SpringCloud【进阶】04:Ribbon实战教程

1、Ribbon入门介绍

Spring Cloud Ribbon是基于Netflix Ribbon实现的一套客户端负载均衡的工具。

Ribbon = 负载均衡(@LoadBalanced) + RestTemplate调用

主要功能是提供客户端的软件负载均衡算法和服务调用。Ribbon客户端组件提供一系列完善的配置项如连接超时,重试等。

简单的说,就是在配置文件中列出Load Balancer(简称LB)后面所有的机器,Ribbon会自动的帮助你基于某种规则(如简单轮询,随机连接等)去连接这些机器。我们很容易使用Ribbon实现自定义的负载均衡算法

Ribbon目前也进入维护模式。

Ribbon未来可能被Spring Cloud LoadBalacer替代。

LB负载均衡(Load Balance)是什么

简单的说就是将用户的请求平摊的分配到多个服务上,从而达到系统的HA (高可用)

常见的负载均衡有软件NginxLVS,硬件F5等。

Ribbon本地负载均衡客户端VS Nginx服务端负载均衡区别

Nginx是服务器负载均衡,客户端所有请求都会交给nginx,然后由nginx实现转发请求。即负载均衡是由服务端实现的。

Ribbon本地负载均衡,在调用微服务接口时候,会在注册中心上获取注册信息服务列表之后缓存到JVM本地,从而在本地实现RPC远程服务调用技术

集中式LB

即在服务的消费方和提供方之间使用独立的LB设施(可以是硬件,如F5, 也可以是软件,如nginx),由该设施负责把访问请求通过某种策略转发至服务的提供方;

进程内LB

将LB逻辑集成到消费方,消费方从服务注册中心获知有哪些地址可用,然后自己再从这些地址中选择出一个合适的服务器。

Ribbon就属于进程内LB,它只是一个类库,集成于消费方进程,消费方通过它来获取到服务提供方的地址。

2、Ribbon的负载均衡和Rest调用

Ribbon是软负载均衡的客户端组件,它可以和其他所需请求的客户端结合使用,和Eureka结合只是其中的一个实例。

SpringCloud【进阶】04:Ribbon实战教程_第1张图片

1、Ribbon在工作时分成两步

  1. 第一步先选择EurekaServer ,它优先选择在同一个区域内负载较少的server。
  2. 第二步再根据用户指定的策略,在从server取到的服务注册列表中选择一个地址。

其中Ribbon提供了多种策略:比如轮询随机和根据响应时间加权。

2、POM说明

先前工程项目没有引入spring-cloud-starter-ribbon,但是也可以使用ribbon,这是因为spring-cloud-starter-netflix-eureka-client自带了spring-cloud-starter-ribbon引用
SpringCloud【进阶】04:Ribbon实战教程_第2张图片

3、RestTemplate的使用

getForObject() 和 getForEntity() 区别:

getForObject():返回对象为响应体中数据转化成的对象,基本上可以理解为Json。

getForEntity():返回对象为ResponseEntity对象,包含了响应中的一些重要信息,比如响应头、响应状态码、响应体等。

package com.lian.springcloud.controller;

import com.lian.springcloud.entities.CommonResult;
import com.lian.springcloud.entities.Payment;
import lombok.extern.slf4j.Slf4j;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.http.ResponseEntity;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.*;
import org.springframework.web.client.RestTemplate;

@RestController
@Slf4j
public class OrderController {

    @Autowired
    RestTemplate restTemplate;

    //public static final String PAYMENT_URL = "http://localhost:8001";
    public static final String PAYMENT_URL = "http://CLOUD-PAYMENT-SERVICE";

    @GetMapping("/consumer/payment/create")
    public CommonResult<Payment> create(Payment payment){
        return restTemplate.postForObject(PAYMENT_URL+"/payment/create",payment,CommonResult.class);
    }

    @GetMapping("/consumer/payment/get/{id}")
    public CommonResult<Payment> getPayment(@PathVariable("id") Long id){
        return restTemplate.getForObject(PAYMENT_URL+"/payment/get/"+id,CommonResult.class);
    }
    
    //案例演示 getForObject 和 getForEntity 区别
    @GetMapping("/consumer/payment/getForEntity/{id}")
    public CommonResult<Payment> getPayment2(@PathVariable("id") Long id){
        ResponseEntity<CommonResult> entity = restTemplate.getForEntity(PAYMENT_URL + "/payment/get" + id, CommonResult.class);
        if (entity.getStatusCode().is2xxSuccessful()){
            return entity.getBody();
        }else{
            return new CommonResult<>(444,"操作失败");
        }
    }
}

3、Ribbon默认自带的负载规则

lRule:根据特定算法从服务列表中选取一个要访问的服务

package com.netflix.loadbalancer;

public interface IRule {

    Server choose(Object var1);

    void setLoadBalancer(ILoadBalancer var1);

