yolo3各部分代码(超详细)

0.摘要
最近一段时间在学习yolo3,看了很多博客,理解了一些理论知识,但是学起来还是有些吃力,之后看了源码,才有了更进一步的理解。在这里,我不在赘述网络方面的代码,网络方面的代码比较容易理解,下面将给出整个yolo3代码的详解解析,整个源码中函数的作用以及调用关系见下图
yolo3各部分代码(超详细)_第1张图片

def yolo_head(feats, anchors, num_classes, input_shape, calc_loss=False):
    """Convert final layer features to bounding box parameters."""
    num_anchors = len(anchors)#num_anchors=3
    # Reshape to batch, height, width, num_anchors, box_params.
    anchors_tensor = K.reshape(K.constant(anchors), [1, 1, 1, num_anchors, 2])
    #anchors=anchors[anchors_mask[1]]=anchors[[6,7,8]]= [116,90],  [156,198],  [373,326]
    """#通过arange、reshape、tile的组合,根据grid_shape(13x13、26x26或52x52)创建y轴的0~N-1的组合grid_y,再创建x轴的0~N-1的组合grid_x,将两者拼接concatenate,形成NxN的grid(13x13、26x26或52x52)"""
    grid_shape = K.shape(feats)[1:3] # height, width,#13x13或26x26或52x52
    grid_y = K.tile(K.reshape(K.arange(0, stop=grid_shape[0]), [-1, 1, 1, 1]),
        [1, grid_shape[1], 1, 1])
    grid_x = K.tile(K.reshape(K.arange(0, stop=grid_shape[1]), [1, -1, 1, 1]),
        [grid_shape[0], 1, 1, 1])
    grid = K.concatenate([grid_x, grid_y])
    grid = K.cast(grid, K.dtype(feats))
    #cast函数用法:cast(x, dtype, name=None),x:待转换的张量,type:需要转换成什么类型
    """grid形式:(0,0),(0,1),(0,2)......(1,0),(1,1).....(12,12)"""
    feats = K.reshape(
        feats, [-1, grid_shape[0], grid_shape[1], num_anchors, num_classes + 5])
    """(batch_size,13,13,3,85)"""
    "此时的xy为中心坐标,相对于左上角的中心坐标"

    # Adjust preditions to each spatial grid point and anchor size.
    """将预测值调整为真实值"""
    "将中心点相对于网格的坐标转换成在整张图片中的坐标,相对于13/26/52的相对坐标"
    "将wh转换成预测框的wh,并处以416归一化"
    box_xy = (K.sigmoid(feats[..., :2]) + grid) / K.cast(grid_shape[::-1], K.dtype(feats))#实际上就是除以13或26或52
    #box_xy = (K.sigmoid(feats[:,:,:,:2]) + grid) / K.cast(grid_shape[::-1], K.dtype(feats))
    # ...操作符,在Python中,“...”(ellipsis)操作符,表示其他维度不变,只操作最前或最后1维;
    box_wh = K.exp(feats[..., 2:4]) * anchors_tensor / K.cast(input_shape[::-1], K.dtype(feats))
    box_confidence = K.sigmoid(feats[..., 4:5])
    box_class_probs = K.sigmoid(feats[..., 5:])
    #切片省略号的用法,省略前面左右的冒号,参考博客:https://blog.csdn.net/z13653662052/article/details/78010654?depth_1-utm_source=distribute.pc_relevant.none-task&utm_source=distribute.pc_relevant.none-task

    if calc_loss == True:
        return grid, feats, box_xy, box_wh
    return box_xy, box_wh, box_confidence, box_class_probs
    #预测框相对于整张图片中心点的坐标与预测框的wh

参考:https://blog.csdn.net/weixin_41943311/article/details/95672137?depth_1-utm_source=distribute.pc_relevant.none-task&utm_source=distribute.pc_relevant.none-task
1.model.py

1.1 yolo_head()

  yolo_head()函数的输入是Darknet53的最后输出的三个特征图feats,anchors,num_class,input_shpe,此函数的功能是将特征图的进行解码,这一步极为重要,如其中一个特征图的shape是(13,13,255),其实质就是对应着(13,13,3,85),分别对应着13*13个网格,每个网格3个anchors,85=(x,y,w,h,confident),此时box的xy是相对于网格的偏移量,所以还需要经过一些列的处理,处理方式见下图:

yolo3各部分代码(超详细)_第2张图片
yolo3各部分代码(超详细)_第3张图片

def yolo_head(feats, anchors, num_classes, input_shape, calc_loss=False):
    """Convert final layer features to bounding box parameters."""
    num_anchors = len(anchors)#num_anchors=3
    # Reshape to batch, height, width, num_anchors, box_params.
    anchors_tensor = K.reshape(K.constant(anchors), [1, 1, 1, num_anchors, 2])
    #anchors=anchors[anchors_mask[1]]=anchors[[6,7,8]]= [116,90],  [156,198],  [373,326]
    """#通过arange、reshape、tile的组合,根据grid_shape(13x13、26x26或52x52)创建y轴的0~N-1的组合grid_y,再创建x轴的0~N-1的组合grid_x,将两者拼接concatenate,形成NxN的grid(13x13、26x26或52x52)"""
    grid_shape = K.shape(feats)[1:3] # height, width,#13x13或26x26或52x52
    grid_y = K.tile(K.reshape(K.arange(0, stop=grid_shape[0]), [-1, 1, 1, 1]),
        [1, grid_shape[1], 1, 1])
    grid_x = K.tile(K.reshape(K.arange(0, stop=grid_shape[1]), [1, -1, 1, 1]),
        [grid_shape[0], 1, 1, 1])
    grid = K.concatenate([grid_x, grid_y])
    grid = K.cast(grid, K.dtype(feats))
    #cast函数用法:cast(x, dtype, name=None),x:待转换的张量,type:需要转换成什么类型
    """grid形式:(0,0),(0,1),(0,2)......(1,0),(1,1).....(12,12)"""
    feats = K.reshape(
        feats, [-1, grid_shape[0], grid_shape[1], num_anchors, num_classes + 5])
    """(batch_size,13,13,3,85)"""
    "此时的xy为中心坐标,相对于左上角的中心坐标"

    # Adjust preditions to each spatial grid point and anchor size.
    """将预测值调整为真实值"""
    "将中心点相对于网格的坐标转换成在整张图片中的坐标,相对于13/26/52的相对坐标"
    "将wh转换成预测框的wh,并处以416归一化"
    box_xy = (K.sigmoid(feats[..., :2]) + grid) / K.cast(grid_shape[::-1], K.dtype(feats))#实际上就是除以13或26或52
    #box_xy = (K.sigmoid(feats[:,:,:,:2]) + grid) / K.cast(grid_shape[::-1], K.dtype(feats))
    # ...操作符,在Python中,“...”(ellipsis)操作符,表示其他维度不变,只操作最前或最后1维;
    box_wh = K.exp(feats[..., 2:4]) * anchors_tensor / K.cast(input_shape[::-1], K.dtype(feats))
    box_confidence = K.sigmoid(feats[..., 4:5])
    box_class_probs = K.sigmoid(feats[..., 5:])
    #切片省略号的用法,省略前面左右的冒号,参考博客:https://blog.csdn.net/z13653662052/article/details/78010654?depth_1-utm_source=distribute.pc_relevant.none-task&utm_source=distribute.pc_relevant.none-task

    if calc_loss == True:
        return grid, feats, box_xy, box_wh
    return box_xy, box_wh, box_confidence, box_class_probs
    #预测框相对于整张图片中心点的坐标与预测框的wh

