⎪⎧a为整数a为小数{a=2na=2n+1图像单调区间与x2相同图像单调区间与x3相同图像单调区间x相同⎩⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎨⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎧a为整数a为小数⎩⎪⎨⎪⎧a=2na=2n+1图像单调区间与x21相同图像单调区间与x1相同图像单调区间x1相同
奇偶性
f ( x ) = f ( − x ) f(x)=f(-x) f(x)=f(−x) 偶函数
f ( x ) = − f ( − x ) f(x)=-f(-x) f(x)=−f(−x) 奇函数
反函数
y = f ( x ) = > x = f ( y ) y = f(x) => x=f(y) y=f(x)=>x=f(y)
例题:
f ( x ) = l n ( x + x 2 + 1 ) f(x)=ln(x+\sqrt{x^2+1}) f(x)=ln(x+x2+1)
求奇偶性,反函数:
①:奇偶性: x ∈ ( − ∞ , + ∞ ) x\in(-\infty,+\infty) x∈(−∞,+∞)
f ( − x ) = l n ( − x + x 2 + 1 = l n ( 1 x + x 2 + 1 ) f(-x)=ln(-x+\sqrt{x^2+1} = ln(\cfrac{1}{x+\sqrt{x^2+1}}) f(−x)=ln(−x+x2+1=ln(x+x2+11)
= − l n ( x + x 2 + 1 ) = − f ( x ) =-ln(x+\sqrt{x^2+1})\\=-f(x) =−ln(x+x2+1)=−f(x)
②:反函数
{ x + x 2 + 1 = e y … ① − x + x 2 + 1 = e − y … ② \begin{cases} x+\sqrt{x^2+1}=e^y\dotso① \\ -x+\sqrt{x^2+1}=e^-y\dots② \end{cases} {x+x2+1=ey…①−x+x2+1=e−y…②
由①②得:
x = e y − e − y 2 x=\cfrac{e^y-e^-y}{2} x=2ey−e−y
有界性
增减性
符号函数
s g n ( x ) = { 1 , x > 0 0 , x = 0 − 1 , x < 0 sgn(x)= \begin{cases} 1, x>0\\ 0, x=0\\ -1,x<0 \end{cases} sgn(x)=⎩⎪⎨⎪⎧1,x>00,x=0−1,x<0
∣ x ∣ = s g n ( x ) ∗ x |x|=sgn(x)*x ∣x∣=sgn(x)∗x
{ a n } 数 列 a − c o n s t a n t ∀ ξ > 0 , ∃ N > 0 , 当n>N时 \{a_n\} 数列 a-constant\\\forall \xi>0 ,\exist N>0,\text{当n>N时} {an}数列a−constant∀ξ>0,∃N>0,当n>N时
∣ a n − a ∣ < ξ |a_n-a|<\xi ∣an−a∣<ξ
记作:
$ lim n → ∞ a n = ξ 或 a n → ξ , n → ∞ \lim\limits _{n\rightarrow\infty}a_n=\xi\text{或}a_n\rightarrow\xi,n\rightarrow\infty n→∞liman=ξ或an→ξ,n→∞
例:
lim n → ∞ 2 n 2 − 1 2 n 2 + 1 = 1 \lim\limits_{n\rightarrow\infty}\cfrac{2n^2-1}{2n^2+1}=1 n→∞lim2n2+12n2−1=1
∀ ξ > 0 \forall\xi>0 ∀ξ>0
∣ 2 n 2 − 1 2 n 2 + 1 − 1 ∣ = 2 2 n 2 + 1 < 1 n 2 < ξ \begin{vmatrix} \cfrac{2n^2-1}{2n^2+1}-1 \end{vmatrix}=\cfrac{2}{2n^2+1}<\cfrac{1}{n^2}<\xi ∣∣∣∣2n2+12n2−1−1∣∣∣∣=2n2+12<n21<ξ
n > 1 ξ n>\sqrt{\cfrac{1}{\xi}} n>ξ1
∃ N = [ 1 ξ ] , 当 n > N 时 \exist N=[\sqrt{\cfrac{1}{\xi}}],当n>N时 ∃N=[ξ1],当n>N时
lim n → ∞ 2 n 2 − 1 2 n 2 + 1 = 1 \lim\limits_{n\rightarrow\infty}\cfrac{2n^2-1}{2n^2+1}=1 n→∞lim2n2+12n2−1=1
三角不等式: ∣ ∣ a ∣ − ∣ b ∣ ∣ ≤ ∣ a ± b ∣ ≤ ∣ a ∣ + ∣ b ∣ \begin{vmatrix} |a|-|b| \end{vmatrix}\leq|a\pm b|\leq|a|+|b| ∣∣∣a∣−∣b∣∣∣≤∣a±b∣≤∣a∣+∣b∣
1、唯一性: lim n → ∞ a n = A , lim n → ∞ a n = B , 则 A = B \lim\limits_{n\rightarrow\infty}a_n=A,\lim\limits_{n\rightarrow\infty}a_n=B,则A=B n→∞liman=A,n→∞liman=B,则A=B
2、有界性
∣ ∣ a n ∣ − ∣ A ∣ ∣ < ξ ↔ ∣ a n ∣ < ξ + ∣ A ∣ \begin{vmatrix} |a_n|-|A| \end{vmatrix}\lt\xi\leftrightarrow|a_n|<\xi+|A| ∣∣∣an∣−∣A∣∣∣<ξ↔∣an∣<ξ+∣A∣
3、保号性
a n = ( − 1 n + 1 ) n a_n=(-\cfrac{1}{n+1})^n an=(−n+11)n
定理:若数列 { a n } \{a_n\} {an}收敛且极限为A,则任取子数列也收敛且极限为A.