    ILoadBalancer getLoadBalancer();
}

SpringCloud【进阶】04:Ribbon实战教程_第3张图片

  • RoundRobinRule 轮询
  • RandomRule 随机
  • RetryRule 先按照RoundRobinRule的策略获取服务,如果获取服务失败则在指定时间内会进行重试,获取可用的服务
  • WeightedResponseTimeRule 对RoundRobinRule的扩展,响应速度越快的实例选择权重越大,越容易被选择
  • BestAvailableRule 会先过滤掉由于多次访问故障而处于断路器跳闸状态的服务,然后选择一个并发量最小的服务
  • AvailabilityFilteringRule 先过滤掉故障实例,再选择并发较小的实例
  • ZoneAvoidanceRule 默认规则,复合判断server所在区域的性能和server的可用性选择服务器

4、Ribbon负载规则替换

本文ribbon实现负载均衡目录,方便理解
SpringCloud【进阶】04:Ribbon实战教程_第4张图片

1、修改cloud-consumer-order80注意配置细节

官方文档明确给出了警告:

这个自定义配置类不能放在@ComponentScan所扫描的当前包下以及子包下

否则我们自定义的这个配置类就会被所有的Ribbon客户端所共享,达不到特殊化定制的目的了。

(也就是说不要将Ribbon配置类与主启动类同包)

2、新建package - com.lian.myrule

SpringCloud【进阶】04:Ribbon实战教程_第5张图片

3、在com.lian.myrule下新建MySelfRule规则类

package com.lian.myrule;

import com.netflix.loadbalancer.IRule;
import com.netflix.loadbalancer.RandomRule;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;

@Configuration
public class MySelfRule {

    @Bean
    public IRule myRule(){
        return new RandomRule();
    }
}

4、主启动类添加@RibbonClient

package com.lian.springcloud;

import com.lian.myrule.MySelfRule;
import org.springframework.boot.SpringApplication;
import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.SpringBootApplication;
import org.springframework.cloud.netflix.eureka.EnableEurekaClient;
import org.springframework.cloud.netflix.ribbon.RibbonClient;

@SpringBootApplication
@EnableEurekaClient    //<--- eureka注册发现添加该标签
@RibbonClient(value = "CLOUD-PAYMENT-SERVICE",configuration = MySelfRule.class)
public class OrderMain80 {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        SpringApplication.run(OrderMain80.class,args);
    }
}

5、测试

开启eureka cloud-eureka-server7001

提供者cloud-provider-payment8001
SpringCloud【进阶】04:Ribbon实战教程_第6张图片
提供者cloud-provider-payment8002
在这里插入图片描述
cloud-consumer-order80,配置了随机负载算法
SpringCloud【进阶】04:Ribbon实战教程_第7张图片

5、Ribbon默认负载轮询算法原理

默认负载轮训算法: rest接口第几次请求数 % 服务器集群总数量 = 实际调用服务器位置下标,每次服务重启动后rest接口计数从1开始。

List instances = discoveryClient.getInstances("CLOUD-PAYMENT-SERVICE");

如:

  • List [0] instances = 127.0.0.1:8002
  • List [1] instances = 127.0.0.1:8001

8001+ 8002组合成为集群,它们共计2台机器,集群总数为2,按照轮询算法原理:

  • 当总请求数为1时:1%2=1对应下标位置为1,则获得服务地址为127.0.0.1:8001
  • 当总请求数位2时:2%2=О对应下标位置为0,则获得服务地址为127.0.0.1:8002
  • 当总请求数位3时:3%2=1对应下标位置为1,则获得服务地址为127.0.0.1:8001
  • 当总请求数位4时:4%2=О对应下标位置为0,则获得服务地址为127.0.0.1:8002
  • 如此类推…

6、RoundRobinRule源码分析

juc知识点:CAS和自旋锁

package com.netflix.loadbalancer;

import com.netflix.client.config.IClientConfig;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger;
import org.slf4j.Logger;
import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;

public class RoundRobinRule extends AbstractLoadBalancerRule {
    private AtomicInteger nextServerCyclicCounter;
    private static final boolean AVAILABLE_ONLY_SERVERS = true;
    private static final boolean ALL_SERVERS = false;
    private static Logger log = LoggerFactory.getLogger(RoundRobinRule.class);

    public RoundRobinRule() {
        this.nextServerCyclicCounter = new AtomicInteger(0);
    }

    public RoundRobinRule(ILoadBalancer lb) {
        this();
        this.setLoadBalancer(lb);
    }

    public Server choose(ILoadBalancer lb, Object key) {
        if (lb == null) {
            log.warn("no load balancer");
            return null;
        } else {
            Server server = null;
            int count = 0;

            while(true) {
                if (server == null && count++ < 10) {
                    List<Server> reachableServers = lb.getReachableServers();
                    List<Server> allServers = lb.getAllServers();
                    int upCount = reachableServers.size();
                    int serverCount = allServers.size();
                    if (upCount != 0 && serverCount != 0) {
                        int nextServerIndex = this.incrementAndGetModulo(serverCount);
                        server = (Server)allServers.get(nextServerIndex);
                        if (server == null) {
                            Thread.yield();
                        } else {
                            if (server.isAlive() && server.isReadyToServe()) {
                                return server;
                            }