1.2 yolo_correct_box()

 此函数的功能是将yolo_head()输出,也即是box相对于整张图片的中心坐标转换成box的左上角右下角的坐标
def yolo_correct_boxes(box_xy, box_wh, input_shape, image_shape):
    '''Get corrected boxes'''
    '''对上面函数输出的预测的坐标进行修正
    比如
    image_shape
    为[600,800],input_shape
    为[300, 500],那么
    new_shape
    为[300, 400]

    offset
    为[0, 0.125]
    scales
    为[0.5, 0.625]'''


    # 将box_xy, box_wh转换为输入图片上的真实坐标,输出boxes是框的左下、右上两个坐标(y_min, x_min, y_max, x_max)
    # ...操作符,在Python中,“...”(ellipsis)操作符,表示其他维度不变,只操作最前或最后1维;
    # np.array[i:j:s],当s<0时,i缺省时,默认为-1;j缺省时,默认为-len(a)-1;所以array[::-1]相当于array[-1:-len(a)-1:-1],也就是从最后一个元素到第一个元素复制一遍,即倒序
    box_yx = box_xy[..., ::-1]#将xy坐标进行交换,反序(y,x)
    box_hw = box_wh[..., ::-1]
    input_shape = K.cast(input_shape, K.dtype(box_yx))
    image_shape = K.cast(image_shape, K.dtype(box_yx))
    new_shape = K.round(image_shape * K.min(input_shape/image_shape))
    #.round用于取近似值,保留几位小数,第一个参数是一个浮点数,第二个参数是保留的小数位数,可选,如果不写的话默认保留到整数
    offset = (input_shape-new_shape)/2./input_shape
    scale = input_shape/new_shape
    box_yx = (box_yx - offset) * scale
    box_hw *= scale
    """获得预测框的左上角与右下角的坐标"""
    box_mins = box_yx - (box_hw / 2.)
    box_maxes = box_yx + (box_hw / 2.)
    boxes =  K.concatenate([
        box_mins[..., 0:1],  # y_min
        box_mins[..., 1:2],  # x_min
        box_maxes[..., 0:1],  # y_max
        box_maxes[..., 1:2]  # x_max
    ])#...操作符,在Python中,“...”(ellipsis)操作符,表示其他维度不变,只操作最前或最后1维;

    # Scale boxes back to original image shape.
    boxes *= K.concatenate([image_shape, image_shape])
    return boxes#得到预测框的左下角坐标与右上角坐标

1.3 yolo_box_and_score

 获得box与得分
def yolo_boxes_and_scores(feats, anchors, num_classes, input_shape, image_shape):
    '''Process Conv layer output'''
    box_xy, box_wh, box_confidence, box_class_probs = yolo_head(feats,
        anchors, num_classes, input_shape)
    boxes = yolo_correct_boxes(box_xy, box_wh, input_shape, image_shape)
    boxes = K.reshape(boxes, [-1, 4])#reshape,将不同网格的值转换为框的列表。即(?,13,13,3,4)->(?,4)  ?:框的数目
    box_scores = box_confidence * box_class_probs
    box_scores = K.reshape(box_scores, [-1, num_classes])#reshape,将框的得分展平,变为(?,80); ?:框的数目
    return boxes, box_scores#返回预测框的左下角与右上角的坐标与得分

1.4 yolo_eval()

   此函数的作用是删除冗余框,保留最优框,用到非极大值抑制算法
def yolo_eval(yolo_outputs,
              anchors,
              num_classes,
              image_shape,
              max_boxes=20,
              score_threshold=.6,
              iou_threshold=.5):
    """Evaluate YOLO model on given input and return filtered boxes."""
    """      yolo_outputs        #模型输出,格式如下【(?,13,13,255)(?,26,26,255)(?,52,52,255)】 ?:bitch size; 13-26-52:多尺度预测; 255:预测值(3*(80+5))
              anchors,            #[(10,13), (16,30), (33,23), (30,61), (62,45), (59,119), (116,90), (156,198),(373,326)]
              num_classes,     # 类别个数,coco集80类
              image_shape,        #placeholder类型的TF参数,默认(416, 416);
              max_boxes=20,       #每张图每类最多检测到20个框同类别框的IoU阈值,大于阈值的重叠框被删除,重叠物体较多,则调高阈值,重叠物体较少,则调低阈值
              score_threshold=.6, #框置信度阈值,小于阈值的框被删除,需要的框较多,则调低阈值,需要的框较少,则调高阈值;
              iou_threshold=.5):  #同类别框的IoU阈值,大于阈值的重叠框被删除,重叠物体较多,则调高阈值,重叠物体较少,则调低阈值"""
    num_layers = len(yolo_outputs)# #yolo的输出层数;num_layers = 3  -> 13-26-52
    anchor_mask = [[6,7,8], [3,4,5], [0,1,2]] if num_layers==3 else [[3,4,5], [1,2,3]] # default setting
    # 每层分配3个anchor box.如13*13分配到[6,7,8]即[(116,90)(156,198)(373,326)]
    input_shape = K.shape(yolo_outputs[0])[1:3] * 32
    # 输入shape(?,13,13,255);即第一维和第二维分别*32  ->13*32=416; input_shape:(416,416)
    #yolo_outputs=[(batch_size,13,13,255),(batch_size,26,26,255),(batch_size,52,52,255)]
    #input_shape=416*416
    boxes = []
    box_scores = []
    for l in range(num_layers):
        _boxes, _box_scores = yolo_boxes_and_scores(yolo_outputs[l],
            anchors[anchor_mask[l]], num_classes, input_shape, image_shape)
        boxes.append(_boxes)
        box_scores.append(_box_scores)
    boxes = K.concatenate(boxes, axis=0)
    box_scores = K.concatenate(box_scores, axis=0) #K.concatenate:将数据展平 ->(?,4)

    #可能会产生很多个预选框,需要经过(1)阈值的删选,(2)非极大值抑制的删选
    mask = box_scores >= score_threshold#得分大于置信度为True,否则为Flase
    max_boxes_tensor = K.constant(max_boxes, dtype='int32')
    boxes_ = []
    scores_ = []
    classes_ = []
    """
    # ---------------------------------------#
    #   1、取出每一类得分大于score_threshold
    #   的框和得分
    #   2、对得分进行非极大抑制
    # ---------------------------------------#
    # 对每一个类进行判断"""
    for c in range(num_classes):
        # TODO: use keras backend instead of tf.
        class_boxes = tf.boolean_mask(boxes, mask[:, c])#将输入的数组挑出想要的数据输出,将得分大于阈值的坐标挑选出来
        #将第c类中得分大于阈值的坐标挑选出来
        class_box_scores = tf.boolean_mask(box_scores[:, c], mask[:, c])
        # 将第c类中得分大于阈值的框挑选出来
        """非极大值抑制部分"""
        # 非极大抑制,去掉box重合程度高的那一些
        """原理:(1)从最大概率矩形框F开始,分别判断A~E与F的重叠度IOU是否大于某个设定的阈值;

