Networked Graphics: Building Networked Games and Virtual Environments (Anthony Steed / Manuel Fradin...

PART I GROUNDWORK

CHAPTER 1 Introduction

CHAPTER 2 One on One (101)

CHAPTER 3 Overview of the Internet

CHAPTER 4 More Than Two

PART II FOUNDATIONS

CHAPTER 5 Issues in Networking Graphics

CHAPTER 6 Sockets and Middleware

CHAPTER 7 Middleware and Message-Based Systems

CHAPTER 8 Middleware and Object-Sharing Systems

CHAPTER 9 Other Networking Components

PART III REAL SYSTEMS

CHAPTER 10 Requirements

CHAPTER 11 Latency and Consistency

CHAPTER 12 Scalability

CHAPTER 13 Application Support Issues

 

CHAPTER 1 Introduction

　　Introduction

　　1.1 What are NVEs and NGs

　　1.2 The illusion of a shared virtual environment

　　1.3 Some history

　　　　1.3.1 Internet

　　　　1.3.2 Simulations

　　　　1.3.3 Multiuser dungeons

　　　　1.3.4 Electronic games

　　　　1.3.5 Virtual reality systems

　　　　1.3.6 MMORPGs

　　　　1.3.7 Social spaces

　　1.4 Scoping the software architecture

　　　　1.4.1 Software roles and responsibilites

　　　　1.4.2 Differences to other network code

　　1.5 Structure

　　References

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Neyland, D. L. (1997). Virtual combat: A guide to distributed interactive simulation. Stackpole Books, Mechanicsburg, PA.

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CHAPTER 2 One on One (101)

　　Introduction

　　2.1 Boids

　　　　2.1.1 Boid rules

　　　　2.1.2 Standalone implementation

　　2.2 Distributed boids: concepts

　　2.3 Distributed boids: implementation

　　　　2.3.1 Revised simulation and data model

　　　　2.3.2 Network concepts

　　　　2.3.3 Network protocol

　　　　2.3.4 Implementation of the network component

　　　　2.3.5 Sending UDP data packets

　　　　2.3.6 Sending TCP data streams

　　2.4 Reflection

　　References

Reynolds, C.W. (1987). Flocks, herds, and schools: A distributed behavioral model. Computer Graphics, 21(4), 25–34 (SIGGRAPH ‘87 Conference Proceedings).

Reynolds, C. (2001). Boids, background and update. Online at http://www.red3d.com/cwr/boids/, accessed December 12, 2008.

Winett, J. (1971). The Defnition of a Socket, RFC-129.

CHAPTER 3 Overview of the Internet

　　Introduction

　　3.1 The internet

　　3.2 Application layer

　　　　3.2.1 Application layer protocols

　　　　3.2.2 Application qos

　　　　3.2.3 Common applications and ports

　　　　3.2.4 RFCs

　　　　3.2.5 DNS

　　　　3.2.6 Telnet and HTTP

　　3.3 Transport layer

　　　　3.3.1 Implementing UDP

　　　　3.3.2 Basics of TCP

　　　　3.3.3 Reliability in TCP

　　　　3.3.4 Opening and closing TCP connections

　　　　3.3.5 Flow control and congestion avoidance in TCP

　　3.4 Network layer

　　　　3.4.1 Network address translation

　　　　3.4.2 IP packets

　　　　3.4.3 Ping, traceroute and ICMP

　　　　3.4.4 Routing on the internet

　　　　3.4.5 DHCP

　　3.5 Link and physical layer

　　　　3.5.1 Ethernet

　　　　3.5.2 Comparisons

　　3.6 Futher network facilities

　　　　3.6.1 Multicast

　　　　3.6.2 Network qos

　　3.7 Summary

　　References

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Chassot, C., Lozes, A., Garcia, F., et al. (1999). Specifcation and realization of the QoS required by a distributed simulation application in a new generation Internet. Proceedings Interactive Distributed Multimedia Systems and Telecommunication Services, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 1718, 75–91).

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CHAPTER 4 More Than Two

　　Introduction

　　4.1 Boids

　　　　4.1.1 Architecture

　　　　4.1.2 Protocol

　　　　4.1.3 Codebase refactoring

　　4.2 Simple peer to peer

　　　　4.2.1 System architecture

　　　　4.2.2 Data model

　　　　4.2.3 Network

　　　　4.2.4 Protocol

　　4.3 Peer to peer with master

　　　　4.3.1 System architecture

　　　　4.3.2 Datamodel

　　　　4.3.3 Network

　　　　4.3.4 Protocol

　　4.4 Peer to peer with rendezvous server

　　　　4.4.1 System architecture

　　　　4.4.2 Datamodel

　　　　4.4.3 Network

　　　　4.4.4 Protocol

　　4.5 Client/Server

　　　　4.5.1 System architecture

　　　　4.5.2 Datamodel

　　　　4.5.3 Network

　　　　4.5.4 Protocol

　　4.6 Multicast

　　　　4.6.1 System architecture

　　　　4.6.2 Datamodel

　　　　4.6.3 Network

　　　　4.6.4 Protocol

　　4.7 Extensions

　　　　4.7.1 Protocol design

　　　　4.7.2 Network compensation

　　　　4.7.3 Scale

　　　　4.7.4 Binary protocols

　　4.8 Conclusions

　　References

Clark, D. D., & Tennenhouse, D. L. (1990). Architectural considerations for a new generation of protocols. SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review, 20(4), 200–208.

