简单介绍Java 并发处理的5种技巧

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1.永远不要忽略InterruptedException

让我们检查以下代码片段:

public class Task implements Runnable {
  private final BlockingQueue queue = ...;

  @Override
  public void run() {
    while (!Thread.currentThread().isInterrupted()) {
      String result = getOrDefault(() -> queue.poll(1L, TimeUnit.MINUTES), "default");
      //do smth with the result
    }
  }

   T getOrDefault(Callable supplier, T defaultValue) {
    try {
      return supplier.call();
    } catch (Exception e) {
      logger.error("Got exception while retrieving value.", e);
      return defaultValue;
    }
  }
}

代码的问题是不可能终止线程,因为它正在等待队列中的新元素,所以中断标志永远不会恢复:

正在运行代码的线程被中断。
BlockingQueue#poll() 抛出 InterruptedException 并清除中断标志。
当标志被清除时, while 循环条件 ( !Thread.currentThread().isInterrupted()) 为ture。
为防止这种行为,请始终读取 InterruptedException 并在方法显式(通过声明 throwing InterruptedException)或隐式(通过声明/抛出原始 Exception)抛出时恢复中断标志:

 T getOrDefault(Callable supplier, T defaultValue) {
  try {
    return supplier.call();
  } catch (InterruptedException e) {
    logger.error("Got interrupted while retrieving value.", e);
    Thread.currentThread().interrupt();
    return defaultValue;
  } catch (Exception e) {
    logger.error("Got exception while retrieving value.", e);
    return defaultValue;
  }
}

2. 注意使用专用的执行器进行阻塞操作

开发人员通常不希望因为一个“慢动作”而使整个服务器无响应。不幸的是,对于 RPC,响应时间通常是不可预测的。
假设一台服务器有 100 个工作线程,并且有一个端点,它以 100 RPS 调用。它在内部进行 RPC 调用,通常需要 10 毫秒。在某个时间点,这个 RPC 的响应时间变成了 2 秒,而服务器在尖峰期间唯一能做的就是等待这些调用,而其他端点根本无法访问。

@GET
@Path("/genre/{name}")
@Produces(MediaType.APPLICATION_JSON)
public Response getGenre(@PathParam("name") String genreName) {
  Genre genre = potentiallyVerySlowSynchronousCall(genreName);
  return Response.ok(genre).build();
}

解决问题的最简单方法是将进行阻塞调用的代码提交到线程池:

@GET
@Path("/genre/{name}")
@Produces(MediaType.APPLICATION_JSON)
public void getGenre(@PathParam("name") String genreName, @Suspended AsyncResponse response) {
  response.setTimeout(1L, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
  executorService.submit(() -> {
    Genre genre = potentiallyVerySlowSynchronousCall(genreName);
    return response.resume(Response.ok(genre).build());
  });
}

3. 注意MDC值的传播

MDC(映射诊断上下文)通常用于存储单个任务的特定值。例如,在 Web 应用程序中,它可能为每个请求存储一个请求 ID 和一个用户 ID,因此 MDC 使查找与单个请求或整个用户活动相关的日志条目变得更加容易。

2017-08-27 14:38:30,893 INFO [server-thread-0] [requestId=060d8c7f, userId=2928ea66] c.g.s.web.Controller - Message.

不幸的是,如果代码的某些部分在专用线程池中执行,则来自提交任务的线程的 MDC 值不会传播。在以下示例中,第 7 行的日志条目包含“requestId”,而第 9 行的日志条目不包含:

@GET
@Path("/genre/{name}")
@Produces(MediaType.APPLICATION_JSON)
public void getGenre(@PathParam("name") String genreName, @Suspended AsyncResponse response) {
  try (MDC.MDCCloseable ignored = MDC.putCloseable("requestId", UUID.randomUUID().toString())) {
    String genreId = getGenreIdbyName(genreName); //Sync call
    logger.trace("Submitting task to find genre with id '{}'.", genreId); //'requestId' is logged
    executorService.submit(() -> {
      logger.trace("Starting task to find genre with id '{}'.", genreId); //'requestId' is not logged
      Response result = getGenre(genreId) //Async call
          .map(artist -> Response.ok(artist).build())
          .orElseGet(() -> Response.status(Response.Status.NOT_FOUND).build());
      response.resume(result);
    });
  }
}