推论:
f ( a n + 2 , a n + 1 , a n ) f(a_{n+2},a_{n+1},a_n) f(an+2,an+1,an)类型的数列通项公式,一般可以采用化为一阶递推的形式: f ( a n + 2 , a n + 1 ) = β f ( a n + 1 , a n ) f(a_{n+2},a_{n+1})=\beta f(a_{n+1},a_n) f(an+2,an+1)=βf(an+1,an)的类型解决问题。
在 a n + 1 = f ( a n ) a_{n+1}=f(a_n) an+1=f(an)的数列递归表达式中,取值线等价于 y = f ( x ) y=f(x) y=f(x),y值线等价于 y = x y=x y=x, y = x y=x y=x相当于具有传递参数的功能函数(即将上一步的结果赋值给下一步赋值)。
在图像中,两条线相交处,即上一步结果无限逼近下一步赋值时( ∣ a n − a a + 1 ∣ → 0 |a_n-a_{a+1}|\to0 ∣an−aa+1∣→0),极限存在,且交点就是要求的极值点,若不相交,则不存在极值点。
∀ ξ > 0 , ∃ δ > 0 , 当 0 < ∣ x − a ∣ < δ 时 \forall\xi>0,\exist\delta>0,当0<|x-a|<\delta时 ∀ξ>0,∃δ>0,当0<∣x−a∣<δ时
∣ f ( x ) − A ∣ < ξ |f(x)-A|<\xi ∣f(x)−A∣<ξ
a 为 函 数 f ( x ) , x → a 时 的 极 限 a为函数f(x),x\rightarrow a时的极限 a为函数f(x),x→a时的极限
例:
证: lim x → ∞ x 3 − 1 x − 1 = 3 \text{证:}\lim\limits_{x\rightarrow\infty}\cfrac{x^3-1}{x-1}=3 证:x→∞limx−1x3−1=3
∀ ξ > 0 \forall\xi>0 ∀ξ>0
∣ x 3 − 1 x − 1 − 3 ∣ = ∣ x 2 + x + 1 − 3 ∣ ∣ x + 2 ∣ ∗ ∣ x − 1 ∣ < 4 ∣ x − 1 ∣ < ξ ∴ ∣ x − 1 ∣ < ξ 4 ∴ 取 δ = m i n { ξ 4 , 1 } 当 0 < ∣ x − 1 ∣ < δ 时 , lim x → ∞ x 3 − 1 x − 1 = 3 \begin{vmatrix} \cfrac{x^3-1}{x-1}-3 \end{vmatrix} =\begin{vmatrix} x^2+x+1-3 \end{vmatrix}\\ |x+2|*|x-1|<4|x-1|<\xi\\ \therefore|x-1|<\cfrac{\xi}{4}\\ \therefore取\delta=min\{\cfrac{\xi}{4},1\}\\ 当0<|x-1|<\delta时,\lim\limits_{x\rightarrow\infty}\cfrac{x^3-1}{x-1}=3 ∣∣∣∣x−1x3−1−3∣∣∣∣=∣∣x2+x+1−3∣∣∣x+2∣∗∣x−1∣<4∣x−1∣<ξ∴∣x−1∣<4ξ∴取δ=min{4ξ,1}当0<∣x−1∣<δ时,x→∞limx−1x3−1=3
Case1: x → + ∞ ∀ ξ > 0 , ∃ X > 0 , 当 x > X 时 x\to+\infty\\\forall\xi>0,\exist X>0,当x>X时 x→+∞∀ξ>0,∃X>0,当x>X时
∣ f ( x ) − A ∣ < ξ |f(x)-A|<\xi ∣f(x)−A∣<ξ
称 A 为 f ( x ) , 当 x → + ∞ 时 的 极 限 。 称A为f(x),当x\to+\infty时的极限。 称A为f(x),当x→+∞时的极限。
例:
证 : lim x → + ∞ 2 x 2 x 2 + 1 = 2 证:\lim\limits_{x\rightarrow+\infty}\cfrac{2x^2}{x^2+1}=2 证:x→+∞limx2+12x2=2
∀ ξ > 0 \forall\xi>0 ∀ξ>0
∣ 2 x 2 x 2 + 1 − 2 ∣ = ∣ 2 x 2 + 1 ∣ < ∣ 1 x 2 ∣ < ξ ∴ x > 1 ξ \begin{vmatrix} \cfrac{2x^2}{x^2+1}-2 \end{vmatrix}= \begin{vmatrix} \cfrac{2}{x^2+1} \end{vmatrix}<\\|\cfrac{1}{x^2}|<\xi\\ \therefore x>\sqrt{\cfrac{1}{\xi}} ∣∣∣∣x2+12x2−2∣∣∣∣=∣∣∣∣x2+12∣∣∣∣<∣x21∣<ξ∴x>ξ1
取 X = 1 ξ , 当 x > X 时 ∣ 2 x 2 x 2 + 1 − 2 ∣ < ξ 取X=\sqrt{\cfrac{1}{\xi}},当x>X时 \begin{vmatrix} \cfrac{2x^2}{x^2+1}-2 \end{vmatrix}<\xi 取X=ξ1,当x>X时∣∣∣∣x2+12x2−2∣∣∣∣<ξ
∴ lim x → + ∞ 2 x 2 x 2 + 1 = 2 \therefore\lim\limits_{x\rightarrow+\infty}\cfrac{2x^2}{x^2+1}=2 ∴x→+∞limx2+12x2=2
1、唯一性
2、局部保号性
lim x → a f ( x ) = A > 0 ( < 0 ) \lim\limits_{x\to a}f(x)=A>0(<0) x→alimf(x)=A>0(<0)