CHAPTER 5 Issues in Networking Graphics

　　Introduction

　　5.1 Architecture of the individual system

　　　　5.1.1 Engines and engine framework

　　　　5.1.2 Modules

　　　　5.1.3 Content

　　　　5.1.4 Behavior

　　5.2 Role of the network

　　　　5.2.1 Device I/O sharing

　　　　5.2.2 Data model sharing

　　　　5.2.3 Command/event streaming

　　　　5.2.4 Coping with scale

　　5.3 Initialization

　　　　5.3.1 Case study: Disney's Toontown

　　5.4 Server and peer responsibilities

　　5.5 Critical and noncritical

　　5.6 Synchronized or unsynchronized

　　5.7 Ownership and locking

　　5.8 Persistency

　　5.9 Latency and bandwidth

　　5.10 Conclusions

　　References

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CHAPTER 6 Sockets and Middleware

　　Introduction

　　6.1 Role of middleware

　　6.2 Low-level socket APIs

　　　　6.2.1 Main functions

　　　　6.2.2 Name helper functions and options

　　　　6.2.3 Network byte order

　　　　6.2.4 Examples

　　　　6.2.5 Socket usage patterns

　　　　6.2.6 Windows

　　　　6.2.7 Synchronous I/O

　　　　6.2.8 Critique and discussion

　　6.3 C and C++ Middleware for networking

　　　　6.3.1 HawkNL

　　　　6.3.2 SDL_Net

　　　　6.3.3 ACE

　　6.4 Conclusion

　　References

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Huston, S. D., Johnson, J. C. E., & Syyid, U. (2003). The ACE programmer’s guide: Practical design patterns for network and systems programming. Addison-Wesley Professional, Boston, MA.

Lantinga, S., Wood, R., & Minami, M. (2009). SDL_Net. http://www.libsdl.org/projects/SDL_net,accessed March 21, 2009.

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Schmidt, D. C., & Huston, S. D. (2001). C network programming: Mastering complexity using ACE and patterns. Addison-Wesley, Boston, MA.

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Stevens, W. R. (1998). UNIX network programming: Networking APIs: Sockets and XTI (Vol. 1) (2nd ed.). Prentice Hall PTR, Upper Saddle River, NJ.

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CHAPTER 7 Middleware and Message-Based Systems

　　Introduction

　　7.1 Message-Based Systems

　　7.2 DIS

　　　　7.2.1 PDUs

　　7.3 X3D and DIS

　　　　7.3.1 Basics of X3D

　　　　7.3.2 Dataflow and animation

　　　　7.3.3 Scripting and interfaces

　　　　7.3.4 VRML/X3D networking strategies

　　　　7.3.5 X3D and DIS

　　7.4 X3D, HAWKNL and DIS

　　　　7.4.1 Sending a DIS packet

　　　　7.4.2 Receiving DIS packets

　　7.5 Conclusions

　　References

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Brutzman, D., & Daly, L. (2007). X3D: 3D graphics for web authors. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, San Francisco, CA.

Diehl, S. (2001). Distributed virtual worlds. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany.

Hils, D. (1992). Visual languages and computing survey: Data flow visual programming languages. Journal of Visual Languages and Computing, 3(1), 69–101 New York, NY: IEEE. York, NY: IEEE.

IEEE (1993). IEEE standard for information technology—protocols for distributed simulation applications: Entity information and interaction. IEEE Standard 1278–1993. New York, NY: IEEE Computer Society.

IEEE (2000). Standard for modeling and simulation high level architecture—Framework and rules. IEEE Standard 1516–2000.

ISO/IEC (1997). Virtual Reality Modeling Language (VRML), 14772-1:1997 http://www.web3d.org/x3d/specifcations/vml/ISO-IEC-14772-VRML97/

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CHAPTER 8 Middleware and Object-Sharing Systems

　　Introduction

　　8.1 Object-sharing systems

　　8.2 Raknet

　　　　8.2.1 Object lifecycles

　　8.3 Boids using object-sharing

　　　　8.3.1 Boid definitions

　　　　8.3.2 Main Application

　　　　8.3.3 Discussion

　　8.4 General Object-Sharing

　　　　8.4.1 Sharing policy

　　　　8.4.2 Visibility and sampling rates

　　8.5 Ownership

　　8.6 Scene-Graphs, Object-Sharing and messages

　　8.7 Conclusions

　　References

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Strauss, P. S., & Carey, R. (1992). An object-oriented 3D graphics toolkit. SIGGRAPH Computer Graphics, 26(2), 341–349.

