工业设施管架的STAAD稳定性分析
1. Introduction ..............................................................................................................1
1.1 Stability Analysis of Steel Structures ......................................................................1
1.2 Pipe Racks in Industrial Facilities............................................................................3
2. Problem Statement ...................................................................................................6
2.1 Introduction ..............................................................................................................6
2.2 Significance of Research..........................................................................................8
2.3 Research Objective ..................................................................................................8
3. Literature Review...................................................................................................10
3.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................10
3.2 Pipe Rack Loading .................................................................................................10
3.2.1 Load Definitions ............................................................................................10
3.2.2 Dead Loads ....................................................................................................14
3.2.3 Live Loads .....................................................................................................15
3.2.4 Thermal and Self Straining Loads .................................................................16
3.2.5 Snow Load and Rain Loads ...........................................................................16
3.2.6 Wind Loads ....................................................................................................17
3.2.7 Seismic Loads ................................................................................................21
3.2.8 Load Combinations ........................................................................................22
3.3 Column Failure and Euler Buckling ......................................................................25
3.4 Stability Analysis ...................................................................................................29
3.4.1 AISC Specification Requirements .................................................................29
3.4.2 Second Order Effects .....................................................................................29
3.4.3 Flexural, Shear and Axial Deformation .........................................................34
3.4.4 Geometric Imperfections ...............................................................................35
3.4.5 Residual Stresses and Reduction in Stiffness ................................................37
3.5 AISC Methods of Stability Analysis......................................................................41
3.5.1 Rigorous Second Order Elastic Analysis .......................................................43
3.5.2 Approximate Second Order Elastic Analysis ................................................46
3.5.3 Direct Analysis Method .................................................................................47
3.5.4 Effective Length Method ...............................................................................52
3.5.5 First Order Method ........................................................................................58
4. Research Plan .........................................................................................................61
5. Member Design ......................................................................................................63
6. Pipe Rack Analysis ................................................................................................68
6.1 Generalized Pipe Rack ...........................................................................................68
6.2 Pipe Rack Loading .................................................................................................72
6.3 Pipe Rack Load Combinations...............................................................................83
6.4 Strength and Serviceability Checks .......................................................................86
6.5 Base Support Conditions........................................................................................87
6.6 Effective Length Factor .........................................................................................88
6.7 Notional Load Development for First Order Method ............................................91
6.8 STAAD Benchmark Validation .............................................................................93
7. Comparison of Results ...........................................................................................96
8. Conclusions ..........................................................................................................111
1-1 Typical Four-Level Pipe Rack Consisting of Eight Transverse Frames
2-1 Typical Elevation View of Pipe Rack ................................................................7
2-2 Section View Showing Moment Resisting Frame .............................................7