∃ δ > 0 , 当 0 < ∣ x − a ∣ < δ 时 f ( x ) > 0 ( < 0 ) \exist\delta>0,当0<|x-a|<\delta时 \\f(x)>0(<0) ∃δ>0,当0<∣x−a∣<δ时f(x)>0(<0)
3、局部有界性
lim x → + ∞ f ( x ) = M ⇒ ∃ X > 0 , M > 0 , 当 x > X 时 \lim\limits_{x\rightarrow+\infty}f(x)=M\rArr\exist X>0,M>0,当x>X时 x→+∞limf(x)=M⇒∃X>0,M>0,当x>X时
∣ f ( x ) ∣ ≤ M |f(x)|\le M ∣f(x)∣≤M
4、无穷小,无穷大
∀ ξ > 0 , ∃ δ > 0 , 当 0 < ∣ x − a ∣ < δ 时 \forall \xi>0, \exist \delta>0,当0<|x-a|<\delta时 ∀ξ>0,∃δ>0,当0<∣x−a∣<δ时
∣ f ( x ) − 0 ∣ < ξ 即 |f(x)-0|<\xi 即 ∣f(x)−0∣<ξ即
lim x → a f ( x ) = 0 \lim\limits_{x\to a}f(x)=0 x→alimf(x)=0
称 f ( x ) 当 x → a 时 的 无 穷 小 称f(x)当x\to a时的无穷小 称f(x)当x→a时的无穷小
∀ M > 0 , ∃ δ > 0 , 当 0 < ∣ x − a ∣ < δ 时 \forall M>0,\exist \delta>0,当0<|x-a|< \delta 时 ∀M>0,∃δ>0,当0<∣x−a∣<δ时
∣ f ( x ) ∣ ≥ M |f(x)| \geq M ∣f(x)∣≥M
称 f ( x ) 当 x → a 时 的 无 穷 大 称f(x)当x\to a时的无穷大 称f(x)当x→a时的无穷大
引理1: lim x → a f ( x ) = A ⇒ f ( x ) = A + α \lim\limits_{x\to a}f(x) = A \rArr f(x) = A+\alpha x→alimf(x)=A⇒f(x)=A+α
引理2:① α → 0 , β → 0 ( x → a ) ⇒ α ± β → 0 ( x → a ) \alpha\rightarrow0,\beta\rightarrow0(x\rightarrow a)\rArr\alpha\pm\beta\rightarrow0(x\rightarrow a) α→0,β→0(x→a)⇒α±β→0(x→a)
② α → 0 , ∣ β ∣ ≤ M ⇒ α β → 0 ( x → 0 ) \alpha\rightarrow0,|\beta|\le M \rArr\alpha\beta\rightarrow0(x\rightarrow0) α→0,∣β∣≤M⇒αβ→0(x→0)
如: lim x → a x 2 s i n 1 x = 0 \lim\limits_{x\rightarrow a}x^2sin\cfrac{1}{x}=0 x→alimx2sinx1=0
③ α → 0 ( x → a ) , β = c o n s t a n t ⇒ α β → 0 \alpha\rightarrow 0(x\rightarrow a),\beta=constant\rArr \alpha\beta\rightarrow0 α→0(x→a),β=constant⇒αβ→0
④ α → 0 , β → 0 ( x → a ) ⇒ α β → 0 ( x → a ) \alpha\rightarrow0,\beta\rightarrow0(x\rightarrow a)\rArr\alpha\beta\rightarrow 0(x\rightarrow a) α→0,β→0(x→a)⇒αβ→0(x→a)
定理: lim f ( x ) = A , lim f ( x ) = B \lim f(x)=A,\lim f(x) = B limf(x)=A,limf(x)=B
lim f ( x ) g ( x ) = A ∗ B \lim f(x)g(x)=A*B limf(x)g(x)=A∗B
lim f ( x ) ± g ( x ) = A ± B \lim f(x)\pm g(x)=A\pm B limf(x)±g(x)=A±B
lim f ( x ) g ( x ) = A B ( B ≠ 0 ) \lim \cfrac{f(x)}{g(x)}=\cfrac{A}{B}(B\neq0) limg(x)f(x)=BA(B=0)
例1: lim x → 1 x 2 + x − 2 x 2 − 1 = lim x → 1 ( x − 1 ) ( x + 2 ) ( x − 1 ) ( x + 1 ) = lim x → 1 x + 2 x + 1 = 3 2 \lim\limits_{x\to1}\cfrac{x^2+x-2}{x^2-1}\\ =\lim\limits_{x\to1}\cfrac{(x-1)(x+2)}{(x-1)(x+1)}\\ =\lim\limits_{x\to1}\cfrac{x+2}{x+1}\\ =\cfrac{3}{2} x→1limx2−1x2+x−2=x→1lim(x−1)(x+1)(x−1)(x+2)=x→1limx+1x+2=23
例2: lim x → ∞ x 2 + 2 x + 4 2 x 2 + x = lim x → ∞ 1 + 2 x + 4 x 2 2 + 1 x = 1 2 \lim\limits_{x\to\infty}\cfrac{x^2+2x+4}{2x^2+x}\\ =\lim\limits_{x\to\infty}\cfrac{1+\cfrac{2}{x}+\cfrac{4}{x^2}}{2+\cfrac{1}{x}}\\ =\cfrac{1}{2} x→∞lim2x2+xx2+2x+4=x→∞lim2+x11+x2+x24=21
