Shell提供了一组名为位置参数的变了,其中包含了命令行上的各个单词,这些变量按照0-9分别命名,
[sysadmin@ansible bin]$ cat posit-param.sh
#!/bin/bash
echo "
\$0 = $0
\$1 = $1
\$2 = $2
\$3 = $3
\$4 = $4
\$5 = $5
\$6 = $6
\$7 = $7
\$8 = $8
\$9 = $9
"
[sysadmin@ansible bin]$ posit-param.sh
$0 = /home/sysadmin/bin/posit-param.sh
$1 =
$2 =
$3 =
$4 =
$5 =
$6 =
$7 =
$8 =
$9 =
就算没有提供参数值,$0始终出现在命令行中的第一项,表示执行程序的路径。如果提供了参数值,会看到下列执行结果:
[sysadmin@ansible bin]$ posit-param.sh a b c d
$0 = /home/sysadmin/bin/posit-param.sh
$1 = a
$2 = b
$3 = c
$4 = d
$5 =
$6 =
$7 =
$8 =
$9 =
能通过参数扩展访问的位置参数不止9个,要想指定第9个之后的参数,将数字放入花括号中即可。即${10}、${211}等
Shell还提供了变量$#,其中包含了命令行中的参数个数
[sysadmin@ansible bin]$ cat posit-param.sh
#!/bin/bash
echo "
Number of arguments: $#
\$0 = $0
\$1 = $1
\$2 = $2
\$3 = $3
\$4 = $4
\$5 = $5
\$6 = $6
\$7 = $7
\$8 = $8
\$9 = $9
"
[sysadmin@ansible bin]$ posit-param.sh a b c d
Number of arguments: 4
$0 = /home/sysadmin/bin/posit-param.sh
$1 = a
$2 = b
$3 = c
$4 = d
$5 =
$6 =
$7 =
$8 =
$9 =
每执行一次shift命令,就将所有的参数“左移一个位置”。实际上,通过shift命令,我们可以从始至终只和一个参数打交道(除了$0):
[sysadmin@ansible bin]$ cat posit-param2.sh
#!/bin/bash
count=1
while [[ $# -gt 0 ]]; do
echo "Argument $count = $1"
count=$((count + 1))
shift
done
[sysadmin@ansible bin]$ posit-param2.sh a b c d
Argument 1 = a
Argument 2 = b
Argument 3 = c
Argument 4 = d
每次执行shift,$2的值就会移入$1,然后$3的值移入$2,依次类推。与此同时,$#的值也会相应减一。
[sysadmin@ansible bin]$ cat file-info
#!/bin/bash
#file-info
PROGNAME="$(basename "$0")"
if [[ -e "$1" ]]; then
echo -e "\nFile Type:"
file "$1"
echo -e "\nFile Status:"
stat "$1"
else
echo "$PROGNAME: usage: $PROGNAME file" >&2
exit 1
fi
位置参数既可以向Shell脚本传递参数,也可以向Shell函数传递参数。作为演示,我们将file_info脚本改写成Shell函数:
[sysadmin@ansible bin]$ cat file-info
#!/bin/bash
#file-info
file_info () {
if [[ -e "$1" ]]; then
echo -e "\nFile Type:"
file "$1"
echo -e "\nFile Status:"
stat "$1"
else
echo "$FUNCNAME: usage: $FUNCNAME file" >&2
return 1
fi
}
file_info "$1"
有时候批量处理所有位置参数更为实用,Shell为此提供了两个特殊参数*和@,两者均可扩展成完整的位置参数列表,但其区别有些微妙。
参数 | 描述 |
---|---|
$* | 扩展成从1开始的位置参数列表。如果它出现在双引号内部,则扩展成由双引号引用的字符串,其中包含了所有的位置参数,彼此之间以Shell变量IFS的第一个字符分割(默认是空格符) |
$@ | 扩展成从1开始的位置参数列表,如果它出现在双引号内部,则将每个位置参数扩展成独立的单词 |
[sysadmin@ansible bin]$ cat posit-params3
#!/bin/bash
# posit-params3
print_params () {
echo "\$1 = $1"
echo "\$2 = $2"
echo "\$3 = $3"
echo "\$4 = $4"
}
pass_params () {
echo -e "\n" '$* :';print_params $*
echo -e "\n" '"$*" :';print_params "$*"
echo -e "\n" '$@ :';print_params $@
echo -e "\n" '"$@" :';print_params "$@"
}
pass_params "word" "words with spaces"
[sysadmin@ansible bin]$ posit-params3
$* :
$1 = word
$2 = words
$3 = with
$4 = spaces
"$*" :
$1 = word words with spaces
$2 =
$3 =
$4 =
$@ :
$1 = word
$2 = words
$3 = with
$4 = spaces
"$@" :
$1 = word
$2 = words with spaces
$3 =
$4 =
到目前为止,“$@”适用于大部分情况,因为其保留了每个位置参数的整体性。为了保证安全性,应该坚持使用这种方法。