python -- Python 标准库
Python 标准库 [原始地址: https://docs.python.org/2/library/index.html]
- 1. Introduction
- 2. Built-in Functions
- 3. Non-essential Built-in Functions
- 4. Built-in Constants
- 4.1. Constants added by the site module
- 5. Built-in Types
- 5.1. Truth Value Testing
- 5.2. Boolean Operations — and, or, not
- 5.3. Comparisons
- 5.4. Numeric Types — int, float, long, complex
- 5.5. Iterator Types
- 5.6. Sequence Types — str, unicode, list, tuple, bytearray, buffer, xrange
- 5.7. Set Types — set, frozenset
- 5.8. Mapping Types — dict
- 5.9. File Objects
- 5.10. memoryview type
- 5.11. Context Manager Types
- 5.12. Other Built-in Types
- 5.13. Special Attributes
- 6. Built-in Exceptions
- 6.1. Exception hierarchy
- 7. String Services
- 7.1. string — Common string operations
- 7.2. re — Regular expression operations
- 7.3. struct — Interpret strings as packed binary data
- 7.4. difflib — Helpers for computing deltas
- 7.5. StringIO — Read and write strings as files
- 7.6. cStringIO — Faster version of StringIO
- 7.7. textwrap — Text wrapping and filling
- 7.8. codecs — Codec registry and base classes
- 7.9. unicodedata — Unicode Database
- 7.10. stringprep — Internet String Preparation
- 7.11. fpformat — Floating point conversions
- 8. Data Types
- 8.1. datetime — Basic date and time types
- 8.2. calendar — General calendar-related functions
- 8.3. collections — High-performance container datatypes
- 8.4. heapq — Heap queue algorithm
- 8.5. bisect — Array bisection algorithm
- 8.6. array — Efficient arrays of numeric values
- 8.7. sets — Unordered collections of unique elements
- 8.8. sched — Event scheduler
- 8.9. mutex — Mutual exclusion support
- 8.10. Queue — A synchronized queue class
- 8.11. weakref — Weak references
- 8.12. UserDict — Class wrapper for dictionary objects
- 8.13. UserList — Class wrapper for list objects
- 8.14. UserString — Class wrapper for string objects
- 8.15. types — Names for built-in types
- 8.16. new — Creation of runtime internal objects
- 8.17. copy — Shallow and deep copy operations
- 8.18. pprint — Data pretty printer
- 8.19. repr — Alternate repr() implementation
- 9. Numeric and Mathematical Modules
- 9.1. numbers — Numeric abstract base classes
- 9.2. math — Mathematical functions
- 9.3. cmath — Mathematical functions for complex numbers
- 9.4. decimal — Decimal fixed point and floating point arithmetic
- 9.5. fractions — Rational numbers
- 9.6. random — Generate pseudo-random numbers
- 9.7. itertools — Functions creating iterators for efficient looping
- 9.8. functools — Higher-order functions and operations on callable objects
- 9.9. operator — Standard operators as functions
- 10. File and Directory Access
- 10.1. os.path — Common pathname manipulations
- 10.2. fileinput — Iterate over lines from multiple input streams
- 10.3. stat — Interpreting stat() results
- 10.4. statvfs — Constants used with os.statvfs()
- 10.5. filecmp — File and Directory Comparisons
- 10.6. tempfile — Generate temporary files and directories
- 10.7. glob — Unix style pathname pattern expansion
- 10.8. fnmatch — Unix filename pattern matching
- 10.9. linecache — Random access to text lines
- 10.10. shutil — High-level file operations
- 10.11. dircache — Cached directory listings
- 10.12. macpath — Mac OS 9 path manipulation functions
- 11. Data Persistence
- 11.1. pickle — Python object serialization
- 11.2. cPickle — A faster pickle
- 11.3. copy_reg — Register pickle support functions
- 11.4. shelve — Python object persistence
- 11.5. marshal — Internal Python object serialization
- 11.6. anydbm — Generic access to DBM-style databases
- 11.7. whichdb — Guess which DBM module created a database
- 11.8. dbm — Simple “database” interface
- 11.9. gdbm — GNU’s reinterpretation of dbm
- 11.10. dbhash — DBM-style interface to the BSD database library
- 11.11. bsddb — Interface to Berkeley DB library
- 11.12. dumbdbm — Portable DBM implementation
- 11.13. sqlite3 — DB-API 2.0 interface for SQLite databases
- 12. Data Compression and Archiving
- 12.1. zlib — Compression compatible with gzip
