【前端37_Node 服务】Node 原生、Koa 框架
文章目录
-
- 前言
- Node 原生
-
- 创建一个服务：Hello Node.js
- 支持中文：设置 setHeader
- 如何判断路由：req.url
- 内置模块 url
- 如何返回页面：fs
-
- 文件读取
- 流读取
- 处理页面中引入的 JS：设置Content-type
- 其他资源处理 Content-type：MIME
- 模板引擎
- Koa 框架
-
- 创建一个服务：Hello Koa.js
- 中间件
-
- 用法
- 执行顺序：洋葱模型
- 错误处理：监听 error
- 路由
- 使用模板引擎加载页面：koa-views
- 引入静态外部资源：koa-static
- 接收 post 请求传递来的参数：koa-body
- 其他知识补充
-
- 默认请求方式为 get 的几种情况
- 环境变量：__dirname
- 代码
-
- MIME.json
前言
又来写点了，之前玩物丧志，然后跳槽，搬家，安顿，比较折腾了，没怎么学习和记笔记，哈哈哈哈
Node 原生
创建一个服务：Hello Node.js
首先起一个简单的服务，新建一个 js文件，写入以下命令，并用 node xx.js 运行起来，之后在浏览器中访问 本地3000 端口。
// 导入内置模块 http
const http = require("http");
// 创建服务
const server = http.createServer((req, res) => {
res.end("hello Node.js");
});
// 启动服务，监听 3000 端口
server.listen(3000);
支持中文：设置 setHeader
如果我返回一些中文，之后页面会出现如下乱码
const http = require("http");
const server = http.createServer((req, res) => {
res.end("你好 Node.js");
});
server.listen(3000);
页面出现乱码：Mac
windows 的页面可能是这样的
// 页面
浣犲ソ Node.js
这是因为我们没有设置返回的文字编码，解决的办法就是 添加页面文字编码
const http = require("http");
const server = http.createServer((req, res) => {
res.setHeader('content-type','text/html;charset=utf-8') // 添加页面文字编码
res.end("你好 Node.js");
});
server.listen(3000);
如何判断路由：req.url
可以通过 req.url 判断用户访问的那个地址，req.url 是用户在地址栏中输入的端口号后面的字符串，栗子：http://localhost:3000/index 或者是 http://localhost:3000/song。
req.url 也会带 ? 后面的参数，比方说 http://localhost:3000/song?name=周杰伦 这个时候 req.url 就等于 /song?name=周杰伦 了。
const http = require("http");
const server = http.createServer((req, res) => {
let url = req.url;
res.setHeader("content-type", "text/html;charset=utf-8");
if (url === "/" || url === "/index") {
res.end("主页");
} else {
res.end("其他页面");
}
});
server.listen(3000);
内置模块 url
那这样的话就会出现问题，路由会匹配不到的，这时候我们就要想如何拿到不带参数的路由名称。
这里有个新的内置模块 url 他会帮你解析一下
const http = require("http");
const url = require("url");
const server = http.createServer((req, res) => {
res.setHeader("content-type", "text/html;charset=utf-8");
let reqUrl = req.url;
let realUrl = url.parse(reqUrl); // 解析 url，可以打印一下 realUrl 查看
console.log(realUrl);
if (realUrl.pathname === "/" || realUrl.pathname === "/index") {
res.end("主页");
} else {
res.end("其他页面");
}
});
server.listen(3000);
如何返回页面：fs
文件读取
当我们想要给前端返回一个页面的时候，我们需要先加载一下 html 文件，然后返回
这里在插一嘴：前端的所有路由都是假路由！
首先呢，在项目下新建一个 view 文件夹，里面存放着我么要返回给前端展示的页面html文件
然后写好html ，运行下面的 node 脚本
const http = require("http");
const url = require("url");
const fs = require('fs')
const server = http.createServer((req, res) => {
res.setHeader("content-type", "text/html;charset=utf-8");
let reqUrl = req.url;
let realUrl = url.parse(reqUrl);
console.log(realUrl);
if (realUrl.pathname === "/" || realUrl.pathname === "/index") {