注:
P ( x ) = a n x n + ⋯ + a 1 x + a 0 Q ( x ) = b m x m + ⋯ + b 1 x + b 0 ( a n ≠ 0 , b m ≠ 0 ) lim x → ∞ P ( x ) Q ( x ) = { ∞ , n > m a n b n , n = m 0 , n < m P(x)=a_nx^n+\dots+a_1x+a_0\\ Q(x)=b_mx^m+\dots+b_1x+b_0(a_n\neq0,b_m\neq0)\\ \lim\limits_{x\to\infty}\cfrac{P(x)}{Q(x)}= \begin{cases} \infty, n>m\\ \cfrac{a_n}{b_n}, n=m\\ 0,n
夹逼定理
数列型
{ a n < = b n < = c n lim n → ∞ a n = lim n → ∞ c n = A ⇒ lim n → ∞ c n = A \begin{cases} a_n<=b_n<=c_n\\ \lim\limits_{n\to\infty}a_n=\lim\limits_{n\to\infty}c_n=A \end{cases}\rArr\lim\limits_{n\to\infty}c_n=A {an<=bn<=cnn→∞liman=n→∞limcn=A⇒n→∞limcn=A
函数型
{ f ( x ) < = g ( x ) < = t ( x ) lim n → ∞ f ( x ) = lim n → ∞ t ( x ) = A ⇒ lim n → ∞ g ( x ) = A \begin{cases} f(x)<=g(x)<=t(x)\\ \lim\limits_{n\to\infty}f(x)=\lim\limits_{n\to\infty}t(x)=A \end{cases}\rArr\lim\limits_{n\to\infty}g(x)=A {f(x)<=g(x)<=t(x)n→∞limf(x)=n→∞limt(x)=A⇒n→∞limg(x)=A
单调有界函数必有极限
{ 无 上 界 : lim x → + ∞ a n = + ∞ 有 上 界 : ∃ M , ∀ a n ≤ M \begin{cases} 无上界: \lim\limits_{x\to+\infty}a_n=+\infty\\ 有上界:\exist M,\forall a_n\le M \end{cases} {无上界:x→+∞liman=+∞有上界:∃M,∀an≤M
{ 无 下 界 : lim x → − ∞ a n = − ∞ 有 下 界 : ∃ M , ∀ a n ≥ M \begin{cases} 无下界: \lim\limits_{x\to-\infty}a_n=-\infty\\ 有下界:\exist M,\forall a_n\ge M \end{cases} {无下界:x→−∞liman=−∞有下界:∃M,∀an≥M
例1: a 1 = 2 , a 2 = 2 + 2 , a 3 = 2 + 2 + 2 , … a_1=\sqrt{2},a_2=\sqrt{2+\sqrt{2}},a_3=\sqrt{2+\sqrt{2+\sqrt{2}}},\dots a1=2,a2=2+2,a3=2+2+2,…
证明极限是否存在,并求此数列的极限。
证: a 1 = 2 , a n + 1 = 2 + a n ∴ { a n } 单 调 递 增 现 证 : a n ≤ 2 a_1=\sqrt{2},a_{n+1}=\sqrt{2+a_n}\\ \therefore \{a_n\}单调递增\\ 现证:a_n\le2 a1=2,an+1=2+an∴{an}单调递增现证:an≤2
a 1 ≤ 2 设 a k ≤ 2 a k + 1 = 2 + a k ≤ 2 ∀ n , a n ≤ 2 ∴ lim n → ∞ a n 存 在 令 lim n → ∞ a n = A a n + 1 = 2 + a n … … 同 时 取 极 限 A = 2 + A ∴ A 2 − A − 2 = 0 ∴ A = − 1 ( 舍 去 ) A = 2 a_1\le2\\ 设a_k\le2\\ a_{k+1}=\sqrt{2+a_k}\le2\\ \forall n,a_n\le2\\ \therefore\lim\limits_{n\to\infty}a_n存在\\ 令\lim\limits_{n\to\infty}a_n=A\\ a_{n+1}=\sqrt{2+a_n}\dots\dots同时取极限\\ A=\sqrt{2+A}\\ \therefore A^2-A-2=0\\ \therefore A=-1(舍去)A=2 a1≤2设ak≤2ak+1=2+ak≤2∀n,an≤2∴n→∞liman存在令n→∞liman=Aan+1=2+an……同时取极限A=2+A∴A2−A−2=0∴A=−1(舍去)A=2
例2: a 1 = 2 , a n + 1 = 1 2 ( a n + 1 a n ) . 证 明 lim n → ∞ a n 存 在 . a_1=2,a_{n+1}=\cfrac{1}{2}\bigg(a_n+\cfrac{1}{a_n}\bigg).证明\lim\limits_{n\to\infty}a_n存在. a1=2,an+1=21(an+an1).证明n→∞liman存在.
