回顾上一次中西方厨房文化差异
区分：electric 这个词是一个来自希腊语的单词，elektron 意思是琥珀，1600的时候，英国的物理学家。。。发现摩擦琥珀可以吸引其它的物质，并且在自己的辞世论当中，把自己的希腊语elektron琥珀和“摩擦起电，静电 感应，电磁感应”这一些现象结合了起来，创造了电的，电动的这个形容词，这个词的字面意思其实就是像琥珀一样的，比如说electric light , 上次提到的electric heat 电磁炉， gas cooker 煤气炉。那么electric这个形容词，是来自于electrical, 这两个单词从本质上没有区别，只不过electrical的写法更完整，更正式，所以，除了可以表示电的，还可以表示电学的，或者电气的。如如说an electrical engineer.一名电气工程师，同时electric 的名词是electricity,表示电。另外我们日常当中还有两个和电有关的两个常见单词，electron,电子。另一个叫electronic电子的，我们平时用的手机，平板电脑呀都属于电子设备。Electronic devices. 这一点一大家要和电灯，电吉他这各电动设备区分开。
electric
UK [ɪˈlektrɪk]
US [ɪˈlektrɪk]
adj.
电的；用电的；电动的
elektron琥珀
electric light
electric heat
electrics
UK [ɪˈlektrɪks]
US [ɪˈlektrɪks]
n.
(房屋、汽车或机器的)电力系统，电路
electric的复数
electric = electrical
UK [ɪˈlektrɪkl]
US [ɪˈlektrɪkl]
adj.
电的；用电的；发电的
an electrical engineer
而electric 的名词是electricity
UK [ɪˌlekˈtrɪsəti]
US [ɪˌlekˈtrɪsəti]
n.
电
electron
UK [ɪˈlektrɒn]
US [ɪˈlektrɑːn]
n.
电子
electr 电 + on 物质结构成分 → 电子
electronic
UK [ɪˌlekˈtrɒnɪk]
US [ɪˌlekˈtrɑːnɪk]
adj.
电子的；电子器件的；电子设备的
electronics
UK [ɪˌlekˈtrɒnɪks]
US [ɪˌlekˈtrɑːnɪks]
n.
电子学；电子学的应用；电子电路；电子器件
electron 电子 + ics …学 → 电子学
electronic device
UK [ɪˌlekˈtrɒnɪk dɪˈvaɪs]
US [ɪˌlekˈtrɑːnɪk dɪˈvaɪs]
电子器件
William Gilbert and Magnetism
magnetism
UK [ˈmæɡnətɪzəm]
US [ˈmæɡnətɪzəm]
n.
磁性；磁力；吸引力；魅力
CET6 · TOEFL · TEM8
A The 16th and 17th centuries had seen two greatest pioneers of modern science: Galileo and Gilbert. The impact of their findings is eminent. Gilbert is the first modern scientist, also the accredited father of the science of electricity and magnetism, an Englishman of learning and a physician at the court of Elizabeth. Prior to him, all that was known of electricity and magnetism was what the ancients knew, nothing more than that the lodestone possessed magnetic properties and that amber and jet, when rubbed, would attract bit of paper or other substances of small specific gravity. However, he is less well-known than he deserves.
B Gilbert’s birth predated Galileo. Born in an eminent local family in Colchester county in the UK, on May 24, 1544, he went to grammar school, and then studied medicine at St. John’s College, Cambridge, graduating in 1573. Later he traveled in the continent and eventually settled down in London.
C He was a very successful and eminent doctor. All this culminated in his election to the president of the Royal Science Society. He was also appointed the personal physician to the Queen (Elizabeth I), and later knighted by the Queen. He faithfully served her until her death. However, he didn’t outlive the Queen for long and died on December 10, 1603, only a few months after his appointment as personal physician to King James.
