REST:Representational State Transfer,表现层资源状态转移。
资源是一种看待服务器的方式,即:将服务器看作是由很多离散的资源组成。每个资源是服务器上一个可命名的抽象概念。因为资源是一个抽象的概念,所以它不仅仅能代表服务器文件系统中的一个文件、数据库中的一张表等等具体的东西,可以将资源设计的要多抽象有多抽象,只要想象力允许而且客户端应用开发者能够理解。与面向对象设计类似,资源是以名词为核心来组织的,首先关注的是名词。一个资源可以由一个或多个 URI 来标识。URI 既是资源的名称,也是资源在 Web 上的地址。对某个资源感兴趣的客户端应用,可以通过资源的 URI 与其进行交互。
资源的表述是一段对于资源在某个特定时刻的状态的描述。可以在客户端-服务器端之间转移(交换)。资源的表述可以有多种格式,例如 HTML/XML/JSON/纯文本/图片/视频/音频 等等。资源的表述格式可以通过协商机制来确定。请求–响应方向的表述通常使用不同的格式。
状态转移说的是:在客户端和服务器端之间转移(transfer)代表资源状态的表述。通过转移和操作资源的表述,来间接实现操作资源的目的。
具体说,就是 HTTP 协议里面,四个表示操作方式的动词:GET、POST、PUT、DELETE。
它们分别对应四种基本操作:GET 用来获取资源,POST 用来新建资源,PUT 用来更新资源,DELETE 用来删除资源。
REST 风格提倡 URL 地址使用统一的风格设计,从前到后各个单词使用斜杠分开,不使用问号键值对方式携带请求参数,而是将要发送给服务器的数据作为 URL 地址的一部分,以保证整体风格的一致性。
操作 | 传统方式 | REST 风格 |
---|---|---|
查询操作 | getUserById?id=1 | user/1 --> get 请求方式 |
保存操作 | saveUser | user --> post 请求方式 |
删除操作 | deleteUser?id=1 | user/1 --> delete 请求方式 |
更新操作 | updateUser | user --> put 请求方式 |
由于浏览器只支持发送 get 和 post 方式的请求,那么该如何发送 put 和 delete 请求呢?
SpringMVC 提供了 HiddenHttpMethodFilter 帮助我们将 POST 请求转换为 DELETE 或 PUT 请求 HiddenHttpMethodFilter 处理 put 和 delete 请求的条件:
post
_method
满足以上条件,HiddenHttpMethodFilter 过滤器就会将当前请求的请求方式转换为请求参数 _method
的值,因此请求参数_method
的值才是最终的请求方式
在 web.xml 中注册 HiddenHttpMethodFilter:
<filter>
<filter-name>HiddenHttpMethodFilterfilter-name>
<filter-class>org.springframework.web.filter.HiddenHttpMethodFilterfilter-class>
filter>
<filter-mapping>
<filter-name>HiddenHttpMethodFilterfilter-name>
<url-pattern>/*url-pattern>
filter-mapping>
注:
目前为止,SpringMVC 中提供了两个过滤器:CharacterEncodingFilter 和 HiddenHttpMethodFilter在web.xml中注册时,必须先注册 CharacterEncodingFilter,再注册 HiddenHttpMethodFilter,原因:
在 CharacterEncodingFilter 中通过 request.setCharacterEncoding(encoding) 方法设置字符集的
request.setCharacterEncoding(encoding)
方法要求前面不能有任何获取请求参数的操作,而HiddenHttpMethodFilter 恰恰有一个获取请求方式的操作:
String paramValue = request.getParameter(this.methodParam);
和传统 CRUD 一样,实现对员工信息的增删改查。
public class Employee {
private Integer id;
private String lastName;
private String email;
//1 male, 0 female
private Integer gender;
public Employee() {
}
public Employee(Integer id, String lastName, String email, Integer gender) {
this.id = id;
this.lastName = lastName;
this.email = email;
this.gender = gender;
}
public Integer getId() {
return id;
}
public void setId(Integer id) {
this.id = id;
}
public String getLastName() {
return lastName;
}
public void setLastName(String lastName) {
this.lastName = lastName;
}
public String getEmail() {
return email;
}
public void setEmail(String email) {
this.email = email;
}
public Integer getGender() {
return gender;
}
public void setGender(Integer gender) {
this.gender = gender;
}
@Override
public String toString() {
return "Employee{" +
"id=" + id +
", lastName='" + lastName + '\'' +
", email='" + email + '\'' +
", gender=" + gender +
'}';
}
}
@Repository
public class EmployeeDao {
private static Map<Integer, Employee> employees = null;
static{
employees = new HashMap<Integer, Employee>();
employees.put(1001, new Employee(1001, "E-AA", "[email protected]", 1));
employees.put(1002, new Employee(1002, "E-BB", "[email protected]", 1));
employees.put(1003, new Employee(1003, "E-CC", "[email protected]", 0));
employees.put(1004, new Employee(1004, "E-DD", "[email protected]", 0));
employees.put(1005, new Employee(1005, "E-EE", "[email protected]", 1));
}
private static Integer initId = 1006;
public void save(mvc.bean.Employee employee){
if(employee.getId() == null){
employee.setId(initId++);
}
employees.put(employee.getId(), employee);
}
public Collection<Employee> getAll(){
return employees.values();
}
public Employee get(Integer id){
return employees.get(id);
}
public void delete(Integer id){
employees.remove(id);
}
}
@Controller
public class EmployeeController {
@Autowired
private EmployeeDao employeeDao;
}
功能 | URL 地址 | 请求方式 |
---|---|---|
访问首页√ | / | GET |
查询全部数据√ | /employee | GET |
删除√ | /employee/2 | DELETE |
跳转到添加数据页面√ | /toAdd | GET |
执行保存√ | /employee | POST |
跳转到更新数据页面√ | /employee/2 | GET |
执行更新√ | /employee | PUT |
配置 view-controller:
<mvc:view-controller path="/" view-name="index">mvc:view-controller>
创建页面:
DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en" xmlns:th="http://www.thymeleaf.org">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title>首页title>
head>
<body>
<h1>首页h1>
<a th:href="@{/employee}">查看员工信息a>
body>
html>
控制器方法:
@GetMapping("/employee")
public String getAllEmployee(Model model){
Collection<Employee> employeeList = employeeDao.getAll();
