磁盘的基本结构
盘片:
磁道: 负责存储数据
扇区: 512字节 数据是存储在哪个磁道哪个扇区
柱面:
磁盘的接口
IDE out
Scsi out
SATA III 6Gbps/s 750MB/s 1T 400 100MB/s
SAS 8Gbps/s 1000MB/s 1T 4500
SSD 纯电子 抗摔
m.2
接口类型
SATA 几乎所有主板都兼容, 便宜 性能差
PCI-E 需要看主板是否兼容, 贵, 性能高
传输通道
PCI-E AHCI
NVMe
磁盘的名词
容量 MB GB TB PB EB .............
转速 SATA3 ==7200 SAS 15000 (非常之高) 磁盘阵列RAID
尺寸 3.5 2.5 1.8
IOPS Input/Output 输入输出
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磁盘再硬盘上的命名方式
磁盘的命名规则 [a-z] aa-zz
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磁盘基本分区fdisk
1.物理机添加硬盘 或虚拟机添加硬盘
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列出指定外围设备的分区表状况
fdisk -l
显示主分区 扩展分区 逻辑分区
[root@zhaoshuang ~]#fdisk -l
Disk /dev/sda: 21.5 GB, 21474836480 bytes, 41943040 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x000ae534
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sda1 * 2048 411647 204800 83 Linux
/dev/sda2 411648 4507647 2048000 82 Linux swap / Solaris
/dev/sda3 4507648 41943039 18717696 83 Linux
Disk /dev/sdb: 53.7 GB, 53687091200 bytes, 104857600 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x5072bb0a
2.编辑挂载的硬盘/dev/sdb 进入分区模式
[root@zhaoshuang ~]#fdisk /dev/sdb
Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.23.2).
Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
Be careful before using the write command.
Command (m for help):
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1. fdsi创建主分区
n 新建分区
p 主分区
e 扩展分区
分配大小50M
Command (m for help): n #新建分区
Partition type:
p primary (0 primary, 0 extended, 4 free) #创建主分区
e extended #创建扩展分区
Select (default p): p #选择创建主分区
Partition number (1-4, default 1): #默认创建的第一个分区
First sector (2048-104857599, default 2048): #默认扇区回车
Using default value 2048
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (2048-104857599, default 104857599): +50M #分配的大小 ：50M
Partition 1 of type Linux and of size 50 MiB is set
2. fdsik 创建扩展分区
Command (m for help): n # 新建分区
Partition type:
p primary (1 primary, 0 extended, 3 free) #创建主分区
e extended #创建扩展分区
Select (default p): e #选择创建扩展分区
Partition number (2-4, default 2): #默认创建的第二个分区
First sector (104448-104857599, default 104448): #默认扇区回车
Using default value 104448
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (104448-104857599, default 104857599): #剩余空间都给了扩展分区 回车
Using default value 104857599
Partition 2 of type Extended and of size 50 GiB is set
3. fdisk 创建逻辑分区
Command (m for help): n # 新建分区
Partition type:
p primary (1 primary, 1 extended, 2 free) #创建主分区
l logical (numbered from 5) #创建逻辑分区
Select (default p): l #选择创建逻辑分区
Adding logical partition 5
First sector (106496-104857599, default 106496): #默认扇区回车
Using default value 106496
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (106496-104857599, default 104857599): +100M #分配大小：+50M
Partition 5 of type Linux and of size 100 MiB is set
4. fdsik 查看分区情况 并保存
Command (m for help): p #查看分区情况
Disk /dev/sdb: 53.7 GB, 53687091200 bytes, 104857600 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x5072bb0a
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sdb1 2048 104447 51200 83 Linux
/dev/sdb2 104448 104857599 52376576 5 Extended
/dev/sdb5 106496 311295 102400 83 Linux
Command (m for help): w #保存并退出
The partition table has been altered!
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
Syncing disks.
[root@zhaoshuang ~]#
检查分区方式，刷新内核立即生效
partprobe
#检查磁盘是否是MBR分区方式
[root@zhaoshuang ~]#fdisk /dev/sdb -l |grep type
Disk label type: dos
#如未安装parted，则安装parted，后刷新内核立即生效，无需重启
[root@zhaoshuang ~]#yum -y install parted
[root@zhaoshuang ~]#partprobe /dev/sdb
使用mkfs 对磁盘进行格式化
-f 强制格式化
强制格式化 ： mkfs -t xfs /dev/sdb1
[root@zhaoshuang ~]#mkfs -t xfs /dev/sdb1
meta-data=/dev/sdb1 isize=512 agcount=2, agsize=6400 blks
= sectsz=512 attr=2, projid32bit=1
= crc=1 finobt=0, sparse=0
data = bsize=4096 blocks=12800, imaxpct=25
= sunit=0 swidth=0 blks
naming =version 2 bsize=4096 ascii-ci=0 ftype=1
log =internal log bsize=4096 blocks=855, version=2
= sectsz=512 sunit=0 blks, lazy-count=1
realtime =none extsz=4096 blocks=0, rtextents=0
挂载硬盘
[root@zhaoshuang ~]#mount /dev/sdb1 /data/sdb1/
[root@zhaoshuang ~]#df -h
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/sda3 18G 6.8G 12G 38% /
devtmpfs 476M 0 476M 0% /dev
tmpfs 487M 0 487M 0% /dev/shm
tmpfs 487M 7.6M 479M 2% /run
tmpfs 487M 0 487M 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/sda1 197M 105M 93M 54% /boot
tmpfs 98M 0 98M 0% /run/user/0
/dev/sdb1 47M 2.7M 45M 6% /data/sdb1
永久挂载
/dev/sdb1 /data/sdb1 xfs defaults 0 0
/dev/sdb5 /data/sdb5 xfs defaults 0 0
[root@zhaoshuang ~]#vim /etc/fstab
# /etc/fstab
# Created by anaconda on Mon Jun 10 21:22:24 2019
# Accessible filesystems, by reference, are maintained under '/dev/disk'
# See man pages fstab(5), findfs(8), mount(8) and/or blkid(8) for more info
UUID=1b609b66-5a99-4c6b-8798-2eb5a7a27338 /boot xfs defaults 0 0
UUID=73ee8622-75e1-478c-aee0-d377ef9e4a15 swap swap defaults 0 0
/dev/sdb1 /data/sdb1 xfs defaults 0 0
/dev/sdb5 /data/sdb5 xfs defaults 0 0