Python元类编程实现一个简单的ORM

概述

什么是ORM?   

ORM全称“Object Relational Mapping”,即对象-关系映射,就是把关系数据库的一行映射为一个对象,也就是一个类对应一个表,这样,写代码更简单,不用直接操作SQL语句。

现在我们就要实现简易版ORM。 

效果

class Person(Model):
    """
    定义类的属性到列的映射
    """
    pid = IntegerField('id')
    names = StringField('username')
    email = StringField('email')
    password = StringField('password')
 
p = Person(pid=10086, names='晓明', email='[email protected]', password='123456')
p.save()

Python元类编程实现一个简单的ORM_第1张图片

通过执行save()方法 动态生成sql插入语句, 是不是很神奇, 那我们现在开始解析原理吧

步骤

首先我们要定义一个 Field 类 它负责保存数据库表的字段名和字段类型:

class Field(object):
    def __init__(self, name, column_type):
        self.name = name
        self.column_type = column_type
    def __str__(self):
        return '<%s:%s>' % (self.__class__.__name__, self.name)

在 Field 的基础上,进一步定义各种类型的 Field,比如 StringField,IntegerField 等等:

class StringField(Field):
    def __init__(self, name):
        super(StringField, self).__init__(name, 'varchar(100)')
 
class IntegerField(Field):
    def __init__(self, name):
        super(IntegerField, self).__init__(name, 'bigint')

下一步,就是编写最复杂的 ModelMetaclass:

class ModelMetaclass(type):
 
    def __new__(cls, name, bases, attrs):
        if name == "Model":
            return type.__new__(cls, name, bases, attrs)
        mappings = dict()
        print("Found class: %s" % name)
        for k, v in attrs.items():
            if isinstance(v, Field):
                print("Found mapping: %s ==> %s" % (k, v))
                mappings[k] = v
        for k in mappings.keys():
            attrs.pop(k)
        attrs["__table__"] = name  # 表名和类名一致
        attrs["__mappings__"] = mappings  # 保存属性和列的映射关系
        return type.__new__(cls, name, bases, attrs)

最后就是基类  Model:

class Model(metaclass=ModelMetaclass):
 
    def __init__(self, **kwargs):
        _setattr = setattr
        if kwargs:
            for k, v in kwargs.items():
                _setattr(self, k, v)
        super(Model, self).__init__()
 
    def save(self):
        fields = []
        params = []
        args = []
        for k, v in self.__mappings__.items():
            fields.append(k)
            params.append("?")
            args.append(getattr(self, k, None))
        sql = "insert into %s (%s) values (%s)" % (self.__table__, ','.join(fields), ",".join(params))
        print('插入语句: %s' % sql)
        print('参数: %s' % str(args))
 
    def update(self):
        fields = []
        args = []
        for k, v in self.__mappings__.items():
            if getattr(self, k, None):
                fields.append(k+"=?")
                args.append(getattr(self, k, None))
        sql = "update %s set %s" % (self.__table__, ','.join(fields))
        print("更新语句: %s " % sql)
        print("参数: %s" % args)
 
    def filter(self, *args):
        pass
 
    def delete(self):
        pass

当用户定义一个 class Person(Model) 继承父类时,Python解释器会在当前类 Person 的定义中找 __metaclass__,如果没有找到,就继续到父类中找 __metaclass__,实在找不到就用默认 type 类。

我们在父类 Model 中定义了 __metaclass__ 的 ModelMetaclass 来创建 Person 类,所以 metaclass 隐式地继承到子类。

在 ModelMetaclass 中,一共做了几件事情:

  • 排除掉对 Model 类的修改;
  • 在当前类(比如 Person )中查找定义的类的所有属性,如果找到一个 Field 属性,就把它保存到一个 __mappings__ 的dict中,同时从类属性中删除该Field属性,否则,容易造成运行时错误;
  • 把表名保存到 __table__ 中,这里简化为表名默认为类名。

在Model类中,就可以定义各种操作数据库的方法,比如save(),delete(),find(),update() 等等。

我们实现了save(), update()方法,把一个实例保存到数据库中。因为有表名,属性到字段的映射和属性值的集合,就可以构造出INSERT语句和UPDATE语句。