                (2)假设B、D与F的重叠度超过阈值,那么就扔掉B、D;并标记第一个矩形框F,是我们保留下来的。

                (3)从剩下的矩形框A、C、E中,选择概率最大的E,然后判断E与A、C的重叠度,重叠度大于一定的阈值,那么就扔掉;并标记E是我们保留下来的第二个矩形框。

                就这样一直重复,找到所有被保留下来的矩形框。"""
        nms_index = tf.image.non_max_suppression(
            class_boxes, class_box_scores, max_boxes_tensor, iou_threshold=iou_threshold)
        class_boxes = K.gather(class_boxes, nms_index)
        class_box_scores = K.gather(class_box_scores, nms_index)
        classes = K.ones_like(class_box_scores, 'int32') * c#将class_box_scores中的数变成1
        boxes_.append(class_boxes)
        scores_.append(class_box_scores)
        classes_.append(classes)
    boxes_ = K.concatenate(boxes_, axis=0)
    scores_ = K.concatenate(scores_, axis=0)
    classes_ = K.concatenate(classes_, axis=0)
    #return 经过非极大值抑制保留下来的一个框

    return boxes_, scores_, classes_

1.5 preprocess_true_box()

def preprocess_true_boxes(true_boxes, input_shape, anchors, num_classes):
    '''
    在preprocess_true_boxes中,输入:

    true_boxes:检测框,批次数16,最大框数20,每个框5个值,4个边界点和1个类别序号,如(16, 20, 5);
    input_shape:图片尺寸,如(416, 416);
    anchors:anchor box列表;
    num_classes:类别的数量;
    Preprocess true boxes to training input format

    Parameters
    ----------
    true_boxes: array, shape=(m, T, 5)
        Absolute x_min, y_min, x_max, y_max, class_id relative to input_shape.
    input_shape: array-like, hw, multiples of 32
    anchors: array, shape=(N, 2), wh
    num_classes: integer

    Returns
    -------
    y_true: list of array, shape like yolo_outputs, xywh are reletive value

    '''
    # 检查有无异常数据 即txt提供的box id 是否存在大于 num_class的情况
    # true_boxes.shape  = (图片张数,每张图片box个数,5)(5是左上右下点坐标加上类别下标)
    assert (true_boxes[..., 4]<num_classes).all(), 'class id must be less than num_classes'
    num_layers = len(anchors)//3 # default setting
    anchor_mask = [[6,7,8], [3,4,5], [0,1,2]] if num_layers==3 else [[3,4,5], [1,2,3]]

    true_boxes = np.array(true_boxes, dtype='float32')
    input_shape = np.array(input_shape, dtype='int32')    # [416 416] shape(2,)
    # 将每个box的左上点和右下点坐标相加除2,即取中点!
    """计算true_boxes:

       true_boxes:真值框,左上和右下2个坐标值和1个类别,如[184, 299, 191, 310, 0.0],结构是(16, 20, 5),16是批次数,20是框的最大数,5是框的5个值;
       boxes_xy:xy是box的中心点,结构是(16, 20, 2);
       boxes_wh:wh是box的宽和高,结构也是(16, 20, 2);
       input_shape:输入尺寸416x416;
       true_boxes:第0和1位设置为xy,除以416,归一化,第2和3位设置为wh,除以416,归一化,如[0.449, 0.730, 0.016, 0.026, 0.0]。"""
    boxes_xy = (true_boxes[..., 0:2] + true_boxes[..., 2:4]) // 2
    # 得到box宽高
    boxes_wh = true_boxes[..., 2:4] - true_boxes[..., 0:2]
    # 中心坐标 和 宽高 都变成 相对于input_shape的比例
    true_boxes[..., 0:2] = boxes_xy/input_shape[::-1]
    true_boxes[..., 2:4] = boxes_wh/input_shape[::-1]
    # 这个m应该是batch的大小 即是输入图片的数量
    m = true_boxes.shape[0]
    # grid_shape [13,13 ]   [26,26]  [52,52]
    grid_shapes = [input_shape//{0:32, 1:16, 2:8}[l] for l in range(num_layers)]
    #y_true是全0矩阵(np.zeros)列表,即[(16,13,13,3,6), (16,26,26,3,6), (16,52,52,3,6)]
    y_true = [np.zeros((m,grid_shapes[l][0],grid_shapes[l][1],len(anchor_mask[l]),5+num_classes),
        dtype='float32') for l in range(num_layers)]
    # y_true  m*13*13*3*(5+num_clasess)
    #         m*26*26*3*(5+num_classes)
    #         m*52*52*3*(5+num_classes)
    # Expand dim to apply broadcasting.

    # Expand dim to apply broadcasting.
    #在原先axis出添加一个维度,由(9,2)转为(1,9,2)
    anchors = np.expand_dims(anchors, 0)
    # 网格中心为原点(即网格中心坐标为 (0,0) ), 计算出anchor 右下角坐标
    anchor_maxes = anchors / 2.
    #计算出左上标
    anchor_mins = -anchor_maxes
    # 去掉异常数据
    valid_mask = boxes_wh[..., 0]>0

    for b in range(m):
        # Discard zero rows.
        wh = boxes_wh[b, valid_mask[b]]
        if len(wh)==0: continue
        # Expand dim to apply broadcasting.
        wh = np.expand_dims(wh, -2)
        box_maxes = wh / 2.
        box_mins = -box_maxes
        # # 假设 bouding box 的中心也位于网格的中心

        """计算标注框box与anchor box的iou值,计算方式很巧妙:

        box_mins的shape是(7,1,2),anchor_mins的shape是(1,9,2),intersect_mins的shape是(7,9,2),即两两组合的值;
        intersect_area的shape是(7,9);
        box_area的shape是(7,1);
        anchor_area的shape是(1,9);
        iou的shape是(7,9);
        IoU数据,即anchor box与检测框box,两两匹配的iou值"""
        intersect_mins = np.maximum(box_mins, anchor_mins)#逐位比较
        intersect_maxes = np.minimum(box_maxes, anchor_maxes)
        intersect_wh = np.maximum(intersect_maxes - intersect_mins, 0.)
        intersect_area = intersect_wh[..., 0] * intersect_wh[..., 1]#宽*高
        box_area = wh[..., 0] * wh[..., 1]
        anchor_area = anchors[..., 0] * anchors[..., 1]
        iou = intersect_area / (box_area + anchor_area - intersect_area)

