2020-04-09Spring声明式事务注意事项

@Transactional 生效原则

1:除非特殊配置(比如使用 AspectJ 静态织入实现 AOP),否则只有定义在 public 方法上的 @Transactional 才能生效
2: 必须通过代理过的类从外部调用目标方法才能生效

事务即便生效也不一定能回滚

通过 AOP 实现事务处理可以理解为,使用 try…catch…来包裹标记了 @Transactional 注解的方法,当方法出现了异常并且满足一定条件的时候,在 catch 里面我们可以设置事务回滚,没有异常则直接提交事务。这里的“一定条件”,主要包括两点。
第一,只有异常传播出了标记了 @Transactional 注解的方法,事务才能回滚。在 Spring 的 TransactionAspectSupport 里有个 invokeWithinTransaction 方法,里面就是处理事务的逻辑。可以看到,只有捕获到异常才能进行后续事务处理:


try {
   // This is an around advice: Invoke the next interceptor in the chain.
   // This will normally result in a target object being invoked.
   retVal = invocation.proceedWithInvocation();
}
catch (Throwable ex) {
   // target invocation exception
   completeTransactionAfterThrowing(txInfo, ex);
   throw ex;
}
finally {
   cleanupTransactionInfo(txInfo);
}

第二,默认情况下,出现 RuntimeException(非受检异常)或 Error 的时候,Spring 才会回滚事务。
打开 Spring 的 DefaultTransactionAttribute 类能看到如下代码块,可以发现相关证据,通过注释也能看到 Spring 这么做的原因,大概的意思是受检异常一般是业务异常,或者说是类似另一种方法的返回值,出现这样的异常可能业务还能完成,所以不会主动回滚;而 Error 或 RuntimeException 代表了非预期的结果,应该回滚:


/**
 * The default behavior is as with EJB: rollback on unchecked exception
 * ({@link RuntimeException}), assuming an unexpected outcome outside of any
 * business rules. Additionally, we also attempt to rollback on {@link Error} which
 * is clearly an unexpected outcome as well. By contrast, a checked exception is
 * considered a business exception and therefore a regular expected outcome of the
 * transactional business method, i.e. a kind of alternative return value which
 * still allows for regular completion of resource operations.
 * 

This is largely consistent with TransactionTemplate's default behavior, * except that TransactionTemplate also rolls back on undeclared checked exceptions * (a corner case). For declarative transactions, we expect checked exceptions to be * intentionally declared as business exceptions, leading to a commit by default. * @see org.springframework.transaction.support.TransactionTemplate#execute */ @Override public boolean rollbackOn(Throwable ex) { return (ex instanceof RuntimeException || ex instanceof Error); }

如果你希望自己捕获异常进行处理的话,也没关系,可以手动设置让当前事务处于回滚状态.

@Transactional
public void createUserRight1(String name) {
    try {
        userRepository.save(new UserEntity(name));
        throw new RuntimeException("error");
    } catch (Exception ex) {
        log.error("create user failed", ex);
        TransactionAspectSupport.currentTransactionStatus().setRollbackOnly();
    }
}

第二,在注解中声明,期望遇到所有的 Exception 都回滚事务(来突破默认不回滚受检异常的限制):


@Transactional(rollbackFor = Exception.class)
public void createUserRight2(String name) throws IOException {
    userRepository.save(new UserEntity(name));
    otherTask();
}

确认事务传播配置是否符合自己的业务逻辑

有这么一个场景:一个用户注册的操作,会插入一个主用户到用户表,还会注册一个关联的子用户。我们希望将子用户注册的数据库操作作为一个独立事务来处理,即使失败也不会影响主流程,即不影响主用户的注册。
我们模拟一个实现类似业务逻辑的 UserService:


@Autowired
private UserRepository userRepository;

@Autowired
private SubUserService subUserService;

@Transactional
public void createUserWrong(UserEntity entity) {
    createMainUser(entity);
    subUserService.createSubUserWithExceptionWrong(entity);
}

private void createMainUser(UserEntity entity) {
    userRepository.save(entity);
    log.info("createMainUser finish");
}

SubUserService 的 createSubUserWithExceptionWrong 实现正如其名,因为最后我们抛出了一个运行时异常,错误原因是用户状态无效,所以子用户的注册肯定是失败的。我们期望子用户的注册作为一个事务单独回滚,不影响主用户的注册.