编写代码试试:

class UserInfo(Model):
    """
        定义类的属性到列的映射
    """
    uid = IntegerField('uid')
    name = StringField('username')
    email = StringField('email')
    password = StringField('password')
 
 
class Person(Model):
    """
    定义类的属性到列的映射
    """
    pid = IntegerField('id')
    names = StringField('username')
    email = StringField('email')
    password = StringField('password')
 
p = Person(pid=10086, names='晓明', email='[email protected]', password='123456')
p.save()
u2 = UserInfo(password='123456')
u2.update()

输出

Found class: UserInfo
Found mapping: uid ==>
Found mapping: name ==>
Found mapping: email ==>
Found mapping: password ==>
Found class: Person
Found mapping: pid ==>
Found mapping: names ==>
Found mapping: email ==>
Found mapping: password ==>
插入语句: insert into Person (pid,names,email,password) values (?,?,?,?)
参数: [10086, '晓明', '[email protected]', '123456']
更新语句: update UserInfo set password=? 
参数: ['123456']

结束语

就这样一个小巧的ORM就这么完成了。是不是学到了很多呢 ?这里利用的是元编程,很多Python框架都运用了元编程达到动态操作类。

注:上述代码列子 结合了廖雪峰的列子和少量的django ORM源码。

完整代码

class Field(object):
    def __init__(self, name, column_type):
        self.name = name
        self.column_type = column_type
 
    def __str__(self):
        return '<%s:%s>' % (self.__class__.__name__, self.name)
 
 
class StringField(Field):
    def __init__(self, name):
        super(StringField, self).__init__(name, 'varchar(100)')
 
 
class IntegerField(Field):
    def __init__(self, name):
        super(IntegerField, self).__init__(name, 'bigint')
 
 
class ModelMetaclass(type):
 
    def __new__(cls, name, bases, attrs):
        if name == "Model":
            return type.__new__(cls, name, bases, attrs)
        mappings = dict()
        print("Found class: %s" % name)
        for k, v in attrs.items():
            if isinstance(v, Field):
                print("Found mapping: %s ==> %s" % (k, v))
                mappings[k] = v
        for k in mappings.keys():
            attrs.pop(k)
        attrs["__table__"] = name  # 表名和类名一致
        attrs["__mappings__"] = mappings  # 保存属性和列的映射关系
        return type.__new__(cls, name, bases, attrs)
 
 
class Model(metaclass=ModelMetaclass):
 
    def __init__(self, **kwargs):
        _setattr = setattr
        if kwargs:
            for k, v in kwargs.items():
                _setattr(self, k, v)
        super(Model, self).__init__()
 
    def save(self):
        fields = []
        params = []
        args = []
        for k, v in self.__mappings__.items():
            fields.append(k)
            params.append("?")
            args.append(getattr(self, k, None))
        sql = "insert into %s (%s) values (%s)" % (self.__table__, ','.join(fields), ",".join(params))
        print('插入语句: %s' % sql)
        print('参数: %s' % str(args))
 
    def update(self):
        fields = []
        args = []
        for k, v in self.__mappings__.items():
            if getattr(self, k, None):
                fields.append(k+"=?")
                args.append(getattr(self, k, None))
        sql = "update %s set %s" % (self.__table__, ','.join(fields))
        print("更新语句: %s " % sql)
        print("参数: %s" % args)
 
    def filter(self, *args):
        pass
 
    def delete(self):
        pass
 
 
class UserInfo(Model):
    """
        定义类的属性到列的映射
    """
    uid = IntegerField('uid')
    name = StringField('username')
    email = StringField('email')
    password = StringField('password')
 
 
class Person(Model):
    """
    定义类的属性到列的映射
    """
    pid = IntegerField('id')
    names = StringField('username')
    email = StringField('email')
    password = StringField('password')
 
p = Person(pid=10086, names='晓明', email='[email protected]', password='123456')
p.save()
u2 = UserInfo(password='123456')
u2.update()

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