本文来一起学习 Java 线程的生命周期
,线程从创建到销毁是有生命周期的,在线程的生命周期中,线程会经历多种状态(state):new - 初始、runnable - 运行、blocked - 阻塞、waiting - 等待、timed_waiting - 超时等待、terminated - 终止
。
在 java.lang.Thread
类中有一个静态枚举类:State
,用来表示线程各种可能的状态:
public enum State {
NEW,
RUNNABLE,
BLOCKED,
WAITING,
TIMED_WAITING,
TERMINATED;
}
NEW
状态表示新建了一个线程,但尚未启动。
RUNNABLE
状态表示线程可运行,Java 线程中将就绪(ready)和运行中(running)两种状态笼统的称为 “运行”。
线程对象创建后,其他线程(比如 main 线程)调用了该对象的 start() 方法。该状态的线程位于可运行线程池中,等待被线程调度选中,获取 CPU 的使用权,此时处于就绪状态(ready)。就绪状态的线程在获得 CPU 时间片后变为运行中状态(running)。
WAITING
状态表示线程阻塞于监视器锁(monitor lock)。
获取到监视器锁后可以进入同步代码块或者同步方法(synchronized block/method)
,当然可能是首次等待,也可能是调用 Object.wait()
等待之后再被唤醒( Object.notify() 或者 Object.notifyAll() )后,因为唤醒后一般不能直接进入 Runnable 状态,需要重新争抢监视器锁,这时仍然是 BLOCKED 状态。
WAITING
状态表示当前线程正在等待其他线程的一些动作(无超时时间的等待),包括以下场景(通知或中断):
Object.wait() - 调用之后等待其他线程调用 Object.notify() 或者 Object.notifyAll()
Thread.join() - 调用之后等待指定的线程终止(进入 TERMINATED 状态)
LockSupport.park() - 调用之后等待等待其他线程调用 LockSupport.unpark(thread)
TIMED_WAITING
状态表示当前线程在限定时间内等待其他线程的一些动作,包括以下场景:
Thread.sleep()
Object.wait() - 指定等待时间
Thread.join() - 指定等待时间
LockSupport.parkNanos()
LockSupport.parkUntil()
TERMINATED 表示终止状态,线程已经执行完成。
/**
* @author pointer
* @date 2023-04-01 22:57:49
*/
public class NewThread {
static class MyThread extends Thread {
@Override
public void run() {
// do something
System.out.println("继承 Thread 类,重写 run() 方法创建线程");
}
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
MyThread myThread = new MyThread();
System.out.println(myThread.getState());
}
}
输出结果:
/Library/Java/JavaVirtualMachines/jdk1.8.0_301.jdk ......
NEW
Process finished with exit code 0
/**
* @author pointer
* @date 2023-04-01 22:57:49
*/
public class NewThread {
static class MyThread extends Thread {
@Override
public void run() {
// do something
System.out.println("继承 Thread 类,重写 run() 方法创建线程");
}
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
MyThread myThread = new MyThread();
myThread.start();
System.out.println(myThread.getState());
}
}
输出结果:
/Library/Java/JavaVirtualMachines/jdk1.8.0_301.jdk ......
继承 Thread 类,重写 run() 方法创建线程
RUNNABLE
Process finished with exit code 0
/**
* @author pointer
* @date 2023-04-01 22:57:49
*/
public class NewThread {
static class MyBlockedThread extends Thread {
@Override
public void run() {
// do something
commonResource();
}
static synchronized void commonResource() {
while(true) {
// Infinite loop to mimic heavy processing
// 'myBlockedThread1' won't leave this method
// when 'myBlockedThread2' try to enter this
}
}
}
public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {
MyBlockedThread myBlockedThread1 = new MyBlockedThread();
MyBlockedThread myBlockedThread2 = new MyBlockedThread();
myBlockedThread1.start();
myBlockedThread2.start();
Thread.sleep(1000);
System.out.println(myBlockedThread2.getState());
System.exit(0);
}
}
输出结果:
/Library/Java/JavaVirtualMachines/jdk1.8.0_301.jdk ......
BLOCKED
Process finished with exit code 0
上述代码中,由于 myBlockedThread1 先抢占了类 commonResource 上的监视器锁,并且 myBlockedThread1 进入了无限循环,导致 myBlockedThread2 一直在等待获取监视器锁,因此打印 myBlockedThread2 的线程状态为 BLOCKED。
/**
* @author pointer
* @date 2023-04-01 22:57:49
*/
public class NewThread {
static class MyThread1 extends Thread {
@Override
public void run() {
System.out.println("MyThread1 begin run...");
try {
Thread.sleep(2000);
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
System.out.println("MyThread1 end run...");
}
}
static class MyThread2 extends Thread {
private Thread myThread1;
public MyThread2(Thread myThread1) {
this.myThread1 = myThread1;
}
@Override
public void run() {
System.out.println("MyThread2 begin run...");
try {
myThread1.join();
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
System.out.println("MyThread2 end run...");
}
}
public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {
MyThread1 myThread1 = new MyThread1();
MyThread2 myThread2 = new MyThread2(myThread1);
myThread1.start();
myThread2.start();
Thread.sleep(1000);
System.out.println(myThread2.getState());
}
}
输出结果:
/Library/Java/JavaVirtualMachines/jdk1.8.0_301.jdk ......
MyThread2 begin run...
MyThread1 begin run...
WAITING
MyThread1 end run...
MyThread2 end run...
Process finished with exit code 0
这里由于线程 MyThread2 调用了thread.join(),因此陷入 WAITING 状态。
/**
* @author pointer
* @date 2023-04-01 22:57:49
*/
public class NewThread {
static class MyThread extends Thread {
@Override
public void run() {
try {
Thread.sleep(2000);
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {
MyThread myThread = new MyThread();
myThread.start();
Thread.sleep(1000);
System.out.println(myThread.getState());
}
}
输出结果:
/Library/Java/JavaVirtualMachines/jdk1.8.0_301.jdk ......
TIMED_WAITING
Process finished with exit code 0
这里由于线程 MyThread 调用了 Thread.sleep(2000),因此在等待期内的状态为 TIMED_WAITING。
/**
* @author pointer
* @date 2023-04-01 22:57:49
*/
public class NewThread {
static class MyThread extends Thread {
@Override
public void run() {
System.out.println("MyThread running begin..");
System.out.println("MyThread running end..");
}
}
public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {
MyThread myThread = new MyThread();
myThread.start();
Thread.sleep(1000);
System.out.println(myThread.getState());
}
}
输出结果:
/Library/Java/JavaVirtualMachines/jdk1.8.0_301.jdk ......
MyThread running begin..
MyThread running end..
TERMINATED
Process finished with exit code 0
TERMINATED 是线程终止状态,线程完成执行或者异常终止后都会处于 TERMINATED 状态。