model.addAttribute("employeeList", employeeList);
return "employee_list";
}
创建 employee_list.html:
<table>
<tr>
<th colspan="5">Employee Infoth>
tr>
<tr>
<th>idth>
<th>lastNameth>
<th>emailth>
<th>genderth>
<th>optionsth>
tr>
<tr th:each="employee : ${employeeList}">
<td th:text="${employee.id}">td>
<td th:text="${employee.lastName}">td>
<td th:text="${employee.email}">td>
<td th:text="${employee.gender}">td>
<td>
<a href="">deletea>
<a href="">updatea>
td>
tr>
table>
创建处理 delete 请求方式的表单
<form id="deleteForm" method="post">
<input type="hidden" name="_method" value="delete">
form>
删除超链接绑定点击事件
引入 vue.js
<script type="text/javascript" th:src="@{/static/js/vue.js}">script>
通过 vue 处理点击事件:
<script type="text/javascript">
var vue = new vue({
el:"#dataTable",
methods:{
eleteEmployee:function (event) {
var deleteForm = document.getElementById("deleteForm");
//将触发点击事件的超链接的href属性赋值给表单的action
deleteForm.action = event.target.href;
//提交表单
deleteForm.onsubmit();
//取消超链接默认行为
event.preventDefault();
}
}
});
</script>
控制器方法:
@RequestMapping(value = "/employee/{id}", method = RequestMethod.GET)
public String deleteEmployee(@PathVariable("id")Integer id){
employeeDao.delete(id);
return "redirect:/employee";
}
这里还是使用的是 GET,不是 DELETE
配置 view-controller:
<mvc:view-controller path="/toAdd" view-name="employee_add">mvc:view-controller>
创建 employee_add.html:
DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en" xmlns:th="http://www.thymeleaf.org">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title>add employeetitle>
head>
<body>
<form th:action="@{/employee}" method="post">
lastName:<input type="text" name="lastName"><br/>
email:<input type="text" name="email"><br/>
gender:<input type="radio" name="gender" value="1">male
<input type="radio" name="gender" value="0">female<br/>
<input type="submit" value="add"><br/>
form>
body>
html>
控制器方法:
@RequestMapping(value = "/employee", method = RequestMethod.POST)
public String addEmployee(Employee employee){
employeeDao.save(employee);
return "redirect:/employee";
}
配置 view-controller:
<mvc:view-controller path="/toAdd" view-name="employee_add">mvc:view-controller>
配置控制器:
@RequestMapping(value = "/employee/{id}", method = RequestMethod.GET)
public String getEmployeeById(@PathVariable("id") Integer id, Model model){
Employee employee = employeeDao.get(id);
model.addAttribute("employee", employee);
return "employee_update";
}
employee_update.html:
DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en" xmlns:th="http://www.thymeleaf.org">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title>update employeetitle>
head>
<body>
<form th:action="@{/employee}" method="post">
<input type="hidden" name="_method" value="put">
<input type="hidden" name="id" th:value="${employee.id}">
lastName:<input type="text" name="lastName" th:value="${employee.lastName}"><br/>
email:<input type="text" name="email" th:value="${employee.lastName}"><br/>
gender:<input type="radio" name="gender" value="1" th:field="${employee.gender}">male
<input type="radio" name="gender" value="0" th:field="${employee.gender}">female<br/>
<input type="submit" value="update"><br/>
form>
body>
html>
修改超链接:
<a th:href="@{'/employee/' + ${employee.id}}">updatea>
配置 view-controller:
<mvc:view-controller path="/toAdd" view-name="employee_add">mvc:view-controller>
配置控制器:
@RequestMapping(value = "/employee/{id}", method = RequestMethod.GET)
public String getEmployeeById(@PathVariable("id") Integer id, Model model){
Employee employee = employeeDao.get(id);
model.addAttribute("employee", employee);
return "employee_update";
}
employee_update.html:
DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en" xmlns:th="http://www.thymeleaf.org">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title>update employeetitle>
head>
<body>
<form th:action="@{/employee}" method="post">
<input type="hidden" name="_method" value="put">
<input type="hidden" name="id" th:value="${employee.id}">
lastName:<input type="text" name="lastName" th:value="${employee.lastName}"><br/>
email:<input type="text" name="email" th:value="${employee.lastName}"><br/>
gender:<input type="radio" name="gender" value="1" th:field="${employee.gender}">male
<input type="radio" name="gender" value="0" th:field="${employee.gender}">female<br/>
<input type="submit" value="update"><br/>
form>
body>
html>
更新操作的控制器方法:
@RequestMapping(value = "/employee", method = RequestMethod.PUT)
public String updateEmployee(Employee employee){
employeeDao.save(employee);
return "redirect:/employee";
}