        # Find best anchor for each true box
        best_anchor = np.argmax(iou, axis=-1)

        """设置y_true的值:

           t是box的序号;n是最优anchor的序号;l是层号;
           如果最优anchor在层l中,则设置其中的值,否则默认为0;
           true_boxes是(16, 20, 5),即批次、box数、框值;
           true_boxes[b, t, 0],其中b是批次序号、t是box序号,第0位是x,第1位是y;
           grid_shapes是3个检测图的尺寸,将归一化的值,与框长宽相乘,恢复为具体值;
           k是在anchor box中的序号;
           c是类别,true_boxes的第4位;
           将xy和wh放入y_true中,将y_true的第4位框的置信度设为1,将y_true第5~n位的类别设为1;"""
        for t, n in enumerate(best_anchor):
            # 遍历anchor 尺寸 3个尺寸
            # 因为此时box 已经和一个anchor box匹配上,看这个anchor box属于那一层,小,中,大,然后将其box分配到那一层
            for l in range(num_layers):
                if n in anchor_mask[l]:
                    #因为grid_shape格式是hw所以是x*grid_shapes[l][1]=x*w,求出对应所在网格的横坐标,这里的x是相对于整张图片的相对坐标,
                    # 是在原先坐标上除以了w,所以现在要乘以w
                    i = np.floor(true_boxes[b,t,0]*grid_shapes[l][1]).astype('int32')
                    #np.around 四舍五入
                    #np.floor向下取整
                    #np.ceil向上取整
                    #np.where条件选取
                    # np.floor 返回不大于输入参数的最大整数。 即对于输入值 x ,将返回最大的整数 i ,使得 i <= x。
                    # true_boxes x,y,w,h, 此时x y w h都是相对于整张图像的
                    # 第b个图像 第 t个 bounding box的 x 乘以 第l个grid shap的x(grid shape 格式是hw,
                    # 因为input_shape格式是hw)
                    # 找到这个bounding box落在哪个cell的中心
                    #i,j是所在网格的位置
                    j = np.floor(true_boxes[b,t,1]*grid_shapes[l][0]).astype('int32')
                    # 找到n 在 anchor_box的索引位置
                    k = anchor_mask[l].index(n)
                    # 得到box的id
                    c = true_boxes[b,t, 4].astype('int32')
                    # 第b个图像 第j行 i列 第k个anchor x,y,w,h,confindence,类别概率
                    y_true[l][b, j, i, k, 0:4] = true_boxes[b,t, 0:4]
                    y_true[l][b, j, i, k, 4] = 1
                    # 置信度是1 因为含有目标
                    y_true[l][b, j, i, k, 5+c] = 1
                    # 类别的one-hot编码

    return y_true

1.6 yolo_loss

  此函数定义损失函数,损失函数包括三个部分,坐标损失,置信度损失,类别损失

yolo3各部分代码(超详细)_第4张图片

def yolo_loss(args, anchors, num_classes, ignore_thresh=.5, print_loss=False):
    """true_boxes : 实际框的位置和类别,我们的输入。三个维度:
    第一个维度:图片张数
    第二个维度:一张图片中有几个实际框
    第三个维度: [x, y, w, h, class],x,y 是实际框的中心点坐标,w,h 是框的宽度和高度。x,y,w,h 均是除以图片分辨率得到的[0,1]范围的值。
    anchors : 实际anchor boxes 的值,论文中使用了五个。[w,h],都是相对于gird cell 长宽的比值。二个维度:
    第一个维度:anchor boxes的数量,这里是5
    第二个维度:[w,h],w,h,都是相对于gird cell 长宽的比值。
    """
    '''Return yolo_loss tensor

    Parameters
    ----------
    yolo_outputs: list of tensor, the output of yolo_body or tiny_yolo_body
    y_true: list of array, the output of preprocess_true_boxes
    anchors: array, shape=(N, 2), wh
    num_classes: integer
    ignore_thresh: float, the iou threshold whether to ignore object confidence loss

    Returns
    -------
    loss: tensor, shape=(1,)

    '''
    num_layers = len(anchors)//3 # default setting
    yolo_outputs = args[:num_layers]
    y_true = args[num_layers:]
    anchor_mask = [[6,7,8], [3,4,5], [0,1,2]] if num_layers==3 else [[3,4,5], [1,2,3]]
    input_shape = K.cast(K.shape(yolo_outputs[0])[1:3] * 32, K.dtype(y_true[0]))
    grid_shapes = [K.cast(K.shape(yolo_outputs[l])[1:3], K.dtype(y_true[0])) for l in range(num_layers)]
    loss = 0
    m = K.shape(yolo_outputs[0])[0] # batch size, tensor
    mf = K.cast(m, K.dtype(yolo_outputs[0]))

    for l in range(num_layers):
        object_mask = y_true[l][..., 4:5]#置信度
        true_class_probs = y_true[l][..., 5:]#类别

        grid, raw_pred, pred_xy, pred_wh = yolo_head(yolo_outputs[l],
             anchors[anchor_mask[l]], num_classes, input_shape, calc_loss=True)
        pred_box = K.concatenate([pred_xy, pred_wh])

        # Darknet raw box to calculate loss.
        # 这是对x,y,w,b转换公式的反变换
        raw_true_xy = y_true[l][..., :2]*grid_shapes[l][::-1] - grid
        raw_true_wh = K.log(y_true[l][..., 2:4] / anchors[anchor_mask[l]] * input_shape[::-1])
        # 这部操作是避免出现log(0) = 负无穷,故当object_mask置信率接近0是返回全0结果
        # K.switch(条件函数,返回值1,返回值2)其中1,2要等shape
        raw_true_wh = K.switch(object_mask, raw_true_wh, K.zeros_like(raw_true_wh)) # avoid log(0)=-inf
        #提升针对小物体的小技巧:针对 YOLOv3来说,regression损失会乘一个(2-w*h)的比例系数,
        # w 和 h 分别是ground truth 的宽和高。如果不减去 w*h,AP 会有一个明显下降。如果继续往上加,如 (2-w*h)*1.5,总体的 AP 还会涨一个点左右(包括验证集和测试集),大概是因为 COCO 中小物体实在太多的原因。

        box_loss_scale = 2 - y_true[l][...,2:3]*y_true[l][...,3:4]

        # Find ignore mask, iterate over each of batch.
        ignore_mask = tf.TensorArray(K.dtype(y_true[0]), size=1, dynamic_size=True)
        object_mask_bool = K.cast(object_mask, 'bool')
        ##将真实标定的数据置信率转换为T or F的掩膜

        def loop_body(b, ignore_mask):
            true_box = tf.boolean_mask(y_true[l][b,...,0:4], object_mask_bool[b,...,0])#挑选出置信度大于0的框的相应的坐标,truebox形式为中心坐标xy与hw

            iou = box_iou(pred_box[b], true_box)#计算iou,pre_box是通过yolo_head解码之后的xywh
            best_iou = K.max(iou, axis=-1)#选取最大iou的
            ignore_mask = ignore_mask.write(b, K.cast(best_iou<ignore_thresh, K.dtype(true_box)))
            return b+1, ignore_mask
        _, ignore_mask = K.control_flow_ops.while_loop(lambda b,*args: b<m, loop_body, [0, ignore_mask])
        ignore_mask = ignore_mask.stack()#将一个列表中维度数目为R的张量堆积起来形成维度为R+1的新张量
        ignore_mask = K.expand_dims(ignore_mask, -1)

        # K.binary_crossentropy is helpful to avoid exp overflow.
        xy_loss = object_mask * box_loss_scale * K.binary_crossentropy(raw_true_xy, raw_pred[...,0:2], from_logits=True)
        wh_loss = object_mask * box_loss_scale * 0.5 * K.square(raw_true_wh-raw_pred[...,2:4])
        confidence_loss = object_mask * K.binary_crossentropy(object_mask, raw_pred[...,4:5], from_logits=True)+ \
            (1-object_mask) * K.binary_crossentropy(object_mask, raw_pred[...,4:5], from_logits=True) * ignore_mask
        class_loss = object_mask * K.binary_crossentropy(true_class_probs, raw_pred[...,5:], from_logits=True)

        xy_loss = K.sum(xy_loss) / mf
        wh_loss = K.sum(wh_loss) / mf
        confidence_loss = K.sum(confidence_loss) / mf
        class_loss = K.sum(class_loss) / mf
        loss += xy_loss + wh_loss + confidence_loss + class_loss
        if print_loss:
            loss = tf.Print(loss, [loss, xy_loss, wh_loss, confidence_loss, class_loss, K.sum(ignore_mask)], message='loss: ')
    return loss