证: a n + 1 = 1 2 ( a n + 1 a n ) ≥ 1 a_{n+1}=\cfrac{1}{2}\bigg(a_n+\cfrac{1}{a_n}\bigg)\ge1 an+1=21(an+an1)≥1
a 1 ≥ 1 ∴ { a n } 有 下 界 a n + 1 − a n = 1 2 ( 1 a n − a n ) = 1 2 ( 1 − a n 2 a n ) < 0 ∴ a n 数 列 递 减 ∴ lim n → ∞ a n 存 在 a_1\ge1\\ \therefore \{a_n\}有下界\\ a_{n+1}-a_n=\cfrac{1}{2}\bigg(\cfrac{1}{a_n}-a_n\bigg)\\ =\cfrac{1}{2}\bigg(\cfrac{1-a_n^2}{a_n}\bigg)\\ \lt0\\ \therefore a_n数列递减\\ \therefore\lim\limits_{n\to\infty}a_n存在 a1≥1∴{an}有下界an+1−an=21(an1−an)=21(an1−an2)<0∴an数列递减∴n→∞liman存在
lim x → 0 s i n x x = 1 , lim x → ∞ ( 1 + 1 x ) x = e , ( lim x → 0 ( 1 + x ) 1 x = e ) \lim\limits_{x\to0}\cfrac{sinx}{x}=1,\lim\limits_{x\to\infty}(1+\cfrac{1}{x})^x=e ,\bigg(\lim\limits_{x\to0}(1+x)^{\cfrac{1}{x}}=e\bigg) x→0limxsinx=1,x→∞lim(1+x1)x=e,(x→0lim(1+x)x1=e)
例1: lim n → ∞ ( n + 1 ) n + 1 n n s i n 1 n \lim\limits_{n\to\infty}\cfrac{(n+1)^{n+1}}{n^n}sin\cfrac{1}{n} n→∞limnn(n+1)n+1sinn1
证 : lim n → ∞ ( n + 1 ) n + 1 n n s i n 1 n = lim n → ∞ ( n + 1 ) n + 1 n n + 1 ∗ s i n 1 n 1 n = lim n → ∞ ( 1 + 1 n ) n + 1 ∗ s i n 1 n 1 n = e 证:\lim\limits_{n\to\infty}\cfrac{(n+1)^{n+1}}{n^n}sin\cfrac{1}{n}\\ =\lim\limits_{n\to\infty}\cfrac{(n+1)^{n+1}}{n^{n+1}}*\cfrac{sin\cfrac{1}{n}}{\cfrac{1}{n}}\\ =\lim\limits_{n\to\infty}\bigg(1+\cfrac{1}{n}\bigg)^{n+1}*\cfrac{sin\cfrac{1}{n}}{\cfrac{1}{n}}\\ =e 证:n→∞limnn(n+1)n+1sinn1=n→∞limnn+1(n+1)n+1∗n1sinn1=n→∞lim(1+n1)n+1∗n1sinn1=e
例2: lim x → ∞ ( 1 − 1 x ) 2 x \lim\limits_{x\to\infty}(1-\cfrac{1}{x})^{2x} x→∞lim(1−x1)2x
证 : lim x → ∞ [ ( 1 − 1 x ) − x ] − 2 = e − 2 证:\lim\limits_{x\to\infty}\bigg[(1-\cfrac{1}{x})^{-x}\bigg]^{-2}=e^{-2} 证:x→∞lim[(1−x1)−x]−2=e−2
例3: lim n → ∞ ( ∑ k = 1 n 1 k ( k + 1 ) ) n \lim\limits_{n\to\infty}\bigg(\sum\limits^{n}_{k=1}\cfrac{1}{k(k+1)}\bigg)^n n→∞lim(k=1∑nk(k+1)1)n
证 : lim n → ∞ ( 1 − 1 n + 1 ) n = lim n → ∞ { [ 1 + ( 1 − ( n + 1 ) ) ] − ( 1 + n ) } − n 1 + n = e lim n → ∞ − n n + 1 = e − 1 证:\lim\limits_{n\to\infty}\bigg(1-\cfrac{1}{n+1}\bigg)^n\\ =\lim\limits_{n\to\infty}\bigg\{\bigg[1+\big(\cfrac{1}{-(n+1)}\big)\bigg]^{-(1+n)}\bigg\}^{-\cfrac{n}{1+n}}\\ =e^{\lim\limits_{n\to\infty}-\cfrac{n}{n+1}}\\ =e^{-1} 证:n→∞lim(1−n+11)n=n→∞lim{[1+(−(n+1)1)]−(1+n)}−1+nn=en→∞lim−n+1n=e−1
例4: lim x → 0 ( 1 + t a n x 1 + s i n x ) 1 x 3 \lim\limits_{x\to0}\bigg(\cfrac{1+tanx}{1+sinx}\bigg)^{\cfrac{1}{x^3}} x→0lim(1+sinx1+tanx)x31