D Gilbert was first interested in chemistry but later changed his focus due to the large portion of mysticism of alchemy involved (such as the transmutation of metal). He gradually developed his interest in physics after the great minds of the ancient, particularly about the knowledge the ancient Greeks had about lodestones, strange minerals with the power to attract iron. In the meantime, Britain was a major seafaring nation in 1588 when the Spanish Armada was defeated, opening the way to British settlement of America. British ships depended on the magnetic compass, yet no one understood why it worked. Did the pole star attract it, as Columbus once speculated; or was there a magnetic mountain at the pole, as describe in Odyssey, which ships would never approach, because the sailors thought its pull would yank out all their iron nails and fittings? For nearly 20 years William Gilbert conducted ingenious experiments to understand magnetism. His works include On the Magnet and Magnetic Bodies, Great Magnet of the Earth.
E Gilbert’s discovery was so important to modern physics. He investigated into the nature of magnetism and electricity. He even coined the word “electric”. Though the early beliefs of magnetism were also largely entangled with superstitions such as that rubbing garlic on lodestone can neutralize its magnetism, one example being that sailors even believed the smell of garlic would even interfere with the action of compass, which is why helmsmen were forbidden to eat it near a ship’s compass. Gilbert also found that metals can be magnetized by rubbing materials such as fur, plastic or the like on them. He named the ends of a magnet “north pole” and “south pole”. The magnetic poles can attract or repel, depending on polarity. In addition, however, ordinary iron is always attracted to a magnet. Though he started to study the relationship between magnetism and electricity, sadly he didn’t complete it. His research of static electricity using amber and jet only demonstrated that objects with 3 electrical charges can work like magnets attracting small pieces of paper and stuff. It is a French guy named Du Fay that discovered that there are actually two electrical charges, positive and negative.
F He also questioned the traditional astronomical beliefs. Though a Copernican, he didn’t express in his quintessential beliefs that whether the earth is at the center of the universe or in orbit around the sun. However he believed that stars are not equidistant to the earth, but have their own earth-like planets orbiting around them. The earth is itself like a giant magnet, which is also why the compasses always point north. It spins on its axis that is aligned with the earth’s polarity. He even likened the polarity of the magnet to the polarity of the earth and built an entire magnetic philosophy on this analogy. In his explanation, magnetism was the soul of the earth. Thus a perfectly spherical lodestone, when aligned with the earth’s poles, would wobble all by itself in 24 hours. Further, he also believed that suns and other stars wobble just like the earth does around a crystal core, and speculated that the moon might also be a magnet caused to orbit by its magnetic attraction to the earth. This was perhaps the first proposal that a force might cause a heavenly orbit.
我们分享一些中美与电有关的事情
首先我们来说说电压的事情
electric voltage
UK [ɪˈlektrɪk ˈvəʊltɪdʒ]
US [ɪˈlektrɪk ˈvoʊltɪdʒ]
电压；接触电压
中美电压不同，
讲一个自己经历的事情
oster
US [ˈɑstər]
奥斯特
我平时用这种榨果汁机，以前带了一个给我在中囯的家人，结果是一杯果汁打到一半就坏了。忘了说要用变电器了。心意就那么没了……
voltage transformer
UK [ˈvəʊltɪdʒ trænsˈfɔːmə(r)]
US [ˈvoʊltɪdʒ trænsˈfɔːrmər]
电压互感器；变压器
Ｖ＝voltage
UK [ˈvəʊltɪdʒ]
US [ˈvoʊltɪdʒ]
n.
电压；伏特数
volt 伏特，电压单位 + age 集合名词，总称 → 电压，伏特数
CET4 · 考研 · IELTS · TOEFL · TEM4 · TEM8
High/low voltage 高/底压
110V/220V
美国额定电压是120伏，但是美国地广人稀，用户终端电压是110伏。
发明电灯：
托马斯·阿尔瓦·爱迪生（Thomas Alva Edison，1847年2月11日—1931年10月18日），出生于美国俄亥俄州米兰镇，逝世于美国新泽西州西奥兰治。发明家、企业家。
爱迪生想发明电灯，先后用了6000多种材料，试验了7000多次，但是，一次次试验却一次次失败了。19世纪初，人们用油灯、蜡烛等来照明，但是，一不小心就会发生火灾。爱迪生为了把人类从黑夜的限制中解放出来，决心制作电灯为人类带来光明。电灯发明成功时，前前后后花了整整30年。
同型号电器，110伏版本功能质量各方面要比220伏好些，所以很多110伏美国电器到中国来使用，要配套变压器产品。变压器品牌众多，主流有德力西，美湖，施耐德等。
美国电压是110v.
