sql窗口函数

与聚集函数一样,窗口函数也针对定义的行集(组)执行聚集,但它不像聚集函数那样每组之返回一个值,窗口函数可以为每组返回多个值。实际上,DB2中称这种函数为联机分析处理OLAP函数,而Oracle把它们称为解析函数,但ISO SQL标准把它们称为窗口函数。窗口函数一般在OLAP分析、制作报表过程中会使用到。

窗口函数:

聚合函数 over()

聚合函数 over(partition by 字段)—分区

聚合函数 over(order by 字段)--框架字句

 

本文以Oracle11g中HR模式下的Employees表为例子来试着了解窗口函数,

Employees表结构如下:

SQL> desc employees
 名称                                      是否为空? 类型
 ----------------------------------------- -------- ----------------------------
 EMPLOYEE_ID                               NOT NULL NUMBER(6)
 FIRST_NAME                                         VARCHAR2(20)
 LAST_NAME                                 NOT NULL VARCHAR2(25)
 EMAIL                                     NOT NULL VARCHAR2(25)
 PHONE_NUMBER                                       VARCHAR2(20)
 HIRE_DATE                                 NOT NULL DATE
 JOB_ID                                    NOT NULL VARCHAR2(10)
 SALARY                                             NUMBER(8,2)
 COMMISSION_PCT                                     NUMBER(2,2)
 MANAGER_ID                                         NUMBER(6)
 DEPARTMENT_ID                                      NUMBER(4)

 

计算部门号位20的员工总数:

SQL> edit
  1  select first_name,department_id,count(*) over()
  2  from employees
  3* where department_id=20
SQL> /

FIRST_NAME           DEPARTMENT_ID COUNT(*)OVER()                               
-------------------- ------------- --------------                               
Michael                         20              2                               
Pat                             20              2         

 

窗口 ,函数 count(*) over() 对于查询返回的每一行,它返回了表中所有行的计数。

在深入研究Over字句之前,一定要注意:在SQL处理中,窗口函数都是最后一步执行,而且仅位于Order by字句之前。

 

  1. 分区

使用Partiton by字句定义行的分区或组,可以用paritition by对定义的行组计算聚集(当遇到新组的时候复位),并返回每个值(每个组中的每个成员),而不是一个用一个组表示表中的这个值的所有实例。如:

SQL> edit
  1  select first_name,department_id,count(*) over(partition by department_id) as cnt
  2  from employees
  3* order by 2
SQL> /

FIRST_NAME           DEPARTMENT_ID        CNT                                   
-------------------- ------------- ----------                                   
Jennifer                        10          1                                   
Michael                         20          2                                   
Pat                             20          2                                   
Den                             30          6                                   
Alexander                       30          6                                   
Shelli                          30          6                                   
Sigal                           30          6                                   
Guy                             30          6                                   
Karen                           30          6                                   
Susan                           40          1                                   
Matthew                         50         45    
。。。。。。。。。。
如上结果所示:对于同一个部门(同一个分区)的每个员工的cnt值相同,这是由于在遇到新部门之前不会重置聚集。      

 

另外partition by字句的优点是:在同一个select语句中,一个窗口函数的计算独立于按其他列分区的其他窗口函数的计算。例如下面的查询,返回每个员工、他的部门、他的部门中的员工数、他的职位以及跟他相同职位的员工数:

 

 

 1  select first_name,department_id,count(*) over (partition by department_id) as dept_cnt,
  2  job_id,
  3  count(*) over(partition by job_id) as job_cnt
  4  from employees
  5* order by 2
SQL> /

FIRST_NAME           DEPARTMENT_ID   DEPT_CNT JOB_ID        JOB_CNT             
-------------------- ------------- ---------- ---------- ----------             
Jennifer                        10          1 AD_ASST             1             
Michael                         20          2 MK_MAN              1             
Pat                             20          2 MK_REP              1             
Sigal                           30          6 PU_CLERK            5             
Alexander                       30          6 PU_CLERK            5             
Shelli                          30          6 PU_CLERK            5             
Karen                           30          6 PU_CLERK            5             
Den                             30          6 PU_MAN              1             
Guy                             30          6 PU_CLERK            5             
Susan                           40          1 HR_REP              1             
Donald                          50         45 SH_CLERK           20     

 

 

  1. 框架字句:

当在窗口函数over字句中使用order by 字句时,就指定了两件事:

1、分区中的行如何排序

2、在计算中包含哪些行

请看下面的查询,它计算了30号员工的工资的累计和

 1  select department_id,first_name,hire_date,salary,
  2  sum(salary) over(partition by department_id) as total1,
  3  sum(salary) over() as total2,
  4  sum(salary) over(order by hire_date) as running_total
  5  from employees
  6* where department_id=30
SQL> /

