深度学习入门学习笔记之——深度学习

深度学习

深度学习是加深了层的深度神经网络。基于之前介绍的网络，只需通过叠加层，就可以创建深度网络。本章我们将看一下深度学习的性质、课题和可能性，然后对当前的深度学习进行概括性的说明。

1、加深网络

关于神经网络，我们已经学了很多东西，比如构成神经网络的各种层、 学习时的有效技巧、对图像特别有效的 CNN、参数的最优化方法等，这些都是深度学习中的重要技术。本节我们将这些已经学过的技术汇总起来，创 建一个深度网络，挑战 MNIST 数据集的手写数字识别。

1.1、向更深的网络出发

话不多说，这里我们来创建一个如下图所示的网络结构的 CNN（一个比之前的网络都深的网络）。这个网络参考了下一节要介绍的 VGG。

如下图所示，这个网络的层比之前实现的网络都更深。这里使用的卷积层全都是 3 × 3 的小型滤波器，特点是随着层的加深，通道数变大（卷积层的通道数从前面的层开始按顺序以 16、16、32、32、64、64 的方式增加）。 此外，如下图所示，插入了池化层，以逐渐减小中间数据的空间大小；并且， 后面的全连接层中使用了 Dropout 层。

这个网络使用 He 初始值作为权重的初始值，使用 Adam 更新权重参数。 把上述内容总结起来，这个网络有如下特点。

• 基于 3×3 的小型滤波器的卷积层；
• 激活函数是 ReLU；
• 全连接层的后面使用 Dropout 层；
• 基于 Adam 的最优化；
• 使用 He 初始值作为权重初始值。

从这些特征中可以看出，上图的网络中使用了多个之前介绍的神经网络技术。现在，我们使用这个网络进行学习。先说一下结论，这个网络的识别精度为 99.38%，可以说是非常优秀的性能了！

import pickle
import numpy as np
from collections import OrderedDict
from common.layers import *


class DeepConvNet:
    """识别率为99%以上的高精度的ConvNet

    网络结构如下所示
        conv - relu - conv- relu - pool -
        conv - relu - conv- relu - pool -
        conv - relu - conv- relu - pool -
        affine - relu - dropout - affine - dropout - softmax
    """
    def __init__(self, input_dim=(1, 28, 28),
                 conv_param_1 = {'filter_num':16, 'filter_size':3, 'pad':1, 'stride':1},
                 conv_param_2 = {'filter_num':16, 'filter_size':3, 'pad':1, 'stride':1},
                 conv_param_3 = {'filter_num':32, 'filter_size':3, 'pad':1, 'stride':1},
                 conv_param_4 = {'filter_num':32, 'filter_size':3, 'pad':2, 'stride':1},
                 conv_param_5 = {'filter_num':64, 'filter_size':3, 'pad':1, 'stride':1},
                 conv_param_6 = {'filter_num':64, 'filter_size':3, 'pad':1, 'stride':1},
                 hidden_size=50, output_size=10):
        # 初始化权重===========
        # 各层的神经元平均与前一层的几个神经元有连接（TODO:自动计算）
        pre_node_nums = np.array([1*3*3, 16*3*3, 16*3*3, 32*3*3, 32*3*3, 64*3*3, 64*4*4, hidden_size])
        wight_init_scales = np.sqrt(2.0 / pre_node_nums)  # 使用ReLU的情况下推荐的初始值
        
        self.params = {}
        pre_channel_num = input_dim[0]
        for idx, conv_param in enumerate([conv_param_1, conv_param_2, conv_param_3, conv_param_4, conv_param_5, conv_param_6]):
            self.params['W' + str(idx+1)] = wight_init_scales[idx] * np.random.randn(conv_param['filter_num'], pre_channel_num, conv_param['filter_size'], conv_param['filter_size'])
            self.params['b' + str(idx+1)] = np.zeros(conv_param['filter_num'])
            pre_channel_num = conv_param['filter_num']
        self.params['W7'] = wight_init_scales[6] * np.random.randn(64*4*4, hidden_size)
        self.params['b7'] = np.zeros(hidden_size)
        self.params['W8'] = wight_init_scales[7] * np.random.randn(hidden_size, output_size)
        self.params['b8'] = np.zeros(output_size)