2.train.py

整个训练分为两个阶段,第一个阶段为050epoch,训练最后的loss层,前面的层被冻结,第二个阶段为50100个epoch训练前面的层

def _main():
    annotation_path = '2007_train.txt'
    log_dir = 'logs/000/'
    classes_path = 'model_data/voc_classes.txt'
    anchors_path = 'model_data/yolo_anchors.txt'
    class_names = get_classes(classes_path)
    num_classes = len(class_names)
    anchors = get_anchors(anchors_path)

    input_shape = (416,416) # multiple of 32, hw

    is_tiny_version = len(anchors)==6 # default setting
    if is_tiny_version:
        model = create_tiny_model(input_shape, anchors, num_classes,
            freeze_body=2, weights_path='model_data/tiny_yolo_weights.h5')
    else:
        model = create_model(input_shape, anchors, num_classes,
            freeze_body=2, weights_path='model_data/yolo_weights.h5') # make sure you know what you freeze

    logging = TensorBoard(log_dir=log_dir)
    checkpoint = ModelCheckpoint(log_dir + 'ep{epoch:03d}-loss{loss:.3f}-val_loss{val_loss:.3f}.h5',
        monitor='val_loss', save_weights_only=True, save_best_only=True, period=3)
    reduce_lr = ReduceLROnPlateau(monitor='val_loss', factor=0.1, patience=3, verbose=1)
    """monitor:被监测的量
       factor:每次减少学习率的因子,学习率将以lr = lr*factor的形式被减少
       patience:当patience个epoch过去而模型性能不提升时,学习率减少的动作会被触发
       mode:‘auto’,‘min’,‘max’之一,在min模式下,如果检测值触发学习率减少。在max模式下,当检测值不再上升则触发学习率减少。
       epsilon:阈值,用来确定是否进入检测值的“平原区”
       cooldown:学习率减少后,会经过cooldown个epoch才重新进行正常操作
       min_lr:学习率的下限"""
    early_stopping = EarlyStopping(monitor='val_loss', min_delta=0, patience=10, verbose=1)
    """monitor: 被监测的数据。
       min_delta: 在被监测的数据中被认为是提升的最小变化, 例如,小于 min_delta 的绝对变化会被认为没有提升。
       patience: 没有进步的训练轮数,在这之后训练就会被停止。
       verbose: 详细信息模式。
       mode: {auto, min, max} 其中之一。 在 min 模式中, 当被监测的数据停止下降,训练就会停止;在 max 模式中,当被监测的数据停止上升,训练就会停止;在 auto 模式中,方向会自动从被监测的数据的名字中判断出来。
       baseline: 要监控的数量的基准值。 如果模型没有显示基准的改善,训练将停止。
       restore_best_weights: 是否从具有监测数量的最佳值的时期恢复模型权重。 如果为 False,则使用在训练的最后一步获得的模型权重"""

    val_split = 0.1
    with open(annotation_path) as f:
        lines = f.readlines()
    np.random.seed(10101)
    np.random.shuffle(lines)
    np.random.seed(None)
    num_val = int(len(lines)*val_split)
    num_train = len(lines) - num_val

    # Train with frozen layers first, to get a stable loss.
    # Adjust num epochs to your dataset. This step is enough to obtain a not bad model.
    if True:
        model.compile(optimizer=Adam(lr=1e-3), loss={
            # use custom yolo_loss Lambda layer.
            # # 使用定制的 yolo_loss Lambda层
            'yolo_loss': lambda y_true, y_pred: y_pred})
        #解释:模型compile时传递的是自定义的loss,而把loss写成一个层融合到model里面后,
        # y_pred就是loss。自定义损失函数规定要以y_true, y_pred为参数

        batch_size = 32
        print('Train on {} samples, val on {} samples, with batch size {}.'.format(num_train, num_val, batch_size))
        model.fit_generator(data_generator_wrapper(lines[:num_train], batch_size, input_shape, anchors, num_classes),
                steps_per_epoch=max(1, num_train//batch_size),
                validation_data=data_generator_wrapper(lines[num_train:], batch_size, input_shape, anchors, num_classes),
                validation_steps=max(1, num_val//batch_size),
                epochs=50,
                initial_epoch=0,
                callbacks=[logging, checkpoint])
        model.save_weights(log_dir + 'trained_weights_stage_1.h5')

    # Unfreeze and continue training, to fine-tune.
    # Train longer if the result is not good.
    if True:
        for i in range(len(model.layers)):
            model.layers[i].trainable = True
        model.compile(optimizer=Adam(lr=1e-4), loss={'yolo_loss': lambda y_true, y_pred: y_pred}) # recompile to apply the change
        print('Unfreeze all of the layers.')

        batch_size = 32 # note that more GPU memory is required after unfreezing the body
        print('Train on {} samples, val on {} samples, with batch size {}.'.format(num_train, num_val, batch_size))
        model.fit_generator(data_generator_wrapper(lines[:num_train], batch_size, input_shape, anchors, num_classes),
            steps_per_epoch=max(1, num_train//batch_size),
            validation_data=data_generator_wrapper(lines[num_train:], batch_size, input_shape, anchors, num_classes),
            validation_steps=max(1, num_val//batch_size),
            epochs=100,
            initial_epoch=50,
            callbacks=[logging, checkpoint, reduce_lr, early_stopping])
        model.save_weights(log_dir + 'trained_weights_final.h5')

    # Further training if needed.


def get_classes(classes_path):
    '''loads the classes'''
    with open(classes_path) as f:
        class_names = f.readlines()
    class_names = [c.strip() for c in class_names]
    return class_names

def get_anchors(anchors_path):
    '''loads the anchors from a file'''
    with open(anchors_path) as f:
        anchors = f.readline()
    anchors = [float(x) for x in anchors.split(',')]
    return np.array(anchors).reshape(-1, 2)


def create_model(input_shape, anchors, num_classes, load_pretrained=True, freeze_body=2,
            weights_path='model_data/yolo_weights.h5'):
    '''create the training model'''
    K.clear_session() # get a new session
    image_input = Input(shape=(None, None, 3))
    h, w = input_shape
    num_anchors = len(anchors)

    y_true = [Input(shape=(h//{0:32, 1:16, 2:8}[l], w//{0:32, 1:16, 2:8}[l], \
        num_anchors//3, num_classes+5)) for l in range(3)]

    model_body = yolo_body(image_input, num_anchors//3, num_classes)
    print('Create YOLOv3 model with {} anchors and {} classes.'.format(num_anchors, num_classes))

    if load_pretrained:
        model_body.load_weights(weights_path, by_name=True, skip_mismatch=True)
        print('Load weights {}.'.format(weights_path))
        """根据预训练权重的地址weights_path,加载权重文件,设置参数为,按名称对应by_name,
           略过不匹配skip_mismatch;