@Service
@Slf4j
public class SubUserService {

    @Autowired
    private UserRepository userRepository;

    @Transactional
    public void createSubUserWithExceptionWrong(UserEntity entity) {
        log.info("createSubUserWithExceptionWrong start");
        userRepository.save(entity);
        throw new RuntimeException("invalid status");
    }
}

我们在 Controller 里实现一段测试代码,调用 UserService


@GetMapping("wrong")
public int wrong(@RequestParam("name") String name) {
    try {
        userService.createUserWrong(new UserEntity(name));
    } catch (Exception ex) {
        log.error("createUserWrong failed, reason:{}", ex.getMessage());
    }
    return userService.getUserCount(name);
}

调用后可以在日志中发现如下信息,很明显事务回滚了,最后 Controller 打出了创建子用户抛出的运行时异常.


[22:50:42.866] [http-nio-45678-exec-8] [DEBUG] [o.s.orm.jpa.JpaTransactionManager       :555 ] - Rolling back JPA transaction on EntityManager [SessionImpl(103972212)]
[22:50:42.869] [http-nio-45678-exec-8] [DEBUG] [o.s.orm.jpa.JpaTransactionManager       :620 ] - Closing JPA EntityManager [SessionImpl(103972212)] after transaction
[22:50:42.869] [http-nio-45678-exec-8] [ERROR] [t.d.TransactionPropagationController:23  ] - createUserWrong failed, reason:invalid status

你马上就会意识到,不对呀,因为运行时异常逃出了 @Transactional 注解标记的 createUserWrong 方法,Spring 当然会回滚事务了。如果我们希望主方法不回滚,应该把子方法抛出的异常捕获了。也就是这么改,把 subUserService.createSubUserWithExceptionWrong 包裹上 catch,这样外层主方法就不会出现异常了:


@Transactional
public void createUserWrong2(UserEntity entity) {
    createMainUser(entity);
    try{
        subUserService.createSubUserWithExceptionWrong(entity);
    } catch (Exception ex) {
        // 虽然捕获了异常,但是因为没有开启新事务,而当前事务因为异常已经被标记为rollback了,所以最终还是会回滚。
        log.error("create sub user error:{}", ex.getMessage());
    }
}

日志:


[22:57:21.722] [http-nio-45678-exec-3] [DEBUG] [o.s.orm.jpa.JpaTransactionManager       :370 ] - Creating new transaction with name [org.geekbang.time.commonmistakes.transaction.demo3.UserService.createUserWrong2]: PROPAGATION_REQUIRED,ISOLATION_DEFAULT
[22:57:21.739] [http-nio-45678-exec-3] [INFO ] [t.c.transaction.demo3.SubUserService:19  ] - createSubUserWithExceptionWrong start
[22:57:21.739] [http-nio-45678-exec-3] [DEBUG] [o.s.orm.jpa.JpaTransactionManager       :356 ] - Found thread-bound EntityManager [SessionImpl(1794007607)] for JPA transaction
[22:57:21.739] [http-nio-45678-exec-3] [DEBUG] [o.s.orm.jpa.JpaTransactionManager       :471 ] - Participating in existing transaction
[22:57:21.740] [http-nio-45678-exec-3] [DEBUG] [o.s.orm.jpa.JpaTransactionManager       :843 ] - Participating transaction failed - marking existing transaction as rollback-only
[22:57:21.740] [http-nio-45678-exec-3] [DEBUG] [o.s.orm.jpa.JpaTransactionManager       :580 ] - Setting JPA transaction on EntityManager [SessionImpl(1794007607)] rollback-only
[22:57:21.740] [http-nio-45678-exec-3] [ERROR] [.g.t.c.transaction.demo3.UserService:37  ] - create sub user error:invalid status
[22:57:21.740] [http-nio-45678-exec-3] [DEBUG] [o.s.orm.jpa.JpaTransactionManager       :741 ] - Initiating transaction commit
[22:57:21.740] [http-nio-45678-exec-3] [DEBUG] [o.s.orm.jpa.JpaTransactionManager       :529 ] - Committing JPA transaction on EntityManager [SessionImpl(1794007607)]
[22:57:21.743] [http-nio-45678-exec-3] [DEBUG] [o.s.orm.jpa.JpaTransactionManager       :620 ] - Closing JPA EntityManager [SessionImpl(1794007607)] after transaction
[22:57:21.743] [http-nio-45678-exec-3] [ERROR] [t.d.TransactionPropagationController:33  ] - createUserWrong2 failed, reason:Transaction silently rolled back because it has been marked as rollback-only
org.springframework.transaction.UnexpectedRollbackException: Transaction silently rolled back because it has been marked as rollback-only
...