- 12.2. gzip — Support for gzip files
- 12.3. bz2 — Compression compatible with bzip2
- 12.4. zipfile — Work with ZIP archives
- 12.5. tarfile — Read and write tar archive files
- 13. File Formats
- 13.1. csv — CSV File Reading and Writing
- 13.2. ConfigParser — Configuration file parser
- 13.3. robotparser — Parser for robots.txt
- 13.4. netrc — netrc file processing
- 13.5. xdrlib — Encode and decode XDR data
- 13.6. plistlib — Generate and parse Mac OS X .plist files
- 14. Cryptographic Services
- 14.1. hashlib — Secure hashes and message digests
- 14.2. hmac — Keyed-Hashing for Message Authentication
- 14.3. md5 — MD5 message digest algorithm
- 14.4. sha — SHA-1 message digest algorithm
- 15. Generic Operating System Services
- 15.1. os — Miscellaneous operating system interfaces
- 15.2. io — Core tools for working with streams
- 15.3. time — Time access and conversions
- 15.4. argparse — Parser for command-line options, arguments and sub-commands
- 15.5. optparse — Parser for command line options
- 15.6. getopt — C-style parser for command line options
- 15.7. logging — Logging facility for Python
- 15.8. logging.config — Logging configuration
- 15.9. logging.handlers — Logging handlers
- 15.10. getpass — Portable password input
- 15.11. curses — Terminal handling for character-cell displays
- 15.12. curses.textpad — Text input widget for curses programs
- 15.13. curses.ascii — Utilities for ASCII characters
- 15.14. curses.panel — A panel stack extension for curses
- 15.15. platform — Access to underlying platform’s identifying data
- 15.16. errno — Standard errno system symbols
- 15.17. ctypes — A foreign function library for Python
- 16. Optional Operating System Services
- 16.1. select — Waiting for I/O completion
- 16.2. threading — Higher-level threading interface
- 16.3. thread — Multiple threads of control
- 16.4. dummy_threading — Drop-in replacement for the threading module
- 16.5. dummy_thread — Drop-in replacement for the thread module
- 16.6. multiprocessing — Process-based “threading” interface
- 16.7. mmap — Memory-mapped file support
- 16.8. readline — GNU readline interface
- 16.9. rlcompleter — Completion function for GNU readline
- 17. Interprocess Communication and Networking
- 17.1. subprocess — Subprocess management
- 17.2. socket — Low-level networking interface
- 17.3. ssl — TLS/SSL wrapper for socket objects
- 17.4. signal — Set handlers for asynchronous events
- 17.5. popen2 — Subprocesses with accessible I/O streams
- 17.6. asyncore — Asynchronous socket handler
- 17.7. asynchat — Asynchronous socket command/response handler
- 18. Internet Data Handling
- 18.1. email — An email and MIME handling package
- 18.2. json — JSON encoder and decoder
- 18.3. mailcap — Mailcap file handling
- 18.4. mailbox — Manipulate mailboxes in various formats
- 18.5. mhlib — Access to MH mailboxes
- 18.6. mimetools — Tools for parsing MIME messages
- 18.7. mimetypes — Map filenames to MIME types
- 18.8. MimeWriter — Generic MIME file writer
- 18.9. mimify — MIME processing of mail messages
- 18.10. multifile — Support for files containing distinct parts
- 18.11. rfc822 — Parse RFC 2822 mail headers
- 18.12. base64 — RFC 3548: Base16, Base32, Base64 Data Encodings
- 18.13. binhex — Encode and decode binhex4 files
- 18.14. binascii — Convert between binary and ASCII
- 18.15. quopri — Encode and decode MIME quoted-printable data
- 18.16. uu — Encode and decode uuencode files
- 19. Structured Markup Processing Tools
- 19.1. HTMLParser — Simple HTML and XHTML parser
- 19.2. sgmllib — Simple SGML parser
- 19.3. htmllib — A parser for HTML documents
- 19.4. htmlentitydefs — Definitions of HTML general entities
- 19.5. XML Processing Modules
- 19.6. XML vulnerabilities
- 19.7. xml.etree.ElementTree — The ElementTree XML API
- 19.8. xml.dom — The Document Object Model API
- 19.9. xml.dom.minidom — Minimal DOM implementation
- 19.10. xml.dom.pulldom — Support for building partial DOM trees
- 19.11. xml.sax — Support for SAX2 parsers
- 19.12. xml.sax.handler — Base classes for SAX handlers
- 19.13. xml.sax.saxutils — SAX Utilities