                            server = null;
                        }
                        continue;
                    }

                    log.warn("No up servers available from load balancer: " + lb);
                    return null;
                }

                if (count >= 10) {
                    log.warn("No available alive servers after 10 tries from load balancer: " + lb);
                }

                return server;
            }
        }
    }

    private int incrementAndGetModulo(int modulo) {
        int current;
        int next;
        do {
            current = this.nextServerCyclicCounter.get();
            next = (current + 1) % modulo;
        } while(!this.nextServerCyclicCounter.compareAndSet(current, next));

        return next;
    }

    public Server choose(Object key) {
        return this.choose(this.getLoadBalancer(), key);
    }

    public void initWithNiwsConfig(IClientConfig clientConfig) {
    }
}

7、Ribbon之手写轮询算法

1、7001/7002集群启动

SpringCloud【进阶】04:Ribbon实战教程_第8张图片

2、8001/8002配置controller

添加轮询请求

package com.lian.springcloud.controller;

import com.lian.springcloud.entities.CommonResult;
import com.lian.springcloud.entities.Payment;
import com.lian.springcloud.service.PaymentService;
import lombok.extern.slf4j.Slf4j;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Value;
import org.springframework.cloud.client.ServiceInstance;
import org.springframework.cloud.client.discovery.DiscoveryClient;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.*;

import javax.annotation.Resource;
import java.util.List;

/**
 * @requestBody可以将请求体中的JSON字符串绑定到相应的bean上
 */
@RestController
@Slf4j
public class PaymentController {

    @Resource
    PaymentService paymentService;

    @Autowired
    DiscoveryClient discoveryClient;

    //添加serverPort,目的做客户端的负载均衡
    @Value("${server.port}")
    private String serverPort;

    @PostMapping(value = "/payment/create")
    public CommonResult create(@RequestBody Payment payment){
        int result = paymentService.create(payment);

        log.info("*****插入结果:"+result);

        if (result > 0){
            return new CommonResult(200,"插入数据库成功,端口号serverPort是"+serverPort,result);
        } else {
            return new CommonResult(444,"插入数据库失败",null);
        }
    }

    @GetMapping(value = "/payment/get/{id}")
    public CommonResult<Payment> getPaymentById(@PathVariable("id") Long id){
        Payment payment = paymentService.getPaymentById(id);

        if (payment != null){
            return new CommonResult(200,"查询成功,端口号serverport是"+serverPort,payment);
        } else {
            return new CommonResult(444,"查询失败,没有对应记录,查询id:"+id,null);
        }
    }

    /**
     * 测试服务发现
     */
    @GetMapping(value = "/payment/discovery")
    public Object discovery(){
        List<String> services = discoveryClient.getServices();
        for (String service : services) {
            log.info("server"+service);
        }
        List<ServiceInstance> instances = discoveryClient.getInstances("CLOUD-PAYMENT-SERVICE");
        for (ServiceInstance instance : instances) {
            log.info(instance.getInstanceId()+"\t",
                        instance.getHost()+"\t",
                        instance.getPort()+"\t",
                        instance.getUri());
        }
        return this.discoveryClient;
    }

    //手写轮询算法测试
    @GetMapping(value = "/payment/lb")
    public String getPaymentLB() {
        return serverPort;//返回服务接口
    }
}

3、cloud-consumer-order80微服务改造

1、去除之前的ribbon注解

ApplicationContextConfig去掉注解@LoadBalanced

package com.lian.springcloud.config;

import org.springframework.cloud.client.loadbalancer.LoadBalanced;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;
import org.springframework.web.client.RestTemplate;

@Configuration
public class ApplicationContextConfig {

    @Bean
    //@LoadBalanced  //使用@LoadBalanced注解赋予RestTemplate负载均衡的能力
    public RestTemplate getRestTemplate(){
        return new RestTemplate();
    }
}

主启动类OrderMain80去掉注解@RibbonClient

package com.lian.springcloud;

import com.lian.myrule.MySelfRule;
import org.springframework.boot.SpringApplication;
import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.SpringBootApplication;
import org.springframework.cloud.netflix.eureka.EnableEurekaClient;
import org.springframework.cloud.netflix.ribbon.RibbonClient;

