英语语法长难句——定语和定语从句
定语
1、什么是定语？
定语就是修饰名词的成分。只要听到…的+名词，…的就是修饰这个名词的定语成分。
2、定语的成分
1） 形容词作定语
- The innocent nightingale died.
- The nightingale brave and innocent died.
2）名词修饰名词
The singing of nightingale can make the rose bloom.
3）介词短语作定语
The nightingale out of the window heard the sighs of the youngster.
4）非谓语动词作定语
The singing nightingale lost his life.
5）从句作定语
The rose that the nightingale exchanged with his life was discarded.
3、定语的位置
前小后大：
- 当一个单词修饰名词时候，通常放在名词前；
- 当多个单词修饰名词时候，通常放在名词后。
This is a fiction about a nightingale and a rose.（介词短语作定语）
The youngster grasping romance left the party of the prince.
The boy rejected looks pitiful.（非谓语动词作定语，当过去分词修饰名词时，即使只有一个单词也通常放在名词后面。）
I have something important to tell you.（当形容词修饰不定代词时，即使只有一个单词也通常放在名词后面。）定语从句
1、定语从句的构成
n.+引导词+句子
2、定语从句的引导词
按照先行词的种类分类，一共分为五类；
1）当先行词是人的时候，引导词有：who、whom、whose
2）当先行词是物的时候，引导词有：that、which、whose
3）当先行词是时间的时候，引导词有：that、which、when
4）当先行词是地点的时候，引导词有：that、which、where
5）当先行词是原因的时候，引导词有：that、which、why
3、谁决定引导词的用法
1）看先行词
2）引导词在从句中能充当的成分，共同决定了定语从句的用法。
| I will never forget the day when I met you. I will never forget the day that we spent. You had better have some reason why you are late. You had better have some reason that sounds perfect. |
4、定语从句引导词的分类新标准
按照引导词本身的词性分类，一共分为三类：
1）代词（在从句中一定要充当主语、宾语的成分）：
who whom that which
2）副词（在从句中不能充当任何主干成分）
where when why
3）形容词（在从句中修饰离它最近的名词）
whose
Buildings whose roofs are round look beautiful.
It has been validated by numerous that glories belong to those with dreams.
Wearing my own shoes proves not only convenient but also ensures a point that the feelings of others can be ignore.
The point of the issue seems who should be responsible for the decline of ethics.
He whose appearance looks indecent proves noble in his mind.
那些全力以赴去实现梦想的人，即使最终没有成功也不会感到遗憾，这很重要。
It seems indispensable that those who spare no efforts to realize their dreams never feel pitiful although they fail to achieve glories.
Students who fail to concentrant in class but which to pass examinations smoothly tend to find that the consequence proves less in impressive.5、定语从句的特殊用法
1）that在引导定语从句时，如果在从句中充当是宾语，that可以省略。在分析长难句的时候，如果见到有两个名词或代词直接放在一起，中间没有被连词或者标点符号隔开，通常都是省略了that的定语从句。
I enjoy the book (that) my ma bought for me.
2）区别限制和非限制性定语从句。在分析长难句的时候，非限制性定语从句就相当于插入语可以完全不看。
I love liu，Who …
I love Liu who …
3）如果先行词和引导词之间有介词的话，人不能用who只能用whom，物不用that用which。
He is the man who we should learn from.
He is the man from whom we should learn.
I will never forget the day that I met you.
I will never forget the day on which I met you.
4）区别the same … as; the same … that 引导的定语从句。
He is the same man as I love;
He is the same man that I love.
5）as和Which引导的非限制性定语从句。which引导的非限制性定语从句可以修饰前面整个句子，as也可以，但是which只能放在主句的后面，而as则可前可后。
He enjoys talking with young ladies, which/as drives me mad.
6）定语从句中引导词which 和 that 的区别。
6、区别定语从句和同位语从句。
1）相同点：都是先行词+引导词+句子
2）不同点：
- 看从句本身的意思，定语从句是对前面名词的修饰，而同位语从句是对前面名词的修饰，而同位语是
- 看引导词that在从句中是否充当了成分，如果充当就是定语从句，如果没有就是同位语从句。
- 定语从句的先行词可以是所有的名词，而同位语从句的先行词只能是抽象名词。
- 定语从句的引导词一共有8个，而同位语从句的引导词一般都是that。
I have a dream that sounds funny.(定语从句）
I have a dream that I will become a rich lady.（同位语从句）
7、定语从句的至难点
寻找先行词：
- 定语从句的先行词就是离它最近的那个名词。
- 定语从句的先行词是它前面的几个名词。
- 定语从句的先行词是它前面的一个从句。
- 定语从句的先行词是它前面的一个句子。
- 定语从句的先行词和引导词被隔开了。