- 19.14. xml.sax.xmlreader — Interface for XML parsers
- 19.15. xml.parsers.expat — Fast XML parsing using Expat
- 20. Internet Protocols and Support
- 20.1. webbrowser — Convenient Web-browser controller
- 20.2. cgi — Common Gateway Interface support
- 20.3. cgitb — Traceback manager for CGI scripts
- 20.4. wsgiref — WSGI Utilities and Reference Implementation
- 20.5. urllib — Open arbitrary resources by URL
- 20.6. urllib2 — extensible library for opening URLs
- 20.7. httplib — HTTP protocol client
- 20.8. ftplib — FTP protocol client
- 20.9. poplib — POP3 protocol client
- 20.10. imaplib — IMAP4 protocol client
- 20.11. nntplib — NNTP protocol client
- 20.12. smtplib — SMTP protocol client
- 20.13. smtpd — SMTP Server
- 20.14. telnetlib — Telnet client
- 20.15. uuid — UUID objects according to RFC 4122
- 20.16. urlparse — Parse URLs into components
- 20.17. SocketServer — A framework for network servers
- 20.18. BaseHTTPServer — Basic HTTP server
- 20.19. SimpleHTTPServer — Simple HTTP request handler
- 20.20. CGIHTTPServer — CGI-capable HTTP request handler
- 20.21. cookielib — Cookie handling for HTTP clients
- 20.22. Cookie — HTTP state management
- 20.23. xmlrpclib — XML-RPC client access
- 20.24. SimpleXMLRPCServer — Basic XML-RPC server
- 20.25. DocXMLRPCServer — Self-documenting XML-RPC server
- 21. Multimedia Services
- 21.1. audioop — Manipulate raw audio data
- 21.2. imageop — Manipulate raw image data
- 21.3. aifc — Read and write AIFF and AIFC files
- 21.4. sunau — Read and write Sun AU files
- 21.5. wave — Read and write WAV files
- 21.6. chunk — Read IFF chunked data
- 21.7. colorsys — Conversions between color systems
- 21.8. imghdr — Determine the type of an image
- 21.9. sndhdr — Determine type of sound file
- 21.10. ossaudiodev — Access to OSS-compatible audio devices
- 22. Internationalization
- 22.1. gettext — Multilingual internationalization services
- 22.2. locale — Internationalization services
- 23. Program Frameworks
- 23.1. cmd — Support for line-oriented command interpreters
- 23.2. shlex — Simple lexical analysis
- 24. Graphical User Interfaces with Tk
- 24.1. Tkinter — Python interface to Tcl/Tk
- 24.2. ttk — Tk themed widgets
- 24.3. Tix — Extension widgets for Tk
- 24.4. ScrolledText — Scrolled Text Widget
- 24.5. turtle — Turtle graphics for Tk
- 24.6. IDLE
- 24.7. Other Graphical User Interface Packages
- 25. Development Tools
- 25.1. pydoc — Documentation generator and online help system
- 25.2. doctest — Test interactive Python examples
- 25.3. unittest — Unit testing framework
- 25.4. 2to3 - Automated Python 2 to 3 code translation
- 25.5. test — Regression tests package for Python
- 25.6. test.test_support — Utility functions for tests
- 26. Debugging and Profiling
- 26.1. bdb — Debugger framework
- 26.2. pdb — The Python Debugger
- 26.3. Debugger Commands
- 26.4. The Python Profilers
- 26.5. hotshot — High performance logging profiler
- 26.6. timeit — Measure execution time of small code snippets
- 26.7. trace — Trace or track Python statement execution
- 27. Python Runtime Services
- 27.1. sys — System-specific parameters and functions
- 27.2. sysconfig — Provide access to Python’s configuration information
- 27.3. __builtin__ — Built-in objects
- 27.4. future_builtins — Python 3 builtins
- 27.5. __main__ — Top-level script environment
- 27.6. warnings — Warning control
- 27.7. contextlib — Utilities for with-statement contexts
- 27.8. abc — Abstract Base Classes
- 27.9. atexit — Exit handlers
- 27.10. traceback — Print or retrieve a stack traceback
- 27.11. __future__ — Future statement definitions
- 27.12. gc — Garbage Collector interface
- 27.13. inspect — Inspect live objects
- 27.14. site — Site-specific configuration hook
- 27.15. user — User-specific configuration hook
- 27.16. fpectl — Floating point exception control
- 27.17. distutils — Building and installing Python modules
- 28. Custom Python Interpreters
- 28.1. code — Interpreter base classes
- 28.2. codeop — Compile Python code
- 29. Restricted Execution
- 29.1. rexec — Restricted execution framework