Sung, U. J., Yang, J. H., & Wohn, K. Y. (1999). Concurrency control in CIAO, In: Proceedings of IEEE Virtual Reality, (March 13-17, 1999), Washington DC: IEEE Computer Society, 22–28.

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CHAPTER 9 Other Networking Components

　　Introduction

　　9.1 Remote method call

　　　　9.1.1 RPC

　　　　9.1.2 XML-RPC, etc.

　　　　9.1.3 CORBA

　　　　9.1.4 Discussion

　　9.2 DIVE

　　　　9.2.1 DIVE overview

　　　　9.2.2 DIVE entities

　　　　9.2.3 Events

　　　　9.2.4 Scripting and event scoping

　　　　9.2.5 Networking

　　　　9.2.6 Discussion

　　9.3 System architectures

　　9.4 Conclusions

　　References

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CHAPTER 10 Requirements

　　Introduction

　　10.1 Consistency

　　　　10.1.1 System perspective

　　　　10.1.2 Plausibility and fairness

　　　　10.1.3 Consistency-throughput tradeoff

　　10.2 Latency and jitter

　　　　10.2.1 Sources of network latency

　　　　10.2.2 Jitter

　　　　10.2.3 Clocks and measurement of latency and jitter

　　　　10.2.4 User tolerance

　　　　10.2.5 Latency impact in specific systems

　　10.3 Bandwidth

　　　　10.3.1 Measurement

　　　　10.3.2 Traffic patterns

　　　　10.3.3 Congestion

　　10.4 State of the internet

　　10.5 Connectivity

　　　　10.5.1 Nat

　　10.6 Case study: Burnout™ ParadIse

　　　　10.6.1 Car "Mechanics"

　　　　10.6.2 Game phase and time synchronization

　　　　10.6.3 Game hosting and peer-to-peer networking

　　10.7 Conclusions

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Zhou, S., Cai, W., Lee, B.-S., & Turner, S. J. (2003). Timespace consistency in large scale distributed virtual environment. ACM Transactions on Modeling and Computer Simulation, 14(1), 31–47.

CHAPTER 11 Latency and Consistency

　　Introduction

　　11.1 Latency impact

　　11.2 Dumb client and lockstep synchronization

　　　　11.2.1 Dumb client

　　　　11.2.2 Lockstep synchronization

　　11.3 Conservative simulations

　　11.4 Time

　　11.5 Optimistic algorithms

　　11.6 Client predict ahead

　　11.7 Extrapolation algorithms

　　　　11.7.1 Basic dead-reckoning

　　　　11.7.2 Dead-reckoning variants

　　11.8 Interpolation,playout delays and local lag

　　11.9 Local perception filters

　　11.10 Revealing latency

　　11.11 Conclusions

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CHAPTER 12 Scalability

　　Introduction

　　12.1 Service Architecture

　　　　12.1.1 Awareness

　　　　12.1.2 Cohorts, groups and service architecture

　　12.2 Overview of interset management

　　12.3 Spatial models

　　　　12.3.1 Zone models

　　　　12.3.2 Dynamic spatial models

　　　　12.3.3 Visibility models

　　12.4 Interset specification and interset management

　　　　12.4.1 Interset expressions

　　　　12.4.2 Interset management

　　　　12.4.3 Examples of distributed interset management

　　12.5 Separating interset management from network architecture

　　　　12.5.1 Message routing and message filtering

　　　　12.5.2 Filtering as a pipeline

　　　　12.5.3 Routing and filtering examples

　　　　12.5.4 Delegating group communication to the network layer

　　12.6 Server partitioning

　　　　12.6.1 Server tasks and static partitionings

　　　　12.6.2 Seams and handovers

　　　　12.6.3 Load balancing and dynamic partitioning

　　12.7 Group communication services

　　　　12.7.1 Reflectors and tunnels

　　　　12.7.2 Automatic overlay multicast

　　　　12.7.3 Gossiping for peer-to-peer communications

　　　　12.7.4 Specific group communication routing service

　　12.8 Peer to peer

　　　　12.8.1 Unstructured peer-to-peer systems

　　　　12.8.2 Structured peer-to-peer system

　　　　12.8.3 Peer-to-peer support using DHTs

　　　　12.8.4 Local interset systems

　　　　12.8.5 Update-free regions and frontier sets

　　12.9 Conclusions

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(pp. 33–40).

CHAPTER 13 Application Support Issues

　　Introduction

　　13.1 Security and cheating

　　　　13.1.1 Client-side attacks

　　　　13.1.2 Network level

　　　　13.1.3 Server side

　　　　13.1.4 Social

　　　　13.1.5 Repercussion

　　13.2 Binary protocols and compression

　　　　13.2.1 Binary encodings

　　　　13.2.2 Compression

　　13.3 Streaming

　　　　13.3.1 Audio and video

　　　　13.3.2 Geometry and animation

　　　　13.3.3 Mixing and grouping

　　13.4 Revisiting the protocol decision

　　13.5 Persistent and tiered services

　　13.6 Clusters

　　　　13.6.1 Multidisplay systems

　　　　13.6.2 Massive models

　　13.7 Thin clients

　　13.8 Conclusions

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