过去人们到美国旅游、商务或者其他工作，将电吹风、mp3、数码相机、笔记本、充电器等小电器带至美国，需要【变压器】与【转换插座】；因为国内家庭使用的220V电压，与世界上部份国家使用的110V有所不同。如日本，美国，加拿大等都是110V的低电压。
目前世界各国室内用电所使用的电压大体有两种，分别为100V～130V，与220～240V二个类型。100V、110～130V被归类低压如美国、日本、等以及船上的电压，为因此它的设备都是按照这样的低电压设计的，注重的是安全;220～240V则称为高压，其中包括了中国的220伏及英国的230伏和很多欧洲国家.注重的是效率。同属一种电压体系的普通电器带到国外去用,电压一般不会有问题，因为大部分的电器都有20%的电压浮动范围如电炉，电饭锅等，因为即便在国内有时的电压最高也可达250伏，因此230伏的电压只是让他们加热得更快，没有多大问题。
Shock and burn 休克和烧伤
Shock and burn 休克和烧伤
trespassing
UK [ˈtrespəsɪŋ]
US [ˈtrespəsɪŋ]
v.
擅自进入，非法侵入(他人的土地或建筑物)；做错事
trespass的现在分词
no trespassing
UK [nəʊ ˈtrespəsɪŋ]
US [noʊ ˈtrespəsɪŋ]
禁止闯入；不得擅入
No smoking.
加里西亚语 Galician
加里西亚语（Galego）属印欧语系 罗曼语族，是西班牙官方语言之一。母语人口主要分布于西班牙西北部的加里西亚自治共同体和葡萄牙，共约三至四百万。ISO639语言编码为gl和glg，SIL码为GLN。
为什么中国的电压是220V，而美国却只有110伏？自从人类进入了电器时代，我们的生活都离不开电。尤其是现在，农村大部分人家做饭都是用电，很少生火或者用煤气，更别说城市了。我们平时上网，看电视，玩手机都离不开电，要是哪天突然断电了，就会觉得非常不方便。我们对电是非常依赖的。那么，我国采用220v电压作为标准，大家知道这其中的原因吗？
关于电压，并不是所有国家都一样的，美国和日本这两个国家的都是采用110v电压，而欧美和俄罗斯是采用220V电压，我国同欧美和俄罗斯一样是220v,那么我国采用的电压和美日等国家不一样的原因是什么呢？其实，我国采用220v作为电压标准，是为了节约高压线里面的铜和铝。金属资源本来就开采不易，并且采一点少一点，资源非常稀缺。而220V电压和110V电压相比，对于铜铝金属的纯度要求没有那么高，在铜里面还可以掺杂其他金属，大大节约了铜的用量。还有，采用220v电压，还可以沿用以前的设备线路，可以减少生产成本。
另一方面，我国采用220v作为电压标准，是参照了欧洲的电压标准。一开始美国采用110V电压，之后发现电压太弱了，家里一用电器就会断电，就算不断电也电压不足，影响人们正常生活。况且，我国人口众多，用电量也非常大，如果采用110V的话，可能随时会跳闸，给人们造成很多麻烦。另外，虽然说110V电压相对安全，但是，发生事故的时候，它对人体的伤害也跟220V的差不多。而且，220V电压传输距离比较远，制造成本又比较低，很实用。不过，110V电压和220V电压从本质上看，除了制造成本和电力上有区别，其他并无优劣之分。所以，我国最终采用220V电压作为标准电压。
current
UK [ˈkʌrənt]
US [ˈkɜːrənt]
adj.
现时发生的；当前的；现在的；通用的；流通的；流行的
n.