3-1 Load vs. Deflection – Yielding of Perfect Column .........................................26
3-2 Visual Definition of Critical Buckling Load Pcr ..............................................27
3-3 Load vs. Deflection – Euler Buckling..............................................................28
3-4 Second Order P-δ and P- Δ moments (Adapted from Ziemian, 2010) .............30
3-5 Comparison of First Order Analysis to Second Order Analysis (Adapted from
3-6 Quebec Bridge Prior to Collapse (Canada, 1919) ............................................32
3-7 Quebec Bridge after Failure (Canada, 1919) ...................................................33
3-8 Deformation from Flexure, Shear and Axial (Adapted from Gerschwindner,
2009) ................................................................................................................35
3-9 Load vs. Deflection – Real Column Behavior with Initial Imperfections .......37
3-10 Residual Stress Patterns in Hot Rolled Wide Flange Shapes ..........................38
3-11 Influence of Residual Stress on Average Stress-Strain Curve (Salmon and
3-12 Idealized Residual Stresses for Wide Flange Shape Members – Lehigh Pattern
3-13 Load vs. Deflection – Comparison of Analysis Types (Adapted from White
3-14 Visual Representation of Incremental-Iterative Solution Procedure (Adapted
3-15 Reduced Modulus Relationship (Powell, 2010) ..............................................52
3-16 Alignment Chart – Sidesway Inhibited (Braced Frame) (Adapted from AISC
360-10) .............................................................................................................54
3-17 Alignment Chart – Sidesway Uninhibited (Moment Frame)
5-1 Simple Cantilever Design Example .................................................................64
5-2 Simple Cantilever Design Example Results ....................................................66
6-1 Isometric View of Typical Pipe Rack Structure Used for Analysis ................70
6-2 Section View of Moment Frame in Typical Pipe Rack ...................................71
6-3 Section View of Moment Frame – Operating Dead Load ...............................74
6-4 Section View of Moment Frame – Pipe Anchor Load ....................................77
6-5 Section View of Moment Frame – Wind Load ................................................81
6-6 Section View of Moment Frame – Operating Seismic ....................................83
6-7 Effective Length Factor K – Pinned Base........................................................90
6-8 Effective Length Factor K – Fixed Base ..........................................................91
6-9 AISC Benchmark Problems (Adapted from AISC 360-10) ............................94
3-1 Force coefficient, Cf for open structures trussed towers (Adapted from ASCE
7-05) .................................................................................................................18
3-2 Cf force coefficient (Adapted from ASCE 7-05) ...........................................20
3-3 Comparison of direct analysis method and equivalent length method (Adapted
6-1 Velocity pressure for cable tray and structural members .................................78
6-2 Velocity pressure for pipe ................................................................................79
6-3 Resultant design wind force from pipe ............................................................80
6-4 Lateral seismic forces – operating ...................................................................82
6-5 Lateral seismic forces – empty ........................................................................82
6-6 Benchmark solutions ........................................................................................95
7-1 Ratio Δ2/Δ1 effective length method – pinned base .........................................97
7-2 Ratio Δ2/Δ1 direct analysis method – pinned base ...........................................99
7-3 Maximum demand to capacity ratio – pinned base .......................................100
7-4 Maximum demand forces – pinned base .......................................................101
7-5 Ratio Δ2/Δ1 effective length method – fixed base ..........................................103
7-6 Ratio Δ2/Δ1 direct analysis method – fixed base ............................................104
7-7 Maximum demand to capacity ratio – fixed base ..........................................105
7-8 Maximum demand forces – fixed base ..........................................................105
7-9 Ratio Δ2/Δ1 effective length method – pinned base serviceability limits .......107
7-10 Ratio Δ2/Δ1 direct analysis method – pinned base serviceability limits .........108
7-11 Maximum demand to capacity ratio – pinned base serviceability limits .......109
1.简介1
1.1钢结构稳定性分析1
1.2工业设施中的管架3
2.问题陈述6
2.1简介6
2.2研究的意义8
2.3研究目标8
3.文献综述10
3.1简介10
3.2管架装载10
3.2.1荷载定义10
3.2.2静荷载14
3.2.3活荷载15
3.2.4热负荷和自应变负荷
3.2.5雪荷载和雨荷载16
3.2.6风荷载17
3.2.7地震荷载21
3.2.8荷载组合22
3.3立柱失效和欧拉屈曲25
3.4稳定性分析29
3.4.1 AISC规范要求
3.4.2二阶效应29
3.4.3弯曲、剪切和轴向变形34
3.4.4几何缺陷35
3.4.5残余应力和刚度降低
3.5 AISC稳定性分析方法41
3.5.1严格的二阶弹性分析43
3.5.2近似二阶弹性分析
3.5.3直接分析方法47
3.5.4有效长度法52
3.5.5一阶法58
4.研究计划61
5.构件设计63
6.管架分析68
6.1通用管架68
6.2管架装载72
6.3管架荷载组合83
6.4强度和可用性检查86
6.5基础支撑条件87
6.6有效长度系数88
6.7一阶法的概念荷载发展
6.8 STAAD基准验证93