let htmlData = fs.readFileSync('./view/index.html')
res.end(htmlData);
} else {
let htmlData = fs.readFileSync('./view/other.html')
res.end(htmlData);
}
});
server.listen(3000);
当然，如果html文件比较大的话，一次性读到内存，对于比较次的电脑会比较吃力，我们可以通过流读取来优化一下。
流读取
const http = require("http");
const url = require("url");
const fs = require("fs");
const server = http.createServer((req, res) => {
res.setHeader("content-type", "text/html;charset=utf-8");
let reqUrl = req.url;
let realUrl = url.parse(reqUrl);
if (realUrl.pathname === "/" || realUrl.pathname === "/index") {
// 流方式：节约内存
let rs = fs.createReadStream("./view/index.html");
// 通过管道写到 res 里
rs.pipe(res);
} else {
let rs = fs.createReadStream("./view/other.html");
rs.pipe(res);
}
});
server.listen(3000);
处理页面中引入的 JS：设置Content-type
当我们在 index.html 页面上引入了一个脚本的时候
DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<title>Documenttitle>
<script src="./a.js">script>
head>
<body>
<h2>我是主页h2>
body>
html>
此时，这个 a.js 会有作用吗？
访问一下http://localhost:3000/ 后，发现报错了
Uncaught SyntaxError: Unexpected token ‘<’
这是我们引入的资源不正确导致的，至于为什么报这个错误，我也不懂~
我是知道 a.js 这个文件页面它没找到，那如何处理呢？我们也需要把这个 js 读出取来，然后放到res里
为什么这么可以呢？浅显的理解就是：当页面发现你引入了 a.js 的时候，会发起一个请求，去后台请求 a.js ，这个是在 createServer 里能打印出来的。
const http = require("http");
const url = require("url");
const fs = require("fs");
const server = http.createServer((req, res) => {
res.setHeader("content-type", "text/html;charset=utf-8");
let reqUrl = req.url;
let realUrl = url.parse(reqUrl);
console.log(reqUrl);
if (realUrl.pathname === "/" || realUrl.pathname === "/index") {
let rs = fs.createReadStream("./view/index.html");
rs.pipe(res);
} else if(realUrl.pathname === '/other'){
let rs = fs.createReadStream("./view/other.html");
rs.pipe(res);
} else {
// 处理 a.js
// 你会发现，在html 中引入的资源也会在 req.url 中找到
let rs = fs.createReadStream('./view' + realUrl.pathname)
rs.pipe(res)
}
});
server.listen(3000);
此时 a.js 就可以正常的引入了，不过会报错，因为找不到 favicon.ico，这个先不用管，或者添加个if条件，也并不是重点，只需要了解知道即可。
我们请求的所有资源都会走
createServer的，比方说页面中引入了a.js，那么他也会走一遍createServer
比较隐形的例子就是favicon.ico了！所以你会疑惑，为什么上面的代码req打印了两遍，原因可能是这个哦。
其他资源处理 Content-type：MIME
此时还会有一个问题，所有的资源需要配置适合自己的 Content-type，否则就会出现错误或者失效，比方说我写一个 css ，并在页面中引入
// css 文件
body{
background: red;
}
// index.js
// 服务器启动脚本
const http = require("http")
const url = require("url")
const fs = require("fs")
// const mime = require("./mime.json") // 注意这里注释掉了~等会记得松开注释
const path = require("path")
const server = http.createServer((req, res) => {
res.setHeader("content-type", "text/html;charset=utf-8")
let urlObj = url.parse(req.url)
console.log(urlObj.pathname)
if (urlObj.pathname === "/" || urlObj.pathname === "/index") {