DEPARTMENT_ID FIRST_NAME           HIRE_DATE          SALARY     TOTAL1         
------------- -------------------- -------------- ---------- ----------         
    TOTAL2 RUNNING_TOTAL                                                        
---------- -------------                                                        
           30 Den                  07-12月-02          11000      24900         
     24900         11000                                                        
                                                                                
           30 Alexander            18-5月 -03           3100      24900         
     24900         14100                                                        
                                                                                
           30 Sigal                24-7月 -05           2800      24900         
     24900         16900                                                        
                                                                                

DEPARTMENT_ID FIRST_NAME           HIRE_DATE          SALARY     TOTAL1         
------------- -------------------- -------------- ---------- ----------         
    TOTAL2 RUNNING_TOTAL                                                        
---------- -------------                                                        
           30 Shelli               24-12月-05           2900      24900         
     24900         19800                                                        
                                                                                
           30 Guy                  15-11月-06           2600      24900         
     24900         22400                                                        
                                                                                
           30 Karen                10-8月 -07           2500      24900         
     24900         24900                                                        
                                                                                

已选择6行。

上面的查询语句相当于:


 

  1  select department_id,first_name,hire_date,salary,
  2  sum(salary) over(partition by department_id) as total1,
  3  sum(salary) over() as total2,
  4  sum(salary) over(order by hire_date range between unbounded preceding and current row) as running_total
  5  from employees
  6* where department_id=30

 

 

也就说默认情况下会告诉查询:计算所有行的和,即从当前行开始、包括它前面的所有行。对从当前行开始、包括它前面的所有行进行求和,就可以得到累计和效果了。

 

通过,框架字句允许定义数据的不同“子窗口”,以便在计算中使用,有很多方式可以指定这样的子窗口。如:

 1  select department_id,first_name,salary,
  2  sum(salary) over (order by hire_date range between unbounded preceding and current row) as run_total1,
  3  sum(salary) over(order by hire_date rows between 1 preceding and current row) as run_total2,
  4  sum(salary) over(order by hire_date range between current row and unbounded following) as run_total3,
  5  sum(salary) over(order by hire_date rows between current row and 1 following) as run_total4
  6  from employees
  7* where department_id=30
SQL> /

DEPARTMENT_ID FIRST_NAME               SALARY RUN_TOTAL1 RUN_TOTAL2 RUN_TOTAL3  
------------- -------------------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ----------  
RUN_TOTAL4                                                                      
----------                                                                      
           30 Den                       11000      11000      11000      24900  
     14100                                                                      
                                                                                
           30 Alexander                  3100      14100      14100      13900  
      5900                                                                      
                                                                                
           30 Sigal                      2800      16900       5900      10800  
      5700                                                                      
                                                                                

DEPARTMENT_ID FIRST_NAME               SALARY RUN_TOTAL1 RUN_TOTAL2 RUN_TOTAL3  
------------- -------------------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ----------  
RUN_TOTAL4                                                                      
----------                                                                      
           30 Shelli                     2900      19800       5700       8000  
      5500                                                                      
                                                                                
           30 Guy                        2600      22400       5500       5100  
      5100                                                                      
                                                                                
           30 Karen                      2500      24900       5100       2500  
      2500                                                                      
                                                                                

已选择6行。

 

其中:

range between unbounded preceding and current row 指定计算当前行开始、当前行之前的所有值;

rows between 1 preceding and current row 指定计算当前行的前一行开始,其范围一直延续到当前行;

range between current row and unbounded following 指定计算从当前行开始,包括它后面的所有行;

rows between current row and 1 following 指定计算当前行和它后面的一行;

 

最后一个例子,展示 了框架字句对查询输出的影响,请看下面查询:

 1  select first_name,salary,min(salary) over(order by salary) min1,
  2  max(salary) over(order by salary) max1,
  3  min(salary) over(order by salary range between unbounded preceding and unbounded following) min2,
  4  max(salary) over(order by salary range between unbounded preceding and unbounded following) max2,
  5  min(salary) over(order by salary range between current row and current row) min3,
  6  max(salary) over(order by salary range between current row and current row) max3,
  7  max(salary) over(order by salary rows between 3 preceding and 3 following) max4
  8* from employees
SQL> /

FIRST_NAME               SALARY       MIN1       MAX1       MIN2       MAX2     
-------------------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ----------     
      MIN3       MAX3       MAX4                                                
---------- ---------- ----------                                                
TJ                         2100       2100       2100       2100      24000     
      2100       2100       2400                                                
                                                                                
Steven                     2200       2100       2200       2100      24000     
      2200       2200       2400                                                
                                                                                
Hazel                      2200       2100       2200       2100      24000     
      2200       2200       2500      
 
请仔细观察计算结果,领会子窗口的内涵;

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