(海洋或江河的)水流；气流；电流；思潮；潮流；趋向
curr 跑，引申为“发生” + ent 关于…的 → 跑的 → 流动的
CET4 · 考研 · IELTS · TOEFL · TEM4 · TEM8
An electric current 电流
电源 [diàn yuán]
[power supply;power source] 向电子设备提供功率的装置
current source
UK [ˈkʌrənt sɔːs]
US [ˈkɜːrənt sɔːrs]
电流源；电链
cut off the electric source first。
power converter
UK [ˈpaʊə(r) kənˈvɜːtə(r)]
US [ˈpaʊər kənˈvɜːrtər]
大功率变换（整流）器
Power Adapter
UK [ˈpaʊə(r) əˈdæptə]
US [ˈpaʊər əˈdæptər]
电源转换器；转换插头；电源適配器
power supply cord
UK [ˈpaʊə(r) səˈplaɪ kɔːd]
US [ˈpaʊər səˈplaɪ kɔːrd]
电源线；电源软线
power line on-off
switch
UK [ɒn ɒf swɪtʃ]
US [ɑːn ɔːf swɪtʃ]
通断开关；换向开关；双位开关
power switch
into the power outlet
electric outlet 插座
power plug
UK [ˈpaʊə(r) plʌɡ]
US [ˈpaʊər plʌɡ]
电源插座；电源插头
electric plug
UK [ɪˈlektrɪk plʌɡ]
US [ɪˈlektrɪk plʌɡ]
插头；电插头
power panel
UK [ˈpaʊə(r) ˈpænl]
US [ˈpaʊər ˈpænl]
电源板；配电盘
POWER BOX
电源箱 Power supply box
UK [ˈpaʊə(r) səˈplaɪ bɒks]
US [ˈpaʊər səˈplaɪ bɑːks]
电源箱；供电箱
触电 [chù diàn]
[get an electric shock] 人和动物接触到电流
get an electric shock; electric shock:
小心触电!
Danger! Electricity!; Danger! Live wire!
electric shock
UK [ɪˌlektrɪk ˈʃɒk]
US [ɪˌlektrɪk ˈʃɑːk]
n.
电休克；触电；电击
N-COUNT 触电;电击
If you get an electric shock, you get a sudden painful feeling when you touch something which is connected to a supply of electricity.
如果碰到这人，你可能触电。You could get an electric shock if you touch her/him.
【发生触电事故如何处置- 百度文库 】https://wk.baidu.com/view/d910f73564ce0508763231126edb6f1aff0071ba?fromShare=1&fr=copy©fr=copylinkpop
US News /Times/ poets and quants
在U.S.News公布2021年最佳大学Top100后，ETS官方也迅速跟进，发布了综合大学Top100托福成绩最低要求。虽然诸多美国大学取消了强制提交SAT/ACT，但对国际生仍然有英语水平测试要求。
此外，随着21年申请季的到来，各国的线下托福考试逐步恢复，已经有大学公开表示，不接受托福家庭版考试，比如罗切斯特大学、波士顿学院、塔夫茨大学、圣母大学、佩珀代因、佐治亚大学等。
为了保证申请顺利，同学们还是要认真对待托福考试哦！而且据全美大学招生咨询协会年度报告，美国大学招生人员表示语言成绩是影响国际生能否被录取的“Top Factor”，有80.2%的学校表示，语言成绩与其他因素（比如，高中GPA、申请Essay）同等重要，甚至更重要。
不管大学有没有公布“最低要求”，大家只能把这个分数当做一个申请的“门槛”，而不是录取的分数线。尤其是申请排名高的大学，托福至少要拿到100分，雅思至少7.0，这个分数比较有竞争力，即使多数大U选择托福IBT 79-90这个区间作为最低要求，但实际录取学生的托福均分都要再高一点。P.S.除了对托福/雅思有总分要求，部分学校还对托福/雅思单项设置最低分数要求，申请前一定要去学校官网确认哦。有些学校还为语言不达标但其他条件合格的学生提供有条件录取/双录取，也就是这类学生在参加英语强化课程并通过考试后，才能进入正式课程。
另外，不少美国大学有语言成绩豁免政策：比如，你在英国、澳洲、美国等英语母语国家有2年/3年/4年受教育经历，可以申请免考托福；再比如，你在SAT/ACT阅读/写作达到某一分数，也可以免提交语言成绩。