let indexData = fs.createReadStream("./views/index.html")
indexData.pipe(res)
} else {
if (urlObj.pathname !== "/favicon.ico") {
// let ext = path.extname(urlObj.pathname)
// res.setHeader("Content-Type", mime[ext]) // 通过请求的资源后缀名，来返回对应的 Content-type 的类型
let resData = fs.createReadStream("./views" + urlObj.pathname)
resData.pipe(res)
}
}
})
server.listen(3001);
整体展示如下，注意看一下右边的文件路径。
页面样式如下
而且页面的效果也没有，这个css根本没起作用啊，所以要配置一下
const http = require("http")
const url = require("url")
const fs = require("fs")
const mime = require("./mime.json") // 引入 MIME
const path = require("path")
const server = http.createServer((req, res) => {
res.setHeader("content-type", "text/html;charset=utf-8")
let urlObj = url.parse(req.url)
console.log(urlObj.pathname)
if (urlObj.pathname === "/" || urlObj.pathname === "/index") {
let indexData = fs.createReadStream("./views/index.html")
indexData.pipe(res)
} else {
if (urlObj.pathname !== "/favicon.ico") {
let ext = path.extname(urlObj.pathname)
res.setHeader("Content-Type", mime[ext]) // 通过请求的资源后缀名，来返回对应的 Content-type 的类型
let resData = fs.createReadStream("./views" + urlObj.pathname)
resData.pipe(res)
}
}
})
server.listen(3001);
配置后的页面
其中 MIME.json 的代码在文章的最下面。
模板引擎
我单独提取出来了，放在一篇文章里太挤了。
Koa 框架
官网戳我，它是 express 原班人马制作的，比 express 更加轻量。
创建一个服务：Hello Koa.js
可以和原生 node 做个对比
// Node 原生
const http = require("http");
const server = http.createServer((req, res) => {
res.end("hello Node.js");
});
server.listen(3000);
// Koa
const Koa = require("koa");
const app = new Koa();
app.use((ctx, next) => {
ctx.body = "你好";
});
app.listen(3000);
感觉好像也没简单多少啊，别急，看看它是如何处理路由还有其他的功能的。
中间件
koa 中引入了中间件这个东西，中间件会把回调函数里面写的功能，添加到 app 实例中去，比方说上面的
app.use((ctx, next) => {
ctx.body = "你好";
});
其中 ctx 是 context 的缩写，意为上下文，可以让上下中间件产生关联。
原生 node 中的 res 被 koa 封装到了 ctx.res 里，req 也是同理的，这个知识点在 Koa官网中称之为 别名
用法
比方说别人已经封装好了几个功能（中间件），我们引入后，拿来 app.use()即可。
const Koa = require("koa");
const app = new Koa();
let middleware1 = async function (ctx, next) {
console.log("假设我是一个封装好的中间件1");
await next();
};
let middleware2 = async function (ctx, next) {
console.log("假设我是一个封装好的中间件2");
await next();
};
app.use(middleware1);
app.use(middleware2);
app.listen(3000);
其中 next 是转交的功能。会把函数放到异步队列中
执行顺序：洋葱模型
遵循洋葱模型，可以理解成把 next() 替换成 下一个中间件的函数语句。
const Koa = require("koa");
const app = new Koa();
let middleware1 = async function (ctx, next) {
console.log("one start...");
ctx.body = "hello";
await new Promise((resolve) => {
setTimeout(() => {
console.log('异步操作');
resolve()
}, 1000);
})
await next();
console.log("one end...")
};
let middleware2 = async function (ctx, next) {
console.log("two start...")
ctx.body = "world";
console.log("two end...")