           选择冻结模式:模式1是冻结185层,模式2是保留最底部3层,其余全部冻结。
           整个模型共有252层;将所冻结的层,设置为不可训练,trainable=False;"""
        if freeze_body in [1, 2]:
            # Freeze darknet53 body or freeze all but 3 output layers.
            num = (185, len(model_body.layers)-3)[freeze_body-1]
            for i in range(num): model_body.layers[i].trainable = False
            print('Freeze the first {} layers of total {} layers.'.format(num, len(model_body.layers)))
    """Lambda是Keras的自定义层,输入为model_body.output和y_true,输出output_shape是(1,),即一个损失值;

       自定义Lambda层的名字name为yolo_loss;

       层的参数是锚框列表anchors、类别数num_classes和IoU阈值ignore_thresh。
       其中,ignore_thresh用于在物体置信度损失中过滤IoU较小的框;

       yolo_loss是损失函数的核心逻辑。"""
    model_loss = Lambda(yolo_loss, output_shape=(1,), name='yolo_loss',
        arguments={'anchors': anchors, 'num_classes': num_classes, 'ignore_thresh': 0.5})(
        [*model_body.output, *y_true])
    """把loss写成一个层,作为最后的输出,搭建模型的时候,就只需要将模型的output定义为loss
    ,而compile的时候,直接将loss设置为y_pred(因为模型的输出就是loss,所以y_pred就是loss),
    无视y_true,训练的时候,y_true随便扔一个符合形状的数组进去就行了"""
    #keras.layer.Lambda将任意表达式封装为 Layer 对象
    #keras.layers.Lambda(function, output_shape=None, mask=None, arguments=None)
    #function: 需要封装的函数。 将输入张量作为第一个参数。
    # output_shape: 预期的函数输出尺寸。可以是元组或者函数。 如果是元组,它只指定第一个维度;
    # arguments: 可选的。传递给函数function的关键字参数。

    model = Model([model_body.input, *y_true], model_loss)
    #构建了以图片数据和图片标签(y_true)为输入,
    # 模型损失(model_loss)为输出(y_pred)的模型 model。

    return model

def create_tiny_model(input_shape, anchors, num_classes, load_pretrained=True, freeze_body=2,
            weights_path='model_data/tiny_yolo_weights.h5'):
    '''create the training model, for Tiny YOLOv3'''
    K.clear_session() # get a new session
    image_input = Input(shape=(None, None, 3))
    h, w = input_shape
    num_anchors = len(anchors)

    y_true = [Input(shape=(h//{0:32, 1:16}[l], w//{0:32, 1:16}[l], \
        num_anchors//2, num_classes+5)) for l in range(2)]

    model_body = tiny_yolo_body(image_input, num_anchors//2, num_classes)
    print('Create Tiny YOLOv3 model with {} anchors and {} classes.'.format(num_anchors, num_classes))

    if load_pretrained:
        model_body.load_weights(weights_path, by_name=True, skip_mismatch=True)
        print('Load weights {}.'.format(weights_path))
        if freeze_body in [1, 2]:
            # Freeze the darknet body or freeze all but 2 output layers.
            num = (20, len(model_body.layers)-2)[freeze_body-1]
            for i in range(num): model_body.layers[i].trainable = False
            print('Freeze the first {} layers of total {} layers.'.format(num, len(model_body.layers)))

    model_loss = Lambda(yolo_loss, output_shape=(1,), name='yolo_loss',
        arguments={'anchors': anchors, 'num_classes': num_classes, 'ignore_thresh': 0.7})(
        [*model_body.output, *y_true])
    model = Model([model_body.input, *y_true], model_loss)

    return model

def data_generator(annotation_lines, batch_size, input_shape, anchors, num_classes):

    '''data generator for fit_generator
        annotation_lines:标注数据的行,每行数据包含图片路径,和框的位置信息,种类
        batch_size:每批图片的大小
        input_shape: 图片的输入尺寸
        anchors: 大小
        num_classes: 类别数
        '''

    n = len(annotation_lines)
    i = 0
    while True:
        image_data = []
        box_data = []
        for b in range(batch_size):
            if i==0:
                np.random.shuffle(annotation_lines)
            image, box = get_random_data(annotation_lines[i], input_shape, random=True)#从标记的样本分离image与box,得到样本图片与样本label
            image_data.append(image)
            box_data.append(box)
            i = (i+1) % n
        image_data = np.array(image_data)
        box_data = np.array(box_data)
        y_true = preprocess_true_boxes(box_data, input_shape, anchors, num_classes)
        yield [image_data, *y_true], np.zeros(batch_size)

def data_generator_wrapper(annotation_lines, batch_size, input_shape, anchors, num_classes):
    n = len(annotation_lines)
    if n==0 or batch_size<=0: return None
    return data_generator(annotation_lines, batch_size, input_shape, anchors, num_classes)

if __name__ == '__main__':
    _main()

3.utils.py

3.1 letter_image_box(),此函数的作用主要是将输入的图片进行等比例缩小,并在空余地方填成灰色

def letterbox_image(image, size):
    '''resize image with unchanged aspect ratio using padding'''
    iw, ih = image.size#图像初始的大小,任意值   以(1000,500)为例
    w, h = size #模型要求的(416,416)
    scale = min(w/iw, h/ih)#416/1000  0.416<0.832  ,416/500
    nw = int(iw*scale) #416/1000*1000=416
    nh = int(ih*scale)#416/1000*400=208

    image = image.resize((nw,nh), Image.BICUBIC)
    new_image = Image.new('RGB', size, (128,128,128))#new : 这个函数创建一幅给定模式(mode)和尺寸(size)的图片。如果省略 color 参数,则创建的图片被黑色填充满,
                                                     # 如果 color 参数是 None 值,则图片还没初始化
    new_image.paste(image, ((w-nw)//2, (h-nh)//2)) #w-nw=0,(h-nh)//2=(416-208)//2=108
    return new_image

它的作用如下:
yolo3各部分代码(超详细)_第5张图片
3.2 get_random_data()

此函数的功能主要是进行数据增强与输入图像预处理(同letter_image_box)

def get_random_data(annotation_line, input_shape, random=True, max_boxes=20, jitter=.3, hue=.1, sat=1.5, val=1.5, proc_img=True):
    '''random preprocessing for real-time data augmentation
    annotation_lines:标注数据的行,每行数据包含图片路径,和框的位置信息,种类
    return:imagedata是经过resize并填充的样本图片,resize成(416,416),并填充灰度
           boxdata是每张image中做的标记label,shpe,对应着truebox,批次数16,最大框数20,每个框5个值,4个边界点和1个类别序号,如(16, 20, 5)
           为(,batchsize,maxbox,5),每张图片最多的有maxbox个类,5为左上右下的坐标'''
    line = annotation_line.split()#删除空格
    image = Image.open(line[0])
    iw, ih = image.size
    h, w = input_shape#(416,416)
    box = np.array([np.array(list(map(int,box.split(',')))) for box in line[1:]])

    if not random:
        # resize image
        #将图片等比例转换为416x416的图片,其余用灰色填充,
        # 即(128, 128, 128),同时颜色值转换为0~1之间,即每个颜色值除以255;


        scale = min(w/iw, h/ih)
        nw = int(iw*scale)
        nh = int(ih*scale)
        dx = (w-nw)//2
        dy = (h-nh)//2
        image_data=0
        if proc_img:
            image = image.resize((nw,nh), Image.BICUBIC)
            new_image = Image.new('RGB', (w,h), (128,128,128))
            new_image.paste(image, (dx, dy))
            image_data = np.array(new_image)/255.
            # 上面的作用和letter_box一致,加了一个把rgb范围变成0-1
            # correct boxes   max_boxes=20

