前面我们学了基本成分,基本句型,以及特殊句型,那么我们今天就来了解一下重难点之一的从句。也就是三大从句之定语从句。
那么要想理解什么是定语从句那我们就得知道什么是定语。
参考网址:http://wenku.cyjzzd.com/a/1300065168##wk-more
https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/48953458
参考书籍:《不就是语法和长难句吗?》《句句真研》
一、定语
1、概念:就是修饰名词(短语)的成分
2、结构:…的+名词(短语)
3、成分:(1)、形容词(短语)作定语
eg:That kind nightingale lost her life.
汉译:那只善良的夜莺失去了她的生命。
解析:kind 意思为善良的,nightingale 意思为夜莺,在这里作名词,kind做形容词修饰名词,在句中做定语。
(2)、名词(短语)作定语,【这里的名词(短语)已经形容词化了】
eg:The nightingale’s singing can make the rose bloom
汉译:夜莺的歌声能使这朵玫瑰花绽放
解析:nightingale’s singing意思为夜莺的歌声,修饰玫瑰花
【补充】:可数名词通常不能单独使用,必须有修饰成分,如果单独使用要在名词前面加the或a/an,或者用复数形式。
(3)、介词短语作定语
eg:The boy in the classroom needs a pen of yours.
汉译:教室里的男孩需要你的一支钢笔。
(4)、分词、不定式(非谓语)做定语
eg:The smiling boy needs a pen bought by his mother.
汉译:那个微笑的男孩需要一支他妈妈买的钢笔。
eg:The boy to write this letter needs a pen.
汉译:写这封信的男孩需要一支钢笔。
(5)、从句做定语
eg:The boy who is reading needs a pen.
汉译:那个在阅读的男孩需要一支钢笔。
4、位置:在英语中,定语的位置取决于她的长短,一个单词修饰名词(短语)时通常放在名词(短语)之前,两个及以上单词修饰名词(短语)时,通常放在名词(短语)之后。(前短后长)
二、定语从句
1、概念:一个句子跟在一个名词或代词后,对这个名词(代词)进行修饰限定的句子就叫定语从句,被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词,引导定语从句的词叫关系词;(也就是所谓的在句中做定语的句子就叫做定语从句)
2、结构:先行词+关系词+从句(陈述句)
先行词【名词(短语)】+引导词+分句
3、先行词:被定语从句修饰的名词或代词叫先行词。
4、.关系词:引导定语从句的词叫关系词。关系词有关系代词和关系副词。
eg:The man is my cousin. He came to see me this morning.
替换: The man who came to see me this morning is my cousin.
先行词 关系代词在定语中做主语, 不可省略 ↖定语从句
5、分类:
6、用法:
所作成分 : 先行词:人 ; 先行词:物
主语 : Who,that ; Which,that
宾语 :Who,that.whom ; Which,that
定语 : whose ; whose
总结:1.当先行词是人时:关系代词who和that既可以作主语,又可以作宾语,而且作宾语时可以省略;2.其中whom只作宾语;3.当先行词是物时:关系代词which和that既可以作主语,又可以作宾语,而且作宾语时可以省略;4.whose既可以指人,也可以指物;that既可以指人,也可以指物。
Eg:
01.Do you know the girl who/that often comes here?(作主语)
02.The girl who/that/whom I spoke to is my daughter.(作宾语)
03.The building which/that stands near the train station is a supermarket.(作主语)
04.The book which/that you bought for me is very interesting.(作宾语)
05.whose既可以指人,也可以指物;在从句中作定语,形式为“whose+名词”表所属关系,即谁的、、、、、、。
Do you know the singer whose name is Wang feng?
I live in a house whose windows face south.
06、介词+which /whom引导的定语从句
(1)当介词位于定语从句末尾时,可用which/that(指物);who/that/whom(指人)作从句中介词的宾语,关系代词可以省略。
01.Dad is a person ___________I can easily talk to.
02.Is this the play___________you were talking about just now ?
(2)当介词放在关系代词的前面时,关系代词只能用Whom(指人)或which(指物),且关系代词不能省略。
The man with whom you talked just now is my neighbor.
I can’t find the pen with which I was writing.
补充:只能用关系代词that不能用which的几种情况:
a.当先行词是everything/nothing,something/anything,all/none,few/little,much/some等代词时。
Is there anything that you don’t need?有没有你们不需要的东西?
b. 当先行词被every/no,some/any,few/little,all/much等修饰时。
I want to watch all the movies that were acted by Zhou Xingchi.我想看周星驰演的所有电影。
c. 当先行词被the only,the very,the same,the last,just等修饰时。
This is the only book that I can find.这是我能找到的唯一的一本书。
d. 当先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰,或本身是序数词或形容词最高级时。
He was the first person that passed the exam.