需要注意以下几点:
如第 1 行所示,对 createUserWrong2 方法开启了异常处理;
如第 5 行所示,子方法因为出现了运行时异常,标记当前事务为回滚;
如第 7 行所示,主方法的确捕获了异常打印出了 create sub user error 字样;
如第 9 行所示,主方法提交了事务;奇怪的是,
如第 11 行和 12 行所示,Controller 里出现了一个 UnexpectedRollbackException,异常描述提示最终这个事务回滚了,而且是静默回滚的。之所以说是静默,是因为 createUserWrong2 方法本身并没有出异常,只不过提交后发现子方法已经把当前事务设置为了回滚,无法完成提交。这挺反直觉的。我们之前说,出了异常事务不一定回滚,这里说的却是不出异常,事务也不一定可以提交。原因是,主方法注册主用户的逻辑和子方法注册子用户的逻辑是同一个事务,子逻辑标记了事务需要回滚,主逻辑自然也不能提交了。

看到这里,修复方式就很明确了,想办法让子逻辑在独立事务中运行,也就是改一下 SubUserService 注册子用户的方法,为注解加上 propagation = Propagation.REQUIRES_NEW 来设置 REQUIRES_NEW 方式的事务传播策略,也就是执行到这个方法时需要开启新的事务,并挂起当前事务:


@Transactional(propagation = Propagation.REQUIRES_NEW)
public void createSubUserWithExceptionRight(UserEntity entity) {
    log.info("createSubUserWithExceptionRight start");
    userRepository.save(entity);
    throw new RuntimeException("invalid status");
}

主方法没什么变化,同样需要捕获异常,防止异常漏出去导致主事务回滚,重新命名为 createUserRight:


@Transactional
public void createUserRight(UserEntity entity) {
    createMainUser(entity);
    try{
        subUserService.createSubUserWithExceptionRight(entity);
    } catch (Exception ex) {
        // 捕获异常,防止主方法回滚
        log.error("create sub user error:{}", ex.getMessage());
    }
}

[23:17:20.935] [http-nio-45678-exec-1] [DEBUG] [o.s.orm.jpa.JpaTransactionManager       :370 ] - Creating new transaction with name [org.geekbang.time.commonmistakes.transaction.demo3.UserService.createUserRight]: PROPAGATION_REQUIRED,ISOLATION_DEFAULT
[23:17:21.079] [http-nio-45678-exec-1] [INFO ] [.g.t.c.transaction.demo3.UserService:55  ] - createMainUser finish
[23:17:21.082] [http-nio-45678-exec-1] [DEBUG] [o.s.orm.jpa.JpaTransactionManager       :420 ] - Suspending current transaction, creating new transaction with name [org.geekbang.time.commonmistakes.transaction.demo3.SubUserService.createSubUserWithExceptionRight]
[23:17:21.153] [http-nio-45678-exec-1] [DEBUG] [o.s.orm.jpa.JpaTransactionManager       :834 ] - Initiating transaction rollback
[23:17:21.160] [http-nio-45678-exec-1] [DEBUG] [o.s.orm.jpa.JpaTransactionManager       :1009] - Resuming suspended transaction after completion of inner transaction
[23:17:21.161] [http-nio-45678-exec-1] [ERROR] [.g.t.c.transaction.demo3.UserService:49  ] - create sub user error:invalid status
[23:17:21.161] [http-nio-45678-exec-1] [DEBUG] [o.s.orm.jpa.JpaTransactionManager       :741 ] - Initiating transaction commit
[23:17:21.161] [http-nio-45678-exec-1] [DEBUG] [o.s.orm.jpa.JpaTransactionManager       :529 ] - Committing JPA transaction on EntityManager [SessionImpl(396441411)]

第 1 行日志提示我们针对 createUserRight 方法开启了主方法的事务;第 2 行日志提示创建主用户完成;第 3 行日志可以看到主事务挂起了,开启了一个新的事务,针对 createSubUserWithExceptionRight 方案,也就是我们的创建子用户的逻辑;第 4 行日志提示子方法事务回滚;第 5 行日志提示子方法事务完成,继续主方法之前挂起的事务;第 6 行日志提示主方法捕获到了子方法的异常;第 8 行日志提示主方法的事务提交了,随后我们在 Controller 里没看到静默回滚的异常。
运行测试程序看到如下结果,getUserCount 得到的用户数量为 1,代表只有一个用户也就是主用户注册完成了,符合预期

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