【CFA1级】理解平衡表(资产负债表)

应当特别关注平衡表科目的计算方法，平衡表价值的波动与收入表和所有者权益怎样关联。重点科目包括存货，长期资产，递延税，长期负债。

1 平衡表 reports the firm's financial position at a point in time.
Assets: Resources controlled as a result of past transactions that are expected to provide future economic benefits.
Liabilities: Obligations expected to require an outflow of economic resources.
Equity: Owner's residual interest in the assets after deducting the liabilities. Or net assets.
一个平衡表科目在未来经济损益很可能发生且价值可估计时应当被确认。

2 平衡表应用
可用于分析公司短期流动性管理和长期偿债能力评估。平衡表不代表公司市值或内在价值，因为其各项价值的确认基础并不统一。雇员价值、公司声誉也没有包含在内。

3 即期资产 Current assets
现金和在一年或一个营运周期内可转换为现金的资产。营运周期operating cycle购买/生产存货、卖出产品、获取现金的用时。

4 即期负债 Current Liabilities 期内结算/1年内结算/为交易目的持有的负债
Working capital=current asset- current liability

5 应收账款 Accounts Receivable
计提bad debt expense到allowance for doubtful accounts坏账准备

6 存货价值确认 在理解收入表中提过。

7 预付账款 Prepaid expense
费用真实产生时，减资产项预付账款，增加收入表费用。

8 递延税资产 deferred tax asset
应付税费大于收入表税费时产生。以上都是资产项，以下是负债项。

9 应计费用 accrued liabilities
权责发生制下产生但未支付的费用，如第一季度确认年利息费用的四分之一。

10 商誉 goodwill
The excess of purchase price over the fair value of the identifiable net assets acquired in a business acquisition.
商誉并非单独计量，而是根据收购价溢出净资产的部分配平。分析财报时分析师应该剔除商誉科目，衡量企业估值时应该从未来盈利能力出发，而非商誉所依靠的过去收购估值。

11 金融资产 Financial Assets
根据金融资产具体类型，应采用不同的确认方法。

金融资产计量

12 递延税负债 deferred tax liabilities
当费用或损失在收入表确认之前就应该纳税，或收入在纳税之前就确认进收入表，会产生递延税负债。当补缴税款后此项减少。

13 尚存股份 权益科目。
outstanding shares= issued shares- shares reacquired by the firm

14 累计其他综合性收益 accumulated other comprehensive income
包含所有 所有者权益的改变， 除了在收入表确认的交易，除了与股东的直接交易-增发，回购股份，支付股息等。区分收入表的综合性收入科目-一个期间内的收入计量。累计其他综合性收益则是一个时点之前所有的所有者权益的计量。

15 流动性比率 财务分析
Liquidity ratios measure the firm's ability to satisfy its short-term obligations as they come due.
current ratio=current assets/current liabilities
quick ratio=(cash+ marketable securities+ receivables)/current liabilities
cash ratio=(cash+ marketable securities)/current liabilities

16 偿债能力比率
Solvency ratios measures ability to satisfy long-term obligations.
long-term debt-to-equity= long term debt/total equity
total debt to equity=total debt/total equity
debt ratio=total debt/ total asset
financial leverage= total assets/total equity
财务指标应当整体看待。