        # correct boxes
        # 将边界框box等比例缩小,再加上填充的偏移量dx和dy,因为新的图片部分用灰色填充,影
        # 响box的坐标系,box最多有max_boxes个,即20个
        box_data = np.zeros((max_boxes,5))#shap->(20,5)
        if len(box)>0:
            np.random.shuffle(box)
            if len(box)>max_boxes: box = box[:max_boxes]
            box[:, [0,2]] = box[:, [0,2]]*scale + dx
            box[:, [1,3]] = box[:, [1,3]]*scale + dy
            box_data[:len(box)] = box

        return image_data, box_data

    # resize image
    #通过jitter参数,随机计算new_ar和scale,生成新的nh和nw,
    # 将原始图像随机转换为nw和nh尺寸的图像,即非等比例变换图像。
    #也即是数据增强
    new_ar = w/h * rand(1-jitter,1+jitter)/rand(1-jitter,1+jitter)
    scale = rand(.25, 2)
    if new_ar < 1:
        nh = int(scale*h)
        nw = int(nh*new_ar)
    else:
        nw = int(scale*w)
        nh = int(nw/new_ar)
    image = image.resize((nw,nh), Image.BICUBIC)

    # place image
    dx = int(rand(0, w-nw))
    dy = int(rand(0, h-nh))
    new_image = Image.new('RGB', (w,h), (128,128,128))
    new_image.paste(image, (dx, dy))
    image = new_image

    # flip image or not
    #根据随机数flip,随机左右翻转FLIP_LEFT_RIGHT图片
    flip = rand()<.5
    if flip: image = image.transpose(Image.FLIP_LEFT_RIGHT)

    # distort image
    #在HSV坐标域中,改变图片的颜色范围,hue值相加,sat和vat相乘,
    # 先由RGB转为HSV,再由HSV转为RGB,添加若干错误判断,避免范围过大
    hue = rand(-hue, hue)
    sat = rand(1, sat) if rand()<.5 else 1/rand(1, sat)
    val = rand(1, val) if rand()<.5 else 1/rand(1, val)
    x = rgb_to_hsv(np.array(image)/255.)
    x[..., 0] += hue
    x[..., 0][x[..., 0]>1] -= 1
    x[..., 0][x[..., 0]<0] += 1
    x[..., 1] *= sat
    x[..., 2] *= val
    x[x>1] = 1
    x[x<0] = 0
    image_data = hsv_to_rgb(x) # numpy array, 0 to 1

    # correct boxes
    #将所有的图片变换,增加至检测框中,并且包含若干异常处理,避免变换之后的值过大或过小,去除异常的box
    box_data = np.zeros((max_boxes,5))
    if len(box)>0:
        np.random.shuffle(box)
        box[:, [0,2]] = box[:, [0,2]]*nw/iw + dx
        box[:, [1,3]] = box[:, [1,3]]*nh/ih + dy
        if flip: box[:, [0,2]] = w - box[:, [2,0]]
        box[:, 0:2][box[:, 0:2]<0] = 0
        box[:, 2][box[:, 2]>w] = w
        box[:, 3][box[:, 3]>h] = h
        box_w = box[:, 2] - box[:, 0]
        box_h = box[:, 3] - box[:, 1]
        box = box[np.logical_and(box_w>1, box_h>1)] # discard invalid box
        if len(box)>max_boxes: box = box[:max_boxes]
        box_data[:len(box)] = box

    return image_data, box_data

4.yolo.py()

此函数主要用于检测图片或者视频

def generate(self):
        """①加载权重参数文件,生成检测框,得分,以及对应类别

          ②利用model.py中的yolo_eval函数生成检测框,得分,所属类别

          ③初始化时调用generate函数生成图片的检测框,得分,所属类别(self.boxes, self.scores, self.classes)"""
        model_path = os.path.expanduser(self.model_path)
        assert model_path.endswith('.h5'), 'Keras model or weights must be a .h5 file.'

        # Load model, or construct model and load weights.
        num_anchors = len(self.anchors)
        num_classes = len(self.class_names)
        is_tiny_version = num_anchors==6 # default setting
        try:
            self.yolo_model = load_model(model_path, compile=False)
        except:
            self.yolo_model = tiny_yolo_body(Input(shape=(None,None,3)), num_anchors//2, num_classes) \
                if is_tiny_version else yolo_body(Input(shape=(None,None,3)), num_anchors//3, num_classes)
            self.yolo_model.load_weights(self.model_path) # make sure model, anchors and classes match
        else:
            ##[-1]:网络最后一层输出。 output_shape[-1]:输出维度的最后一维。 -> (?,13,13,255)
            # 255 = 9/3*(80+5). 9/3:每层特征图对应3个anchor box  80:80个类别 5:4+1,框的4个值+1个置信度

            assert self.yolo_model.layers[-1].output_shape[-1] == \
                num_anchors/len(self.yolo_model.output) * (num_classes + 5), \
                'Mismatch between model and given anchor and class sizes'
            #Python assert(断言)用于判断一个表达式,在表达式条件为 false 的时候触发异常。

            #断言可以在条件不满足程序运行的情况下直接返回错误,而不必等待程序运行后出现崩溃的情况

        print('{} model, anchors, and classes loaded.'.format(model_path))

        # Generate colors for drawing bounding boxes.
        # Generate colors for drawing bounding boxes.
        # 生成绘制边框的颜色。
        # h(色调):x/len(self.class_names)  s(饱和度):1.0  v(明亮):1.0

        # 对于80种coco目标,确定每一种目标框的绘制颜色,即:将(x/80, 1.0, 1.0)的颜色转换为RGB格式,并随机调整颜色以便于肉眼识别,
        # 其中:一个1.0表示饱和度,一个1.0表示亮度

        hsv_tuples = [(x / len(self.class_names), 1., 1.)
                      for x in range(len(self.class_names))]
        self.colors = list(map(lambda x: colorsys.hsv_to_rgb(*x), hsv_tuples)) #hsv转换为rgb
        # hsv取值范围在【0,1】,而RBG取值范围在【0,255】,所以乘上255
        self.colors = list(
            map(lambda x: (int(x[0] * 255), int(x[1] * 255), int(x[2] * 255)),
                self.colors))
        np.random.seed(10101)  # Fixed seed for consistent colors across runs.
        np.random.shuffle(self.colors)  # Shuffle colors to decorrelate adjacent classes.
        np.random.seed(None)  # Reset seed to default.