        # 生成层===========
        self.layers = []
        self.layers.append(Convolution(self.params['W1'], self.params['b1'], 
                           conv_param_1['stride'], conv_param_1['pad']))
        self.layers.append(Relu())
        self.layers.append(Convolution(self.params['W2'], self.params['b2'], 
                           conv_param_2['stride'], conv_param_2['pad']))
        self.layers.append(Relu())
        self.layers.append(Pooling(pool_h=2, pool_w=2, stride=2))
        self.layers.append(Convolution(self.params['W3'], self.params['b3'], 
                           conv_param_3['stride'], conv_param_3['pad']))
        self.layers.append(Relu())
        self.layers.append(Convolution(self.params['W4'], self.params['b4'],
                           conv_param_4['stride'], conv_param_4['pad']))
        self.layers.append(Relu())
        self.layers.append(Pooling(pool_h=2, pool_w=2, stride=2))
        self.layers.append(Convolution(self.params['W5'], self.params['b5'],
                           conv_param_5['stride'], conv_param_5['pad']))
        self.layers.append(Relu())
        self.layers.append(Convolution(self.params['W6'], self.params['b6'],
                           conv_param_6['stride'], conv_param_6['pad']))
        self.layers.append(Relu())
        self.layers.append(Pooling(pool_h=2, pool_w=2, stride=2))
        self.layers.append(Affine(self.params['W7'], self.params['b7']))
        self.layers.append(Relu())
        self.layers.append(Dropout(0.5))
        self.layers.append(Affine(self.params['W8'], self.params['b8']))
        self.layers.append(Dropout(0.5))
        
        self.last_layer = SoftmaxWithLoss()

    def predict(self, x, train_flg=False):
        for layer in self.layers:
            if isinstance(layer, Dropout):
                x = layer.forward(x, train_flg)
            else:
                x = layer.forward(x)
        return x

    def loss(self, x, t):
        y = self.predict(x, train_flg=True)
        return self.last_layer.forward(y, t)

    def accuracy(self, x, t, batch_size=100):
        if t.ndim != 1 : t = np.argmax(t, axis=1)

        acc = 0.0

        for i in range(int(x.shape[0] / batch_size)):
            tx = x[i*batch_size:(i+1)*batch_size]
            tt = t[i*batch_size:(i+1)*batch_size]
            y = self.predict(tx, train_flg=False)
            y = np.argmax(y, axis=1)
            acc += np.sum(y == tt)

        return acc / x.shape[0]

    def gradient(self, x, t):
        # forward
        self.loss(x, t)

        # backward
        dout = 1
        dout = self.last_layer.backward(dout)

        tmp_layers = self.layers.copy()
        tmp_layers.reverse()
        for layer in tmp_layers:
            dout = layer.backward(dout)

        # 设定
        grads = {}
        for i, layer_idx in enumerate((0, 2, 5, 7, 10, 12, 15, 18)):
            grads['W' + str(i+1)] = self.layers[layer_idx].dW
            grads['b' + str(i+1)] = self.layers[layer_idx].db

        return grads

    def save_params(self, file_name="params.pkl"):
        params = {}
        for key, val in self.params.items():
            params[key] = val
        with open(file_name, 'wb') as f:
            pickle.dump(params, f)

    def load_params(self, file_name="params.pkl"):
        with open(file_name, 'rb') as f:
            params = pickle.load(f)
        for key, val in params.items():
            self.params[key] = val

        for i, layer_idx in enumerate((0, 2, 5, 7, 10, 12, 15, 18)):
            self.layers[layer_idx].W = self.params['W' + str(i+1)]
            self.layers[layer_idx].b = self.params['b' + str(i+1)]

import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from dataset.mnist import load_mnist
from deep_convnet import DeepConvNet
from common.trainer import Trainer

(x_train, t_train), (x_test, t_test) = load_mnist(flatten=False)

network = DeepConvNet()  
trainer = Trainer(network, x_train, t_train, x_test, t_test,
                  epochs=20, mini_batch_size=100,
                  optimizer='Adam', optimizer_param={'lr':0.001},
                  evaluate_sample_num_per_epoch=1000)
trainer.train()

# 保存参数
network.save_params("deep_convnet_params.pkl")
print("Saved Network Parameters!")

---

2、深度学习的应用案例

• 物体检测

• 图像分割

• 图像标题的生成