证 : lim x → 0 ( 1 + t a n x 1 + s i n x ) 1 x 3 = lim x → 0 [ ( 1 + t a n x − s i n x 1 + s i n x ) 1 + s i n x t a n x − s i n x ] 1 x 3 ∗ t a n x − s i n x 1 + s i n x = e lim x → 0 1 1 + s i n x t a n x − s i n x x 3 = e lim x → 0 t a n x − s i n x x 3 = e lim x → 0 t a n x x ∗ 1 − c o s x x 2 = e 1 2 证:\lim\limits_{x\to0}\bigg(\cfrac{1+tanx}{1+sinx}\bigg)^{\cfrac{1}{x^3}}\\ =\lim\limits_{x\to0}\bigg[\bigg(1+\cfrac{tanx-sinx}{1+sinx}\bigg)^{\cfrac{1+sinx}{tanx-sinx}}\bigg]^{\cfrac{1}{x^3}*\cfrac{tanx-sinx}{1+sinx}}\\ =e^{\lim\limits_{x\to0}\cfrac{1}{1+sinx}\cfrac{tanx-sinx}{x^3}}\\ =e^{\lim\limits_{x\to0}\cfrac{tanx-sinx}{x^3}}\\ =e^{\lim\limits_{x\to0}}\cfrac{tanx}{x}*\cfrac{1-cosx}{x^2}\\ =e^{\cfrac{1}{2}} 证:x→0lim(1+sinx1+tanx)x31=x→0lim[(1+1+sinxtanx−sinx)tanx−sinx1+sinx]x31∗1+sinxtanx−sinx=ex→0lim1+sinx1x3tanx−sinx=ex→0limx3tanx−sinx=ex→0limxtanx∗x21−cosx=e21
β → 0 , α → 0 ① : lim β α = 0 , β 是 α 的 高 阶 无 穷 小 . ② : lim β α = k ( k ≠ 0 , k ≠ 1 ) , β 是 α 的 同 阶 无 穷 小 . ③ : lim β α = 1 , β 是 α 的 等 价 无 穷 小 . 记 β ∽ α \beta\to0,\alpha\to0\\ ①:\lim\cfrac{\beta}{\alpha}=0,\beta是\alpha的高阶无穷小.\\ ②:\lim\cfrac{\beta}{\alpha}=k (k\neq0,k\neq1),\beta是\alpha的同阶无穷小.\\ ③:\lim\cfrac{\beta}{\alpha}=1,\beta是\alpha的等价无穷小.记\beta\backsim\alpha β→0,α→0①:limαβ=0,β是α的高阶无穷小.②:limαβ=k(k=0,k=1),β是α的同阶无穷小.③:limαβ=1,β是α的等价无穷小.记β∽α
s i n x ∽ x t a n x ∽ x a r c s i n x ∽ x a r c t a n x ∽ x e x − 1 ∽ x l n ( 1 + x ) ∽ x a x − 1 ∽ x l n a ( a > 0 , a ≠ 1 ) log a ( 1 + x ) ∽ x l n a ( a > 0 , a ≠ 1 ) 1 − c o s x ∽ 1 2 x 2 ( 1 + β x ) α − 1 ∽ α β x ( 1 + x ) α − 1 ∽ α x sinx\backsim x\\ tanx\backsim x\\ arcsinx\backsim x\\ arctanx\backsim x\\ e^x-1\backsim x\\ ln(1+x)\backsim x\\ a^x-1\backsim xlna(a\gt0,a\neq1)\\ \log_a(1+x)\backsim \cfrac{x}{lna}(a\gt0,a\neq1)\\ 1-cosx\backsim \cfrac{1}{2}x^2\\ (1+\beta x)^\alpha-1\backsim \alpha\beta x\\ (1+x)^\alpha-1\backsim \alpha x\\ sinx∽xtanx∽xarcsinx∽xarctanx∽xex−1∽xln(1+x)∽xax−1∽xlna(a>0,a=1)loga(1+x)∽lnax(a>0,a=1)1−cosx∽21x2(1+βx)α−1∽αβx(1+x)α−1∽αx
例1: lim x → 0 ( 1 + x 2 ) 1 3 − 1 c o s x − 1 \lim\limits_{x\to0}\cfrac{(1+x^2)^\cfrac{1}{3}-1}{cosx-1} x→0limcosx−1(1+x2)31−1
I 1 = lim x → 0 ( 1 + x 2 ) 1 3 − 1 lim x → 0 ( c o s x − 1 ) = 1 3 x 2 − 1 2 x 2 = − 2 3 I 2 = lim x → 0 e 1 / 3 ∗ ln ( 1 + x 2 ) − 1 c o s x − 1 = lim x → 0 ln ( 1 + x 2 ) ∗ 1 3 c o s x − 1 = 1 3 x 2 − 1 2 x 2 = − 2 3 I_1=\cfrac{\lim\limits_{x\to0}(1+x^2)^\cfrac{1}{3}-1}{\lim\limits_{x\to0}(cosx-1)}\\ =\cfrac{\cfrac{1}{3}x^2}{-\cfrac{1}{2}x^2}\\ =-\cfrac{2}{3}\\ I_2=\lim\limits_{x\to0}\cfrac{e^{1/3*\ln(1+x^2)}-1}{cosx-1}\\ =\lim\limits_{x\to0}\cfrac{\ln(1+x^2)*\cfrac{1}{3}}{cosx-1}\\ =\cfrac{\cfrac{1}{3}x^2}{-\cfrac{1}{2}x^2}\\ =-\cfrac{2}{3} I1=x→0lim(cosx−1)x→0lim(1+x2)31−1=−21x231x2=−32I2=x→0limcosx−1e1/3∗ln(1+x2)−1=x→0limcosx−1ln(1+x2)∗31=−21x231x2=−32