- 29.2. Bastion — Restricting access to objects
- 30. Importing Modules
- 30.1. imp — Access the import internals
- 30.2. importlib – Convenience wrappers for __import__()
- 30.3. imputil — Import utilities
- 30.4. zipimport — Import modules from Zip archives
- 30.5. pkgutil — Package extension utility
- 30.6. modulefinder — Find modules used by a script
- 30.7. runpy — Locating and executing Python modules
- 31. Python Language Services
- 31.1. parser — Access Python parse trees
- 31.2. ast — Abstract Syntax Trees
- 31.3. symtable — Access to the compiler’s symbol tables
- 31.4. symbol — Constants used with Python parse trees
- 31.5. token — Constants used with Python parse trees
- 31.6. keyword — Testing for Python keywords
- 31.7. tokenize — Tokenizer for Python source
- 31.8. tabnanny — Detection of ambiguous indentation
- 31.9. pyclbr — Python class browser support
- 31.10. py_compile — Compile Python source files
- 31.11. compileall — Byte-compile Python libraries
- 31.12. dis — Disassembler for Python bytecode
- 31.13. pickletools — Tools for pickle developers
- 32. Python compiler package
- 32.1. The basic interface
- 32.2. Limitations
- 32.3. Python Abstract Syntax
- 32.4. Using Visitors to Walk ASTs
- 32.5. Bytecode Generation
- 33. Miscellaneous Services
- 33.1. formatter — Generic output formatting
- 34. MS Windows Specific Services
- 34.1. msilib — Read and write Microsoft Installer files
- 34.2. msvcrt – Useful routines from the MS VC++ runtime
- 34.3. _winreg – Windows registry access
- 34.4. winsound — Sound-playing interface for Windows
- 35. Unix Specific Services
- 35.1. posix — The most common POSIX system calls
- 35.2. pwd — The password database
- 35.3. spwd — The shadow password database
- 35.4. grp — The group database
- 35.5. crypt — Function to check Unix passwords
- 35.6. dl — Call C functions in shared objects
- 35.7. termios — POSIX style tty control
- 35.8. tty — Terminal control functions
- 35.9. pty — Pseudo-terminal utilities
- 35.10. fcntl — The fcntl and ioctl system calls
- 35.11. pipes — Interface to shell pipelines
- 35.12. posixfile — File-like objects with locking support
- 35.13. resource — Resource usage information
- 35.14. nis — Interface to Sun’s NIS (Yellow Pages)
- 35.15. syslog — Unix syslog library routines
- 35.16. commands — Utilities for running commands
- 36. Mac OS X specific services
- 36.1. ic — Access to the Mac OS X Internet Config
- 36.2. MacOS — Access to Mac OS interpreter features
- 36.3. macostools — Convenience routines for file manipulation
- 36.4. findertools — The finder‘s Apple Events interface
- 36.5. EasyDialogs — Basic Macintosh dialogs
- 36.6. FrameWork — Interactive application framework
- 36.7. autoGIL — Global Interpreter Lock handling in event loops
- 36.8. Mac OS Toolbox Modules
- 36.9. ColorPicker — Color selection dialog
- 37. MacPython OSA Modules
- 37.1. gensuitemodule — Generate OSA stub packages
- 37.2. aetools — OSA client support
- 37.3. aepack — Conversion between Python variables and AppleEvent data containers
- 37.4. aetypes — AppleEvent objects
- 37.5. MiniAEFrame — Open Scripting Architecture server support
- 38. SGI IRIX Specific Services
- 38.1. al — Audio functions on the SGI
- 38.2. AL — Constants used with the al module
- 38.3. cd — CD-ROM access on SGI systems
- 38.4. fl — FORMS library for graphical user interfaces
- 38.5. FL — Constants used with the fl module
- 38.6. flp — Functions for loading stored FORMS designs
- 38.7. fm — Font Manager interface
- 38.8. gl — Graphics Library interface
- 38.9. DEVICE — Constants used with the gl module
- 38.10. GL — Constants used with the gl module
- 38.11. imgfile — Support for SGI imglib files
- 38.12. jpeg — Read and write JPEG files
- 39. SunOS Specific Services
- 39.1. sunaudiodev — Access to Sun audio hardware
- 39.2. SUNAUDIODEV — Constants used with sunaudiodev
- 40. Undocumented Modules
- 40.1. Miscellaneous useful utilities
- 40.2. Platform specific modules
- 40.3. Multimedia
- 40.4. Undocumented Mac OS modules
- 40.5. Obsolete
- 40.6. SGI-specific Extension modules