        # Generate output tensor targets for filtered bounding boxes.
        #为过滤的边界框生成输出张量目标
        self.input_image_shape = K.placeholder(shape=(2, ))
        if self.gpu_num>=2:
            self.yolo_model = multi_gpu_model(self.yolo_model, gpus=self.gpu_num)
        boxes, scores, classes = yolo_eval(self.yolo_model.output, self.anchors,
                len(self.class_names), self.input_image_shape,
                score_threshold=self.score, iou_threshold=self.iou)
        return boxes, scores, classes

    def detect_image(self, image):
        """开始计时->①调用letterbox_image函数,即:先生成一个用“绝对灰”R128-G128-B128填充的416×416新图片,然后用按比例缩放(采样方式:BICUBIC)后的输入图片粘贴,粘贴不到的部分保留为灰色。②model_image_size定义的宽和高必须是32的倍数;若没有定义model_image_size,将输入的尺寸调整为32的倍数,并调用letterbox_image函数进行缩放。③将缩放后的图片数值除以255,做归一化。④将(416,416,3)数组调整为(1,416,416,3)元祖,满足网络输入的张量格式:image_data。

        ->①运行self.sess.run()输入参数:输入图片416×416,学习模式0测试/1训练。
        self.yolo_model.input: image_data,self.input_image_shape: [image.size[1], image.size[0]],
        K.learning_phase(): 0。②self.generate(),读取:model路径、anchor box、coco类别、加载模型yolo.h5.,对于80中coco目标,确定每一种目标框的绘制颜色,即:将(x/80,1.0,1.0)的颜色转换为RGB格式,并随机调整颜色一遍肉眼识别,其中:一个1.0表示饱和度,一个1.0表示亮度。③若GPU>2调用multi_gpu_model()

         ->①yolo_eval(self.yolo_model.output),max_boxes=20,每张图没类最多检测20个框。
         ②将anchor_box分为3组,分别分配给三个尺度,yolo_model输出的feature map
         ③特征图越小,感受野越大,对大目标越敏感,选大的anchor box->
         分别对三个feature map运行out_boxes, out_scores, out_classes,返回boxes、scores、classes。
         """
        start = timer()
        # # 调用letterbox_image()函数,即:先生成一个用“绝对灰”R128-G128-B128“填充的416x416新图片,
        # 然后用按比例缩放(采样方法:BICUBIC)后的输入图片粘贴,粘贴不到的部分保留为灰色

        if self.model_image_size != (None, None):  #判断图片是否存在
            assert self.model_image_size[0]%32 == 0, 'Multiples of 32 required'
            assert self.model_image_size[1]%32 == 0, 'Multiples of 32 required'
            # assert断言语句的语法格式 model_image_size[0][1]指图像的w和h,且必须是32的整数倍
            boxed_image = letterbox_image(image, tuple(reversed(self.model_image_size)))
            # #letterbox_image对图像调整成输入尺寸(w,h)
        else:
            new_image_size = (image.width - (image.width % 32),
                              image.height - (image.height % 32))
            boxed_image = letterbox_image(image, new_image_size)
        image_data = np.array(boxed_image, dtype='float32')

        print(image_data.shape)#(416,416,3)
        image_data /= 255.#将缩放后图片的数值除以255,做归一化
        image_data = np.expand_dims(image_data, 0)  # Add batch dimension.
        # 批量添加一维 -> (1,416,416,3) 为了符合网络的输入格式 -> (bitch, w, h, c)

        out_boxes, out_scores, out_classes = self.sess.run(
            [self.boxes, self.scores, self.classes],
            feed_dict={
                self.yolo_model.input: image_data,#图像数据
                self.input_image_shape: [image.size[1], image.size[0]],#图像尺寸416x416
                K.learning_phase(): 0#学习模式 0:测试模型。 1:训练模式
            })#目的为了求boxes,scores,classes,具体计算方式定义在generate()函数内。在yolo.py第61行

        print('Found {} boxes for {}'.format(len(out_boxes), 'img'))
        # 绘制边框,自动设置边框宽度,绘制边框和类别文字,使用Pillow绘图库(PIL,头有声明)
        # 设置字体


        font = ImageFont.truetype(font='font/FiraMono-Medium.otf',
                    size=np.floor(3e-2 * image.size[1] + 0.5).astype('int32'))
        # 设置目标框线条的宽度
        thickness = (image.size[0] + image.size[1]) // 300#厚度
        ## 对于c个目标类别中的每个目标框i,调用Pillow画图

        for i, c in reversed(list(enumerate(out_classes))):
            predicted_class = self.class_names[c] #类别  #目标类别的名字
            box = out_boxes[i]#框
            score = out_scores[i]#置信度

            label = '{} {:.2f}'.format(predicted_class, score)
            draw = ImageDraw.Draw(image)#创建一个可以在给定图像上绘图的对象
            label_size = draw.textsize(label, font)##标签文字   #返回label的宽和高(多少个pixels)
            #返回给定字符串的大小,以像素为单位。
            top, left, bottom, right = box
            # 目标框的上、左两个坐标小数点后一位四舍五入
            """防止检测框溢出"""
            top = max(0, np.floor(top + 0.5).astype('int32'))

            left = max(0, np.floor(left + 0.5).astype('int32'))
            # 目标框的下、右两个坐标小数点后一位四舍五入,与图片的尺寸相比,取最小值
            # 防止边框溢出
            bottom = min(image.size[1], np.floor(bottom + 0.5).astype('int32'))
            right = min(image.size[0], np.floor(right + 0.5).astype('int32'))
            print(label, (left, top), (right, bottom))
            # 确定标签(label)起始点位置:标签的左、下
            if top - label_size[1] >= 0:
                text_origin = np.array([left, top - label_size[1]])
            else:
                text_origin = np.array([left, top + 1])

            # My kingdom for a good redistributable image drawing library.
            # 画目标框,线条宽度为thickness
            for i in range(thickness):#画框
                draw.rectangle(
                    [left + i, top + i, right - i, bottom - i],
                    outline=self.colors[c])
                # 画标签框
            draw.rectangle( #文字背景
                [tuple(text_origin), tuple(text_origin + label_size)],
                fill=self.colors[c])
            # 填写标签内容
            draw.text(text_origin, label, fill=(0, 0, 0), font=font)#文案
            del draw

        end = timer()
        print(end - start)
        return image

    def close_session(self):
        self.sess.close()

以上即是主要yolo3的主要部分,下面将会对模型进行测试

5.测试

在理解完原理与上述代码之后,下面进行测试(当然也可以不用理解源码也可以直接测试)

(1) 首先需要下载yolo3.weights,下载地址:
https://pjreddie.com/media/files/yolov3.weights
(2) 在pycharm的终端中输入python convert.py yolov3.cfg yolov3.weights model_data/yolo_weights.h5
作用是将yolo3.weights文件转换成Keras可以处理的.h5权值文件,
(3)随便在网上下载一张图片进行测试,比如笔者用一张飞机的照片
(4)在源码中,不能直接运行yolo.py,因为在此代码中没有if__name__==‘main’:
所以需要自己添加:

if __name__ == '__main__':
    """测试图片"""
    yolo = YOLO()
    path = r'F:\chorme_download\keras-yolo3-master\微信图片_20200313132254.jpg'
    try:
        image = Image.open(path)
    except:
        print('Open Error! Try again!')
    else:
        r_image = yolo.detect_image(image)
        r_image.show()

    yolo.close_session()
    """测试视频,将detect_video中的path置0即调用自己电脑的摄像头"""
    yolo=YOLO()
    detect_video(yolo,0)

6.结果
yolo3各部分代码(超详细)_第6张图片
原文链接:https://www.cnblogs.com/hujinzhou/p/guobao_2020_3_13.html

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