例2: lim x → 0 ( 1 + 2 x ) x − 1 x s i n x \lim\limits_{x\to0}\cfrac{(1+2x)^x-1}{xsinx} x→0limxsinx(1+2x)x−1
I = lim x → 0 e x ln ( 1 + 2 x ) − 1 x 2 = lim x → 0 x ln ( 1 + 2 x ) x 2 = lim x → 0 2 x 2 x 2 = 2 I=\lim\limits_{x\to0}\cfrac{e^{x\ln(1+2x)}-1}{x^2}\\ =\lim\limits_{x\to0}\cfrac{x\ln(1+2x)}{x^2}\\ =\lim\limits_{x\to0}\cfrac{2x^2}{x^2}\\ =2 I=x→0limx2exln(1+2x)−1=x→0limx2xln(1+2x)=x→0limx22x2=2
例3: lim x → 0 e t a n x − e s i n x x 3 \lim\limits_{x\to0}\cfrac{e^{tanx}-e^{sinx}}{x^3} x→0limx3etanx−esinx
I = lim x → 0 e s i n x ∗ e t a n x − s i n x − 1 x 3 = lim x → 0 t a n x − s i n x x 3 = lim x → 0 t a n x x ∗ 1 − c o s x x 2 = 1 2 I=\lim\limits_{x\to0}e^{sinx}*\cfrac{e^{tanx-sinx}-1}{x^3}\\ =\lim\limits_{x\to0}\cfrac{tanx-sinx}{x^3}\\ =\lim\limits_{x\to0}\cfrac{tanx}{x}*\cfrac{1-cosx}{x^2}\\ =\cfrac{1}{2} I=x→0limesinx∗x3etanx−sinx−1=x→0limx3tanx−sinx=x→0limxtanx∗x21−cosx=21
f ( x ) 在 x 0 邻 域 内 有 定 义 , lim x → x 0 f ( x ) = f ( x 0 ) , 则 称 f ( x ) 在 x 0 处 连 续 . f(x)在x_0邻域内有定义,\lim\limits_{x\to x_0}f(x)=f(x_0),则称f(x)在x_0处连续. f(x)在x0邻域内有定义,x→x0limf(x)=f(x0),则称f(x)在x0处连续.
第 一 类 间 断 点 { f ( a + 0 ) = f ( a − 0 ) ≠ f ( a ) 可 去 间 断 点 f ( a + 0 ) ≠ f ( a − 0 ) 跳 跃 间 断 点 第一类间断点 \begin{cases} f(a+0)=f(a-0)\neq f(a)可去间断点\\ f(a+0)\neq f(a-0) 跳跃间断点 \end{cases} 第一类间断点{f(a+0)=f(a−0)=f(a)可去间断点f(a+0)=f(a−0)跳跃间断点
其他,第二类间断点
习题: lim x → 1 x 2 − x + 1 ( x − 1 ) 2 \lim\limits_{x\to1}\cfrac{x^2-x+1}{(x-1)^2} x→1lim(x−1)2x2−x+1
I = ∞ I=\infty I=∞
lim x → ∞ x ( x 2 + 1 − x ) \lim\limits_{x\to\infty}x(\sqrt{x^2+1}-x) x→∞limx(x2+1−x)
I = lim x → ∞ x 2 + 1 − x 1 x = lim x → ∞ 1 + 1 x 2 − 1 1 x 2 t = 1 x 2 , t → 0 = lim t → 0 1 + t − 1 t … 洛 必 达 = lim t → 0 1 2 1 + t = 1 / 2 I=\lim\limits_{x\to\infty}\cfrac{\sqrt{x^2+1}-x}{\cfrac{1}{x}}\\ =\lim\limits_{x\to\infty}\cfrac{\sqrt{1+\cfrac{1}{x^2}}-1}{\cfrac{1}{x^2}}\\ t=\cfrac{1}{x^2},t\to0\\ =\lim\limits_{t\to0}\cfrac{\sqrt{1+t}-1}{t}\dots洛必达\\ =\lim\limits_{t\to0}\cfrac{1}{2\sqrt{1+t}}\\ =1/2 I=x→∞limx1x2+1−x=x→∞limx211+x21−1t=x21,t→0=t→0limt1+t−1…洛必达=t→0lim21+t1=1/2
lim x → ∞ ( 2 x + 3 2 x + 1 ) x + 1 \lim\limits_{x\to\infty}\bigg(\cfrac{2x+3}{2x+1}\bigg)^{x+1} x→∞lim(2x+12x+3)x+1
I = lim x → ∞ [ ( 1 + 2 2 x + 1 ) 2 x + 1 2 ] ( x + 1 ) ∗ 2 2 x + 1 = e lim x → ∞ 2 x + 2 2 x + 1 = e lim x → ∞ ( 1 + 1 2 x + 1 ) = e I=\lim\limits_{x\to\infty}\bigg[\bigg(1+\cfrac{2}{2x+1}\bigg)^{\cfrac{2x+1}{2}}\bigg]^{(x+1)*\cfrac{2}{2x+1}}\\ =e^{\lim\limits_{x\to\infty}\cfrac{2x+2}{2x+1}}\\ =e^{\lim\limits_{x\to\infty}\big(1+\cfrac{1}{2x+1}\big)}\\ =e I=x→∞lim[(1+2x+12)22x+1](x+1)∗2x+12=ex→∞lim2x+12x+2=ex→∞lim(1+2x+11)=e
lim x → 0 t a n x − s i n x x 3 \lim\limits_{x\to0}\cfrac{tanx-sinx}{x^3} x→0limx3tanx−sinx