};
app.use(middleware1);
app.use(middleware2);
app.listen(3000);
上面的代码执行后输出如下
理解过程
错误处理：监听 error
如果那个中间件出现了错误，可以通过监听 error 事件，来打印 & 处理异常。
app.on('error', err => {
console.log(err);
})
路由
路由需要我们引入路由组件 require("koa-router")
const Koa = require("koa");
const Router = require("koa-router");
let app = new Koa();
let router = new Router();
router.get("/", async (ctx, next) => {
// 加载页面
await ctx.render("index.pug");
});
app.use(router.routes());
app.listen(3000);
router.get 就相当于 用 get 方式请求后台，其他请求方式类似。
使用模板引擎加载页面：koa-views
有了中间件，可以省了不少的事情，可以跟原生的做个对比~
const Koa = require("koa");
const Router = require("koa-router");
const views = require("koa-views");
let app = new Koa();
let router = new Router();
// 使用中间件，告诉我们的页面文件的路径在哪儿
// 其中第二个参数：配置模板引擎的格式
app.use(views(__dirname + "/views"), {
extension: "pug"
});
router.get("/", async (ctx, next) => {
// 加载页面
await ctx.render("index.pug");
});
app.use(router.routes());
app.listen(3000);
引入静态外部资源：koa-static
这个组件叫做：静态 web 托管服务中间件
这也是一个外部的中间件，需要 npm install koa-static，你会发现比原生的 fs 模块要简单很多。
基本的思路就是：
- 通过请求路径获取正确的文件地址
- 通过地址获取对应的文件
- 使用
Node.js的API返回对应的文件，并设置相应的header
实例：我们先在 index.pug 中引入一个脚本
doctype html
html(lang='en')
head
meta(charset='UTF-8')
meta(name='viewport', content='width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0')
meta(http-equiv='X-UA-Compatible', content='ie=edge')
script(src="a.js")
title Document
body
h1
| 测试标题pug
然后执行 一下脚本，启动服务
const Koa = require("koa");
const Router = require("koa-router");
const views = require("koa-views");
const static = require ("koa-static")
let app = new Koa();
let router = new Router();
app.use(views(__dirname + "/views"), {
extension: "pug"
});
app.use(static(__dirname + '/static')); // 添加查找静态资源的中间件，配置路径
router.get("/", async (ctx, next) => {
await ctx.render("index.pug");
});
app.use(router.routes());
app.listen(3000);
发现可以正常加载脚本！！ok
注意！！！
页面中引入的脚本尽量不去加前缀
在 Node 原生的讲解可以知道，引入外部资源也是一种请求，浏览器会发起一个请求到后台，我们后台需要找到文件并返回给浏览器~
我们用推荐的写法之所以能找到，是因为后端找到了这个资源
如果你用./static/a.js 这样引入的话，你以为页面能够正确引入，实则非也。
原因是因为，如果你是这样声明的话，Node 就会去访问 /static 下的文件，并把它替代成 localhost:3000
// 这里声明成这样子，后端会在遇到请求静态资源的时候，到 dirname + '/static' 这个路径下去寻找
// 前端请求的样子是：localhost:3000/a.js
app.use(static(__dirname + '/static'));
也就是说，koa-static 是托管静态文件的地方吧
接收 post 请求传递来的参数：koa-body
如需想要获取 post 请求来的参数的话，需要添加这个中间件
不然拿不到 post 发过来的参数，打印出来的也是 undefined
const Body = require('koa-body')
app.use(
Body({
multipart: true,
})
)
// 取值
console.log(ctx.request.body)
取值可以通过 ctx.request.body来拿到值。
其他知识补充
默认请求方式为 get 的几种情况
有些请求默认是 get 的，比方说地址栏、脚本 scrip 的 src=""、 img 图片的 src、 href=""
环境变量：__dirname
这个 __dirname 是 Node 中的系统变量，它的值是当前所在文件的上一级文件夹的路径。
代码
MIME.json
{ ".323":"text/h323" ,
".3gp":"video/3gpp" ,
".aab":"application/x-authoware-bin" ,
".aam":"application/x-authoware-map" ,
".aas":"application/x-authoware-seg" ,
".acx":"application/internet-property-stream" ,
".ai":"application/postscript" ,
".aif":"audio/x-aiff" ,
".aifc":"audio/x-aiff" ,
".aiff":"audio/x-aiff" ,
".als":"audio/X-Alpha5" ,
".amc":"application/x-mpeg" ,
".ani":"application/octet-stream" ,
".apk":"application/vnd.android.package-archive" ,
".asc":"text/plain" ,
".asd":"application/astound" ,
".asf":"video/x-ms-asf" ,
".asn":"application/astound" ,
".asp":"application/x-asap" ,
".asr":"video/x-ms-asf" ,
".asx":"video/x-ms-asf" ,
".au":"audio/basic" ,
".avb":"application/octet-stream" ,
".avi":"video/x-msvideo" ,
".awb":"audio/amr-wb" ,
".axs":"application/olescript" ,
