Swift常用基础知识(二)

Swift常用基础知识(一)

函数式编程

函数合成

func add1(_ v1: Int, _ v2: Int) -> Int { v1 + v2 }

func currying(_ fn: @escaping (A, B) -> C) -> (B) -> (A) -> C {
    return { b in
        return { a in
            return fn(a, b)}
    }
}
print(currying(add1)(20)(10))


func add(_ v1: Int, _ v2: Int) -> Int { v1 + v2 }
func sub(_ v1: Int, _ v2: Int) -> Int { v1 - v2 }
func multiple(_ v1: Int, _ v2: Int) -> Int { v1 * v2 }
func divide(_ v1: Int, _ v2: Int) -> Int { v1 / v2 }
func mod(_ v1: Int, _ v2: Int) -> Int { v1 % v2 }

print(currying(add)(20)(100),
currying(sub)(20)(100),
currying(multiple)(20)(100),
currying(divide)(20)(100),
currying(mod)(20)(100))

柯里化(Currying)

prefix func ~(_ fn: @escaping (A, B) -> C) -> (B) -> (A) -> C {
    { b in { a in return fn(a, b) } }
}

infix operator >>> : AdditionPrecedence
func >>>(_ fn1: @escaping (A) -> B, _ fn2: @escaping (B) -> C) -> (A) -> C {
    { fn2(fn1($0)) }
}
var num = 1
var fn = (~add)(3) >>> (~multiple)(5) >>> (~sub)(1) >>> (~mod)(10) >>> (~divide)(2)
print(fn(num))
print((((num+3)*5 - 1) % 10) / 2)

func add2(_ v1: Int, _ v2: Int, _ v3: Int) -> Int { v1 - v2 + v3 }
prefix func ~(_ fn: @escaping (A, B, C) -> D) -> (C) -> (B) -> (A) -> D {
    { c in { b in { a in return fn(a, b, c) } } }
}
//20
print((~add2)(30)(20)(10)

函子(Functor)

  • 像Array、 Optional这样支持map允许的类型,称为函子(Functor)
public func map(_ transform: (Element) throws -> T) rethrows -> [T]
public func map(_ transform: (Wrapped) throws -> U) rethrows -> U?
  • Functor is the Type Justlike have this method
func map(_ fn: (Inner) -> T) -> Type

适用函子(Applicative Functor)

  • 对人员一个函子F,如果能支持一下运算,该函子就是一个适用函子
//func pure(_ value: T) -> F
//func <*>(_ fn: F<(A) -> B>, _ value: F) -> F
  • Array可以成为适用函子
func pure(_ value: T) -> T? { value}
infix operator <*> : AdditionPrecedence
func <*>(_ fn: ((A) -> B)?, _ value: A?) -> B? {
    guard let f = fn, let v = value else { return nil}
    return f(v)
}

var value: Int? = 10
var fn: ((Int) -> Int)? = { $0 * 2 }
Optional(20)
print(fn <*> value as Any)

//Optional可以成为适用函子

func pure(_ value: T) -> [T] { [value] }
func <*>(_ fn: [(A) -> B], _ value: [A]) -> [B] {
    var array: [B] = []
    if fn.count == value.count {
        for i in fn.startIndex.. [1, 2, 3]
//[2, 12, -2]
print(array)

单子(Monad)

  • 对任意一个类型F,如果嫩支持以下运算,那么就可以称为是一个单子(Monad)
func pure(_ value: T) -> F
func flatMap(_ value: F, _ fn: (A) -> F) -> F
  • 很显然Array、 Optional都是单子

面向协议编程

■ 面向协议编程( Protocol Oriented Programming ,简称POP )

  • 是Swift的一种编程范式,Apple于2015年WWDC提出
  • 在Swift的标准库中,能见到大量POP的影子
    ■ 同时, Swift也是一-门面向对象的编程语言( Object Oriented Programming ,简称OOP )
  • 在Swift开发中, OOP和POP是相辅相成的,任何一方并不能取代另一方
    ■ POP能弥补OOP-些设计上的不足

回顾OOP

■ OOP的三大特性:封装、继承、多态
■ 继承的经典使用场合

  • 当多个类(比如A、B、C类)具有很多共性时,可以将这些共性抽取到一个父类中(比如D类) , 最后A、B、C类继承D类

OOP的不足

■ 但是有些问题,使用OOP并不能很好解决

  • 如何将BVC、AVC的公共方法run抽取出来?
class BVC: UIViewController {
    func run() {
        print("run")
    }
}
class AVC: UIViewController {
    func run() {
        print("run")
    }
}