I = lim x → 0 t a n x x ∗ 1 − c o s x x 2 = 1 2 I=\lim\limits_{x\to0}\cfrac{tanx}{x}*\cfrac{1-cosx}{x^2}\\ =\cfrac{1}{2} I=x→0limxtanx∗x21−cosx=21
lim x → 0 ( a x + b x + c x 3 ) 1 / x ( a > 0 , b > 0 , c > 0 ) \lim\limits_{x\to0}\bigg(\cfrac{a^x+b^x+c^x}{3}\bigg)^{1/x}(a>0,b>0,c>0) x→0lim(3ax+bx+cx)1/x(a>0,b>0,c>0)
I = lim x → 0 e ln ( a x + b x + c x 3 ) x = lim x → 0 e a x ln a + b x ln b + c x ln c a x + b x + c x = e ln a + ln b + ln c 3 = ( a b c ) 1 / 3 I=\lim\limits_{x\to0}e^{\tiny\cfrac{\ln(\tiny\cfrac{a^x+b^x+c^x}{3})}{x}}\\ =\lim\limits_{x\to0}e^{\tiny\cfrac{a^x\ln a+b^x\ln b+c^x\ln c}{a^x+b^x+c^x}}\\ =e^{\tiny\cfrac{\ln a+\ln b+\ln c}{3}}\\ =(abc)^{1/3} I=x→0limexln(3ax+bx+cx)=x→0limeax+bx+cxaxlna+bxlnb+cxlnc=e3lna+lnb+lnc=(abc)1/3
lim x → π / 2 ( s i n x ) t a n x \lim\limits_{x\to\pi/2}(sinx)^{tanx} x→π/2lim(sinx)tanx
I = lim x → π / 2 e t a n x ln ( s i n x ) = lim x → π / 2 e l n ( s i n x ) 1 / t a n x = e lim x → π / 2 ln ( s i n x ) 1 / t a n x = e lim x → π / 2 c o s x / s i n x − s e c 2 x / t a n 2 x = e lim x → π / 2 − c o s x ∗ s i n x = 1 I=\lim\limits_{x\to\pi/2}e^{tanx\ln(sinx)}\\ =\lim\limits_{x\to\pi/2}e^{\tiny\cfrac{ln(sinx)}{1/tanx}}\\ =e^{\lim\limits_{x\to\pi/2}\tiny\cfrac{\ln(sinx)}{1/tanx}}\\ =e^{\lim\limits_{x\to\pi/2}\tiny\cfrac{cosx/sinx}{-sec^2x/tan^2x}}\\ =e^{\lim\limits_{x\to\pi/2}-cosx*sinx}\\ =1 I=x→π/2limetanxln(sinx)=x→π/2lime1/tanxln(sinx)=ex→π/2lim1/tanxln(sinx)=ex→π/2lim−sec2x/tan2xcosx/sinx=ex→π/2lim−cosx∗sinx=1
lim x → a l n x − l n a x − a ( a > 0 ) \lim\limits_{x\to a}\cfrac{lnx-lna}{x-a} (a>0) x→alimx−alnx−lna(a>0)
I = lim x → a 1 x = 1 a I = \lim\limits_{x\to a}\cfrac{1}{x}\\ =\cfrac{1}{a} I=x→alimx1=a1
lim x → 0 x t a n x 1 − x 2 − 1 \lim\limits_{x\to0}\cfrac{xtanx}{\sqrt{1-x^2}-1} x→0lim1−x2−1xtanx
I = lim x → 0 x 2 − 1 x x 2 = 1 I=\lim\limits_{x\to0}\cfrac{x^2}{-\cfrac{1}{x}x^2}\\ =1 I=x→0lim−x1x2x2=1
f ( x ) ∈ c [ a , b ] ⇒ { ( a , b ) 点 点 连 续 f ( a ) = f ( a + 0 ) , f ( b ) = f ( b − 0 ) f(x)\in c[a,b] \rArr\begin{cases} (a,b)点点连续\\\\ f(a)=f(a+0),f(b)=f(b-0) \end{cases} f(x)∈c[a,b]⇒⎩⎪⎨⎪⎧(a,b)点点连续f(a)=f(a+0),f(b)=f(b−0)
性质:
1. f ( x ) ∈ c [ a , b ] , 则 f ( x ) 在 [ a , b ] 上 存 在 m , M . 2. f ( x ) ∈ c [ a , b ] , ∃ k > 0 , ∀ α ∈ [ a , b ] , f ( α ) ≤ k . 3. f ( x ) ∈ c [ a , b ] , 且 f ( a ) f ( b ) < 0 , ∃ ξ ∈ ( a , b ) , f ( ξ ) = 0. ( 零 点 定 理 ) 4. f ( x ) ∈ c [ a , b ] , ∀ η ∈ [ a , b ] , 则 ∃ ξ ∈ [ a , b ] , f ( ξ ) = η ( 介 值 定 理 ) f(x)\in c[a,b],则f(x)在[a,b]上存在m,M.\\ 2.f(x)\in c[a,b],\exist k>0,\forall \alpha\in[a,b],f(\alpha)\le k.\\ 3.f(x)\in c[a,b],且f(