CenOS 7安装nginx-yum安装方式

CenOS 7安装nginx-yum安装方式

一、安装和配置

1.yum源

sudo yum install yum-utils

• vim /etc/yum.repos.d/nginx.repo

[nginx-stable]
name=nginx stable repo
baseurl=http://nginx.org/packages/centos/$releasever/$basearch/
gpgcheck=1
enabled=1
gpgkey=https://nginx.org/keys/nginx_signing.key
module_hotfixes=true

[nginx-mainline]
name=nginx mainline repo
baseurl=http://nginx.org/packages/mainline/centos/$releasever/$basearch/
gpgcheck=1
enabled=0
gpgkey=https://nginx.org/keys/nginx_signing.key
module_hotfixes=true

2.安装

sudo yum-config-manager --enable nginx-mainline
sudo yum install nginx

3.启停nginx

systemctl start nginx
systemctl stop nginx

4.开机自启动

systemctl enable nginx
systemctl status nginx

5.防火墙

firewall-cmd --zone=public --add-port=80/tcp --permanent
firewall-cmd --reload

6.重新加载配置文件

sudo nginx -t && sudo systemctl reload nginx

二、配置文件

1.配置文件可视化

nginxconfig.io

# Generated by nginxconfig.io
# https://www.digitalocean.com/community/tools/nginx?domains.0.https.https=false&domains.0.php.php=false&domains.0.reverseProxy.reverseProxy=true&domains.0.reverseProxy.path=%2Fapi&domains.0.routing.index=index.html&domains.0.routing.fallbackPhp=false&global.nginx.user=nginx&global.nginx.clientMaxBodySize=50&global.tools.modularizedStructure=false&global.tools.symlinkVhost=false&global.app.lang=zhCN

user                 nginx;
pid                  /run/nginx.pid;
worker_processes     auto;
worker_rlimit_nofile 65535;

# Load modules
include              /etc/nginx/modules-enabled/*.conf;

events {
    multi_accept       on;
    worker_connections 65535;
}

http {
    charset                utf-8;
    sendfile               on;
    tcp_nopush             on;
    tcp_nodelay            on;
    server_tokens          off;
    log_not_found          off;
    types_hash_max_size    2048;
    types_hash_bucket_size 64;
    client_max_body_size   50M;

    # MIME
    include                mime.types;
    default_type           application/octet-stream;

    # Logging
    access_log             /var/log/nginx/access.log;
    error_log              /var/log/nginx/error.log warn;

    # Connection header for WebSocket reverse proxy
    map $http_upgrade $connection_upgrade {
        default upgrade;
        ""      close;
    }

    map $remote_addr $proxy_forwarded_elem {

        # IPv4 addresses can be sent as-is
        ~^[0-9.]+$        "for=$remote_addr";

        # IPv6 addresses need to be bracketed and quoted
        ~^[0-9A-Fa-f:.]+$ "for=\"[$remote_addr]\"";

        # Unix domain socket names cannot be represented in RFC 7239 syntax
        default           "for=unknown";
    }

    map $http_forwarded $proxy_add_forwarded {

        # If the incoming Forwarded header is syntactically valid, append to it
        "~^(,[ \\t]*)*([!#$%&'*+.^_`|~0-9A-Za-z-]+=([!#$%&'*+.^_`|~0-9A-Za-z-]+|\"([\\t \\x21\\x23-\\x5B\\x5D-\\x7E\\x80-\\xFF]|\\\\[\\t \\x21-\\x7E\\x80-\\xFF])*\"))?(;([!#$%&'*+.^_`|~0-9A-Za-z-]+=([!#$%&'*+.^_`|~0-9A-Za-z-]+|\"([\\t \\x21\\x23-\\x5B\\x5D-\\x7E\\x80-\\xFF]|\\\\[\\t \\x21-\\x7E\\x80-\\xFF])*\"))?)*([ \\t]*,([ \\t]*([!#$%&'*+.^_`|~0-9A-Za-z-]+=([!#$%&'*+.^_`|~0-9A-Za-z-]+|\"([\\t \\x21\\x23-\\x5B\\x5D-\\x7E\\x80-\\xFF]|\\\\[\\t \\x21-\\x7E\\x80-\\xFF])*\"))?(;([!#$%&'*+.^_`|~0-9A-Za-z-]+=([!#$%&'*+.^_`|~0-9A-Za-z-]+|\"([\\t \\x21\\x23-\\x5B\\x5D-\\x7E\\x80-\\xFF]|\\\\[\\t \\x21-\\x7E\\x80-\\xFF])*\"))?)*)?)*$" "$http_forwarded, $proxy_forwarded_elem";

        # Otherwise, replace it
        default "$proxy_forwarded_elem";
    }

    # Load configs
    include /etc/nginx/conf.d/*.conf;

    # example.com
    server {
        listen                             80;
        listen                             [::]:80;
        server_name                        example.com;
        root                               /var/www/example.com/public;

        # security headers
        add_header X-XSS-Protection        "1; mode=block" always;
        add_header X-Content-Type-Options  "nosniff" always;
        add_header Referrer-Policy         "no-referrer-when-downgrade" always;
        add_header Content-Security-Policy "default-src 'self' http: https: data: blob: 'unsafe-inline'; frame-ancestors 'self';" always;
        add_header Permissions-Policy      "interest-cohort=()" always;