这可以通过使用 MDC#getCopyOfContextMap() 来解决:

public void getGenre(@PathParam("name") String genreName, @Suspended AsyncResponse response) {
  try (MDC.MDCCloseable ignored = MDC.putCloseable("requestId", UUID.randomUUID().toString())) {
    ...
    logger.trace("Submitting task to find genre with id '{}'.", genreId); //'requestId' is logged
    withCopyingMdc(executorService, () -> {
      logger.trace("Starting task to find genre with id '{}'.", genreId); //'requestId' is logged
      ...
    });
  }
}
private void withCopyingMdc(ExecutorService executorService, Runnable function) {
  Map mdcCopy = MDC.getCopyOfContextMap();
  executorService.submit(() -> {
    MDC.setContextMap(mdcCopy);
    try {
      function.run();
    } finally {
      MDC.clear();
    }
  });
}

4.关于线程的重命名

自定义线程名称以简化读取日志和线程转储。这可以通过 在创建ExecutorService期间传递ThreadFactory来完成。流行的实用程序库中有很多 ThreadFactory接口的实现:

com.google.common.util.concurrent.ThreadFactoryBuilder in Guava。
Spring 中的org.springframework.scheduling.concurrent.CustomizableThreadFactory。
Apache Commons Lang 3 中的org.apache.commons.lang3.concurrent.BasicThreadFactory。
ThreadFactory threadFactory = new BasicThreadFactory.Builder()
  .namingPattern("computation-thread-%d")
  .build();
ExecutorService executorService = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(numberOfThreads, threadFactory);

虽然ForkJoinPool没有使用ThreadFactory接口,但也支持线程的重命名:

ForkJoinPool.ForkJoinWorkerThreadFactory forkJoinThreadFactory = pool -> {  
  ForkJoinWorkerThread thread = ForkJoinPool.defaultForkJoinWorkerThreadFactory.newThread(pool);  
  thread.setName("computation-thread-" + thread.getPoolIndex());  
  return thread;
};
ForkJoinPool forkJoinPool = new ForkJoinPool(numberOfThreads, forkJoinThreadFactory, null, false);

只需将线程转储与默认名称进行比较:

"pool-1-thread-3" #14 prio=5 os_prio=31 tid=0x00007fc06b19f000 nid=0x5703 runnable [0x0000700001ff9000]
   java.lang.Thread.State: RUNNABLE
at com.github.sorokinigor.article.tipsaboutconcurrency.setthreadsname.TaskHandler.compute(TaskHandler.java:16)
...
"pool-2-thread-3" #15 prio=5 os_prio=31 tid=0x00007fc06aa10800 nid=0x5903 runnable [0x00007000020fc000]
   java.lang.Thread.State: RUNNABLE
at com.github.sorokinigor.article.tipsaboutconcurrency.setthreadsname.HealthCheckCallback.recordFailure(HealthChecker.java:21)
at com.github.sorokinigor.article.tipsaboutconcurrency.setthreadsname.HealthChecker.check(HealthChecker.java:9)
...
"pool-1-thread-2" #12 prio=5 os_prio=31 tid=0x00007fc06aa10000 nid=0x5303 runnable [0x0000700001df3000]
   java.lang.Thread.State: RUNNABLE
at com.github.sorokinigor.article.tipsaboutconcurrency.setthreadsname.TaskHandler.compute(TaskHandler.java:16)
    ...

对于名称有特指的线程:

"task-handler-thread-1" #14 prio=5 os_prio=31 tid=0x00007fb49c9df000 nid=0x5703 runnable [0x000070000334a000]
   java.lang.Thread.State: RUNNABLE
at com.github.sorokinigor.article.tipsaboutconcurrency.setthreadsname.TaskHandler.compute(TaskHandler.java:16)
...
"authentication-service-ping-thread-0" #15 prio=5 os_prio=31 tid=0x00007fb49c9de000 nid=0x5903 runnable [0x0000700003247000]
   java.lang.Thread.State: RUNNABLE
at com.github.sorokinigor.article.tipsaboutconcurrency.setthreadsname.HealthCheckCallback.recordFailure(HealthChecker.java:21)
at com.github.sorokinigor.article.tipsaboutconcurrency.setthreadsname.HealthChecker.check(HealthChecker.java:9)
...
"task-handler-thread-0" #12 prio=5 os_prio=31 tid=0x00007fb49b9b5000 nid=0x5303 runnable [0x0000700003144000]
   java.lang.Thread.State: RUNNABLE
at com.github.sorokinigor.article.tipsaboutconcurrency.setthreadsname.TaskHandler.compute(TaskHandler.java:16)
    ...

并想象可能有超过 3 个线程。

5. 使用 LongAdder 作为计数器

考虑使用 java.util.concurrent.atomic.LongAdder而不是 AtomicLong / AtomicInteger 用于高争用的计数器。LongAdder维护多个单元的值并在需要时增加它们的数量,这会导致更高的吞吐量,但与 AtomicXX 系列类相比,也会导致更高的内存消耗。

ongAdder counter = new LongAdder();
counter.increment();
...
long currentValue = counter.sum();

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