■ 基于OOP想到的一些解决方案?
1.将run方法放到另一个对象A中,然后BVC、DVC拥有对象A属性

  • 多了一些额外的依赖关系
    2.将run方法增加到UIViewController分类中
  • UIViewController会越来越臃肿,而且会影响它的其他所有子类
    3.将run方法抽取到新的父类,采用多继承? ( C++支持多继承 )
  • 会增加程序设计复杂度,产生菱形继承等问题,需要开发者额外解决

POP的解决方案

protocol Runnable {
    func run()
}
extension Runnable {
    func run() {
        print("run")
    }
}
class AVC: UIViewController, Runnable {}
class BVC: UIViewController, Runnable {}

POP的注意点

■ 优先考虑创建协议,而不是父类(基类)
■ 优先考虑值类型(struct、enum), 而不是引用类型( class )
■ 巧用协议的扩展功能
■ 不要为了面向协议而使用协议

利用协议实现前缀效果

struct HY {
    let base: Base
    init(_ base: Base) { self.base = base }
}
protocol HYCompatible {}
extension HYCompatible {
    static var hy: HY.Type {
        get { HY.self }
        set {}
    }
    var hy: HY {
        get { HY(self) }
        set {}
    }
}
extension String: HYCompatible {}
extension HY where Base == String {
    var numberCount: Int {
        var count = 0
        for c in base where ("0"..."9").contains(c) {
            count += 1
        }
        return count
    }
    static func test() {
        print("\(Self.self) static")
    }
}
var string = "123qwe434"
// 6
print(string.hy.numberCount)
//HY static
print(String.hy.test())
class Person {}
extension Person: HYCompatible {}
extension HY where Base: Person {
    func run() {
        print("\(self) run")
    }
    static func test() { print("\(Self.self) static func") }
}
class Teacher: Person {}
extension HY where Base == Teacher {
    func teach() {
        print("teach")
    }
}
//HY static func
Person.hy.test()
//HY static func
Teacher.hy.test()
let p = Person()
//HY(base: Adam_20220925_SwiftBase.Person) run
p.hy.run()
let t = Teacher()
//HY(base: Adam_20220925_SwiftBase.Teacher) run
t.hy.run()

给NSString加前缀

extension NSString: HYCompatible {}
extension HY where Base: NSString {
    var numberCount: Int {
        var count = 0
        for c in base as String where ("0"..."9").contains(c) {
            count += 1
        }
        return count
    }
}
var string1 = "123XXX"
var string2: NSString = "123XXX"
var string3: NSMutableString = "123XXX"
print(string1.hy.numberCount)
print(string2.hy.numberCount)
print(string3.hy.numberCount)

给NSString加前缀优化

extension String: HYCompatible {}
extension NSString: HYCompatible {}

extension HY where Base: ExpressibleByStringLiteral {
    var numberCount: Int {
        var count = 0
        for c in (base as! String) where ("0"..."9").contains(c) {
            count += 1
        }
        return count
    }
}
var string1 = "123XXX"
var string2: NSString = "1234XXX"
var string3: NSMutableString = "12345XXX"
print(string1.hy.numberCount)
print(string2.hy.numberCount)
print(string3.hy.numberCount)

利用协议判断类型

protocol ArrayType {}
extension Array: ArrayType {}
extension NSArray: ArrayType {}
func isArrayType(_ type: Any.Type) -> Bool {
    type is ArrayType.Type
}
print(isArrayType([Int].self))
print(isArrayType([Double].self))
print(isArrayType([Any].self))
print(isArrayType(NSArray.self))
print(isArrayType(NSMutableArray.self))
print(isArrayType(String.self))

响应式编程

响应式编程( Reactive Programming ,简称RP )

  • 也是y一种编程范式,于1997年提出,可以简化异步编程,提供更优雅的数据绑定
  • 一般与函数式融合在一起,所以也会叫做:函数响应式编程( Functional Reactive Programming,简称FRP )
    比较著名的、成熟的响应式框架

❇️ ReactiveCocoa :