@SpringBootApplication
@EnableEurekaClient    //<--- eureka注册发现添加该标签
//@RibbonClient(value = "CLOUD-PAYMENT-SERVICE",configuration = MySelfRule.class)
public class OrderMain80 {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        SpringApplication.run(OrderMain80.class,args);
    }
}

2、创建LoadBalancer接口

package com.lian.springcloud.lb;

import org.springframework.cloud.client.ServiceInstance;
import java.util.List;

public interface LoadBalancer {

    ServiceInstance instances(List<ServiceInstance> serviceInstances);
    
}

3、接口实现类MyLB

package com.lian.springcloud.lb;

import org.springframework.cloud.client.ServiceInstance;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;

import java.util.List;
import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger;

//放入spring容器中
@Component
public class MyLB implements LoadBalancer{

    //原子类初始值设为0
    private AtomicInteger atomicInteger = new AtomicInteger(0);

    //执行的次数
    public final int getAndIncrement(){
        int current;
        int next;
        do {
            //获取当前值是0
            current = this.atomicInteger.get();
            //三元运算符,如果当前值大于100就变为0,否则next等于当前值自增1
            next = current > 100 ? 0 : current+1;
            //用当前值和期望值对比,如果相等则更新值,取反是while为false,跳出循环打印next
        }while (!this.atomicInteger.compareAndSet(current,next));
            System.out.println("next访问次数是:"+next);
            return next;
    }

    //负载均衡算法:rest接口第几次请求数 % 服务器集群总数量 = 实际调用服务器位置下标  ,每次服务重启动后rest接口计数从1开始。
    @Override
    public ServiceInstance instances(List<ServiceInstance> serviceInstances) {
        //执行的次数和服务的总数量求余,得出下标值
        int index = getAndIncrement() % serviceInstances.size();
        //返回第几个服务
        return serviceInstances.get(index);
    }
}

4、控制层OrderController

package com.lian.springcloud.controller;

import com.lian.springcloud.entities.CommonResult;
import com.lian.springcloud.entities.Payment;
import com.lian.springcloud.lb.LoadBalancer;
import com.lian.springcloud.lb.MyLB;
import lombok.extern.slf4j.Slf4j;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.cloud.client.ServiceInstance;
import org.springframework.cloud.client.discovery.DiscoveryClient;
import org.springframework.http.ResponseEntity;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.*;
import org.springframework.web.client.RestTemplate;

import javax.annotation.Resource;
import java.net.URI;
import java.util.List;

@RestController
@Slf4j
public class OrderController {

    @Autowired
    RestTemplate restTemplate;

    //引入自己写的轮询算法类
    @Resource
    LoadBalancer loadBalancer;
    
    @Autowired
    DiscoveryClient discoveryClient;

    //public static final String PAYMENT_URL = "http://localhost:8001";
    public static final String PAYMENT_URL = "http://CLOUD-PAYMENT-SERVICE";

    @GetMapping("/consumer/payment/create")
    public CommonResult<Payment> create(Payment payment){
        return restTemplate.postForObject(PAYMENT_URL+"/payment/create",payment,CommonResult.class);
    }

    @GetMapping("/consumer/payment/get/{id}")
    public CommonResult<Payment> getPayment(@PathVariable("id") Long id){
        return restTemplate.getForObject(PAYMENT_URL+"/payment/get/"+id,CommonResult.class);
    }
    
    //案例演示 getForObject 和 getForEntity 区别
    @GetMapping("/consumer/payment/getForEntity/{id}")
    public CommonResult<Payment> getPayment2(@PathVariable("id") Long id){
        ResponseEntity<CommonResult> entity = restTemplate.getForEntity(PAYMENT_URL + "/payment/get" + id, CommonResult.class);
        if (entity.getStatusCode().is2xxSuccessful()){
            return entity.getBody();
        }else{
            return new CommonResult<>(444,"操作失败");
        }
    }

    //测试自己写的轮询算法
    @GetMapping(value = "/consumer/payment/lb")
    public String getPaymentLB(){
        //服务发现获取指定服务下的所有实例
        List<ServiceInstance> instances = discoveryClient.getInstances("CLOUD-PAYMENT-SERVICE");
        if (instances == null || instances.size() < 0){
            return null;
        }
        //调用MyLb类中的instance方法
        ServiceInstance serviceInstance = loadBalancer.instances(instances);
        URI uri = serviceInstance.getUri();
        return restTemplate.getForObject(uri+"/payment/lb",String.class);
    }
}

5、测试

不停地刷新http://localhost/consumer/payment/lb,可以看到8001/8002交替出现
SpringCloud【进阶】04:Ribbon实战教程_第9张图片
SpringCloud【进阶】04:Ribbon实战教程_第10张图片

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