".bas":"text/plain" ,
".bcpio":"application/x-bcpio" ,
".bin ":"application/octet-stream" ,
".bld":"application/bld" ,
".bld2":"application/bld2" ,
".bmp":"image/bmp" ,
".bpk":"application/octet-stream" ,
".bz2":"application/x-bzip2" ,
".c":"text/plain" ,
".cal":"image/x-cals" ,
".cat":"application/vnd.ms-pkiseccat" ,
".ccn":"application/x-cnc" ,
".cco":"application/x-cocoa" ,
".cdf":"application/x-cdf" ,
".cer":"application/x-x509-ca-cert" ,
".cgi":"magnus-internal/cgi" ,
".chat":"application/x-chat" ,
".class":"application/octet-stream" ,
".clp":"application/x-msclip" ,
".cmx":"image/x-cmx" ,
".co":"application/x-cult3d-object" ,
".cod":"image/cis-cod" ,
".conf":"text/plain" ,
".cpio":"application/x-cpio" ,
".cpp":"text/plain" ,
".cpt":"application/mac-compactpro" ,
".crd":"application/x-mscardfile" ,
".crl":"application/pkix-crl" ,
".crt":"application/x-x509-ca-cert" ,
".csh":"application/x-csh" ,
".csm":"chemical/x-csml" ,
".csml":"chemical/x-csml" ,
".css":"text/css" ,
".cur":"application/octet-stream" ,
".dcm":"x-lml/x-evm" ,
".dcr":"application/x-director" ,
".dcx":"image/x-dcx" ,
".der":"application/x-x509-ca-cert" ,
".dhtml":"text/html" ,
".dir":"application/x-director" ,
".dll":"application/x-msdownload" ,
".dmg":"application/octet-stream" ,
".dms":"application/octet-stream" ,
".doc":"application/msword" ,
".docx":"application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document" ,
".dot":"application/msword" ,
".dvi":"application/x-dvi" ,
".dwf":"drawing/x-dwf" ,
".dwg":"application/x-autocad" ,
".dxf":"application/x-autocad" ,
".dxr":"application/x-director" ,
".ebk":"application/x-expandedbook" ,
".emb":"chemical/x-embl-dl-nucleotide" ,
".embl":"chemical/x-embl-dl-nucleotide" ,
".eps":"application/postscript" ,
".epub":"application/epub+zip" ,
".eri":"image/x-eri" ,
".es":"audio/echospeech" ,
".esl":"audio/echospeech" ,
".etc":"application/x-earthtime" ,
".etx":"text/x-setext" ,
".evm":"x-lml/x-evm" ,
".evy":"application/envoy" ,
".exe":"application/octet-stream" ,
".fh4":"image/x-freehand" ,
".fh5":"image/x-freehand" ,
".fhc":"image/x-freehand" ,
".fif":"application/fractals" ,
".flr":"x-world/x-vrml" ,
".flv":"flv-application/octet-stream" ,
".fm":"application/x-maker" ,
".fpx":"image/x-fpx" ,
".fvi":"video/isivideo" ,
".gau":"chemical/x-gaussian-input" ,
".gca":"application/x-gca-compressed" ,
".gdb":"x-lml/x-gdb" ,
".gif":"image/gif" ,
".gps":"application/x-gps" ,
".gtar":"application/x-gtar" ,
".gz":"application/x-gzip" ,
".h":"text/plain" ,
".hdf":"application/x-hdf" ,
".hdm":"text/x-hdml" ,
".hdml":"text/x-hdml" ,
".hlp":"application/winhlp" ,
".hqx":"application/mac-binhex40" ,
".hta":"application/hta" ,
".htc":"text/x-component" ,
".htm":"text/html" ,
".html":"text/html" ,
".hts":"text/html" ,
".htt":"text/webviewhtml" ,
".ice":"x-conference/x-cooltalk" ,
".ico":"image/x-icon" ,
".ief":"image/ief" ,
".ifm":"image/gif" ,
".ifs":"image/ifs" ,
".iii":"application/x-iphone" ,
".imy":"audio/melody" ,
".ins":"application/x-internet-signup" ,
".ips":"application/x-ipscript" ,
".ipx":"application/x-ipix" ,
".isp":"application/x-internet-signup" ,
".it":"audio/x-mod" ,
".itz":"audio/x-mod" ,
".ivr":"i-world/i-vrml" ,
".j2k":"image/j2k" ,
".jad":"text/vnd.sun.j2me.app-descriptor" ,
".jam":"application/x-jam" ,
".jar":"application/java-archive" ,
".java":"text/plain" ,
".jfif":"image/pipeg" ,
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}