        # . files
        location ~ /\.(?!well-known) {
            deny all;
        }

        # reverse proxy
        location /api {
            proxy_pass                         http://127.0.0.1:3000;
            proxy_http_version                 1.1;
            proxy_cache_bypass                 $http_upgrade;

            # Proxy headers
            proxy_set_header Upgrade           $http_upgrade;
            proxy_set_header Connection        $connection_upgrade;
            proxy_set_header Host              $host;
            proxy_set_header X-Real-IP         $remote_addr;
            proxy_set_header Forwarded         $proxy_add_forwarded;
            proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For   $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;
            proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-Proto $scheme;
            proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-Host  $host;
            proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-Port  $server_port;

            # Proxy timeouts
            proxy_connect_timeout              60s;
            proxy_send_timeout                 60s;
            proxy_read_timeout                 60s;
        }

        # favicon.ico
        location = /favicon.ico {
            log_not_found off;
            access_log    off;
        }

        # robots.txt
        location = /robots.txt {
            log_not_found off;
            access_log    off;
        }

        # assets, media
        location ~* \.(?:css(\.map)?|js(\.map)?|jpe?g|png|gif|ico|cur|heic|webp|tiff?|mp3|m4a|aac|ogg|midi?|wav|mp4|mov|webm|mpe?g|avi|ogv|flv|wmv)$ {
            expires    7d;
            access_log off;
        }

        # svg, fonts
        location ~* \.(?:svgz?|ttf|ttc|otf|eot|woff2?)$ {
            add_header Access-Control-Allow-Origin "*";
            expires    7d;
            access_log off;
        }

        # gzip
        gzip            on;
        gzip_vary       on;
        gzip_proxied    any;
        gzip_comp_level 6;
        gzip_types      text/plain text/css text/xml application/json application/javascript application/rss+xml application/atom+xml image/svg+xml;
    }

    # subdomains redirect
    server {
        listen      80;
        listen      [::]:80;
        server_name *.example.com;
        return      301 http://example.com$request_uri;
    }
}

2.遇到问题

• 问题

vue+element前端代码部署到nginx后无法访问

• 解决办法

注释代码 add_header Content-Security-Policy "default-src 'self' http: https: data: blob: 'unsafe-inline'; frame-ancestors 'self';" always;即可！

三、高级配置

1.限流配置说明

• limit_req_zone 参数配置

Syntax:	limit_req zone=name [burst=number] [nodelay];
Default:	—
Context:	http, server, location

limit_req_zone $binary_remote_addr zone=one:10m rate=1r/s;
第一个参数：$binary_remote_addr 表示通过remote_addr这个标识来做限制，“binary_”的目的是缩写内存占用量，是限制同一客户端ip地址。
第二个参数：zone=one:10m表示生成一个大小为10M，名字为one的内存区域，用来存储访问的频次信息。
第三个参数：rate=1r/s表示允许相同标识的客户端的访问频次，这里限制的是每秒1次，还可以有比如30r/m的。
limit_req zone=one burst=5 nodelay;
第一个参数：zone=one 设置使用哪个配置区域来做限制，与上面limit_req_zone 里的name对应。
第二个参数：burst=5，重点说明一下这个配置，burst爆发的意思，这个配置的意思是设置一个大小为5的缓冲区当有大量请求（爆发）过来时，超过了访问频次限制的请求可以先放到这个缓冲区内。
第三个参数：nodelay，如果设置，超过访问频次而且缓冲区也满了的时候就会直接返回503，如果没有设置，则所有请求会等待排队。

• 示例

http {
    limit_req_zone $binary_remote_addr zone=one:10m rate=1r/s;
    server {
        location /search/ {
            limit_req zone=one burst=5 nodelay;
        }
}    

2.负载均衡

（1）nginx 支持的负载均衡方式

• round-robin（轮询） 默认方式
• least-connected（最少连接）
• ip-hash

（2）示例

upstream backend {
    server backend1.example.com       weight=5;
    server backend2.example.com:8080;
    server unix:/tmp/backend3;

    server backup1.example.com:8080   backup;
    server backup2.example.com:8080   backup;
}

server {
    location / {
        proxy_pass http://backend;
    }
}

（3）session粘滞

nginx session粘滞提供了3中实现方案，cookie、route、learn（商用订阅）。

• cookie方式示例

实现原理，nginx在cookie中增加srv_id属性值，默认为后端服务的IP和端口的MD5值或unix-socket path，若设置route参数则值为route值

upstream backend {
    server backend1.example.com;
    server backend2.example.com;

    sticky cookie srv_id expires=1h domain=.example.com path=/;
}

upstream backend {
    server backend1.example.com route=a;
    server backend2.example.com route=b;

    sticky cookie srv_id expires=1h domain=.example.com path=/;
}

更多配置：ngx_http_upstream_module.html，使用对应指令时注意nginx版本要求及商用订阅限制。

参考：
nginx: Linux packages
配置参数
死磕nginx系列–nginx 限流配置