This is the most beautiful place that I have been to.
e.当先行词既有人又有物时。
I can remember well the persons and some pictures that I saw in the room.
f.当主句的主语是疑问词who或which时,为避免重复,只能用that。
Who is the girl that is crying ?
Which is the hotel that you like best ?
g.主句是there be 结构,修饰主语的定语从句用that。
There is a book on the desk that belongs to Tom.
07、只用which不用that的情况:
(1)which引导非限制性定语从句,that则不能。
He had failed in the maths exam,which made his father very angry.
(2)在介词提前的定语从句中,只用which不用that。
This is the place in which Lu Xun used to live.
先行词本身是that时,只能用which。
What’s that which flashed in the sky just now?
08、关系副词的用法
所作成分 : 先行词 ; 关系副词
时间状语 : 时间名词 ; When
地点状语 : 地点名词 ; where
原因状语 : 原因名词; why
(关系副词所代替的先行词是表示:时间、地点、原因的名词,关系副词在句中作状语。关系副词where,when,why相当于“介词+which”结构。)
Eg:
(1)where 指地点,其先行词表示地点,在从句中作地点状语。例如:
01.That is the house where(=in which) my father used to live.那个是我爸爸曾经居住的房子。
02.Last year my parents went to the farm **where(=on which )**they worked 30 years ago again.去年我父母又去了那个他们30年前劳动过的农场。
03.My father was born in the place where(=in which) World War II broke out.
(2)when指时间,其先行词表示时间,在从句中作时间状语。例如:
01.This was the time when **(=at which)**he arrived.这是他到达的时间。
02.I still remember the day when (=on which) I first came to Beijing.
03.My father was born in the year when(=in which) World War II broke out.
(3)why指原因,其先行词表示原因,在从句中作原因状语。例如:
01.Is this the reason **why(=for which)**he refused our offer?这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗?
02.There are several reasons **why(=for which)**the boys should be punished.
03.Tom couldn’t give the teacher the reason why (=for which) he was late for school.
(温馨提示:how不能用作关系副词,不用来引导定语从句。修饰表示方式的way的定语从句用in which,也可用that或省略。Eg:This is the way how I did it.<错>This is the way in which/that I did it.<正>)
7、介词的选用原则:
根据定语从句中谓语动词,形容词的习惯搭配来决定。
01.This is the book on which I spent 8 dollars.
02.This is the book for which I spent 8 dollars
03.Physics is the subject in our school in which every student is interested.
根据与先行词搭配的具体含义而定。
I still remember the day on which I first came to Beijing.
I still remember the days during which I lived there.
I ‘ll never forget the time during which I spent my childhood in the country.
根据所表达的意思来确定。
The colorless gas without which we can’t live is called oxygen.
8、关系代词与关系副词的选用
根据定语从句中所缺少的成分:作状语用关系副词;作主语、宾语、定语等用关系代词.
9、定语从句的分类
(1)限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句形式上不用“逗号”与主句隔开用“逗号”与主句隔开意义上是先行词不可缺少的定语,如删除,主句则失去意义或疑似表达不完整。只是对先行词的补充说明,如删除,主句仍能表达完整的意思。译法上译成先行词的定语:“、、、的”通常译成主句的并列句。
Eg:01.People who take physical exercise live longer.(若把从句去掉句子就失去意义)
02.His daughter,who is in Boston now,is coming home next week.若把从句去掉句子意义仍然完整)
(2)关系词那点事
01.无论如何,关系词都不可省略;
02.指代整个主句时,用which;
Eg:China won the championship,whichi mada us thrilled to death!
03.that和why双下岗,不能用来引导非限制性定语从句;
04.其他的,和限制性定语从句一样;
05.可以用as来引导非限制性定语从句,可以作主语,也可以做宾语。
(常见的搭配;as is often the case这是常有的事;as is reported正如报道的那样as is expected正如所预料的;as we all know众所周知;as the saying goes正如俗语所说;as is said above正如以上所述。)
10、补充:限定和非限定的区别(表格来看更简单)
我写的就这么多,很感谢经验丰富的各位友人的分享,我其中也借鉴了他们的文章。这里有考研的知识也借鉴了,欢迎各位大佬批评指正。