  • 简称RAC ,有Objective-C、 Swift版本
  • 官网:,http://reactivecocoa.iol
  • github: https://github.com/ReactiveCocoa

❇️ ReactiveX

  • 简称Rx ,有众多编程语言的版本,比如RxJava、 RxKotlin、 RxJS. RxCpp、 RxPHP、 RxGo、 RxSwift等等
  • 官网:http://reactivex.io/
  • github: https://github.com/ReactiveX

RxSwift

■ RxSwift ( ReactiveX for Swift ) , ReactiveX的Swift版本

  • 源码: https://github.com/ReactiveX/RxSwift
  • 中文文档: https://beeth0ven.github.io/RxSwift-Chinese-Documentation/

■ RxSwift的安装
①Podfile
use_ frameworks!
target 'target_ name' do
pod 'RxSwift', '~> 6'
pod 'RxCocoa', '~> 6'
end

②命令行
pod repo update
pod install
③导入模块
import RxSwift
import RxCocoa

■ 模块说明

  • RxSwift : Rx标准API的Swift实现,不包括任何iOS相关的内容
  • RxCocoa :基于RxSwift ,给iOS UI控件扩展了很多Rx特性

RxSwift核心类

  • Observable:负责发送事件(Event)
  • Observer: 负责订阅Observable,监听Observable发送的事件

Event 类型

/// **next\* (error | completed)**
@frozen public enum Event {
    /// Next element is produced.
    case next(Element)

    /// Sequence terminated with an error.
    case error(Swift.Error)

    /// Sequence completed successfully.
    case completed
}

创建、订阅observable1


//        let observable = Observable.create { observer in
//            observer.onNext(1)
//            observer.onCompleted()
//            return Disposables.create()
//        }
// 等价于
//        let observable = Observable.just(1)
//        let observable = Observable.of(1)
        let observable = Observable.from([1])
        
        observable.subscribe{ event in
            print(event)
        }.dispose()
//        let observable = Observable.create { observer in
//            observer.onNext(1)
//            observer.onNext(2)
//            observer.onNext(3)
//            observer.onCompleted()
//            return Disposables.create()
//        }
// 等价于
//        let observable = Observable.of(1, 2, 3)
        let observable = Observable.from([1, 2, 3])
        
        observable.subscribe{ event in
            print(event)
        }.dispose()
        
        
        observable.subscribe {
            print("next", $0)
        } onError: {
            print("onError", $0)
        } onCompleted: {
            print("onCompleted")
        } onDisposed: {
            print("onDisposed")
        }.dispose()
        // 等价于
        observable.subscribe (onNext: {
            print("next", $0)
        }, onError: {
            print("onError", $0)
        }, onCompleted: {
            print("onCompleted")
        }, onDisposed: {
            print("onDisposed")
        }).dispose()

创建、订阅observable2

let observable = Observable.timer(.seconds(3),
                                               period: .seconds(1),
                                               scheduler: MainScheduler.instance)
        observable
            .map{ "数值为\($0)"}
            .bind(to: label.rx.text)
            .disposed(by: bag)

Disposable

    ■每当Observable被订阅时,都会返回一个Disposable实例,当调用Disposable的dispose ,就相当于取消订阅
    ■在不需要再接收事件时,建议取消订阅,释放资源。有3种常见方式取消订阅
       let observable = Observable.from([1, 2, 3])
       //立即取消订阅(一次性订阅)
       observable.subscribe { event in
           print (event )
       }.dispose()
       //当bag销毁(deinit) 时,会自动调用Disposab le实例的dispose
       observable.subscribe { event in
           print(event)
       }.disposed(by: bag)
       // self销毁时(deinit) 时,会自动调用Disposable实例的dispose
       let _ = observable.takeUntil(self.rx.deallocated).subscribe { event in
           print(event)
       }

Binder Label

let binder = Binder(label) { label, value in
            label.text = value
        }
        Observable.just(1).map { "数值为\($0)" }.subscribe(binder).dispose()
        Observable.from([1, 2, 3]).map { "数值为\($0)" }.bind(to: binder).dispose()

Binder UIButton

        let observable = Observable.timer(.seconds(2),
                                               period: .seconds(1),
                                               scheduler: MainScheduler.instance)
        let binder = Binder(button) { button, value in
            button.isHidden = value
        }
        observable.map { $0 % 2 == 0}.bind(to: binder).disposed(by: bag)

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