1.本文主要供分享思路、答疑使用,请勿白一味嫖照搬。
2.本文95%以上为作者本人独立思考的过程,关闭编程平台右侧tab转换后,答案直接复制粘贴,将部分空格转化为tab即可过关。
3.允许转载,版权归作者所有。
4.题目来自离散数学教材6.1与6.2对应课后习题。
5.我会先在开篇梳理常见bug和问题,实在改不动再看下面答案。
首先明确格式要求:一定要严格按照教员给的格式写!!!
先关闭右侧的tab转换(默认打开),每一行的格式均为1.+tab+左条件(中间英文逗号隔开)+tab+|-+tab+右条件+tab+规则名字+空格+引用命题
对于ei和ae,还要写替换,在引用命题后加空格加(a/x),意思是用a换x(把x换为a)
其次来看几个易错点:
引用规则要看清楚,引用命题、替换变量都要写清楚。在输入格式对的情况下,如果引用错误会报给你,但是如果你写的规则拼错了就会报莫名其妙的错。
报错可能会有一些关于字符串处理的信息,可以针对性地根据报错的提示去找错的对应代码行。
nne规则很容易忽略,一定要注意。
左条件的顺序问题要严格与判定公式一致。顺序问题如果出错,要尝试更改。很遗憾,机械证明规则里没有左右条件内部交换律。
有的时候蕴含和等价需要额外打一层括号提示(尤其是计算机看不出来蕴含等价式的时候)。
规则记忆小技巧:
prem(前提)i是引入,e是消去,n(ot)and or impl equiv是前缀,a(ll)和e(xist)是量词简写。
前面的题属于基本难度,故不做太多讲解。
关卡1
Premise:
Conclusion: (A->(B->C))<->(B->(A->C))
1. (A->(B->C)),A,B |- A prem
2. (A->(B->C)),A,B |- A->(B->C) prem
3. (A->(B->C)),A,B |- B->C imple 1,2
4. (A->(B->C)),A,B |- B prem
5. (A->(B->C)),B,A |- C imple 3,4
6. (A->(B->C)),B |- A->C impli 5
7. A->(B->C) |- B->(A->C) impli 6
8. (B->(A->C)),A,B |- B prem
9. (B->(A->C)),A,B |- B->(A->C) prem
10. (B->(A->C)),A,B |- A->C imple 8,9
11. (B->(A->C)),A,B |- A prem
12. (B->(A->C)),A,B |- C imple 10,11
13. (B->(A->C)),A |- B->C impli 12
14. B->(A->C) |- A->(B->C) impli 13
15. |- (A->(B->C))<->(B->(A->C)) equivi 7,14
关卡2
Premise: (A\/B)\/C
Conclusion: A\/(B\/C)
1. C |- C prem
2. C |- B\/C ori 1
3. C |- A\/(B\/C) ori 2
4. A |- A prem
5. A |- A\/(B\/C) ori 4
6. B |- B prem
7. B |- B\/C ori 6
8. B |- A\/(B\/C) ori 7
9. A\/B |- A\/(B\/C) ore 5,8
10. (A\/B)\/C |- A\/(B\/C) ore 3,9
关卡3
Premise: A\/(B\/C)
Conclusion: (A\/B)\/C
1. B |- B prem
2. B |- A\/B ori 1
3. C |- C prem
4. C |- (A\/B)\/C ori 3
5. B |- (A\/B)\/C ori 2
6. B\/C |- (A\/B)\/C ore 4,5
7. A |- A prem
8. A |- A\/B ori 7
9. A |- (A\/B)\/C ori 8
10. A\/(B\/C) |- (A\/B)\/C ore 6,9
关卡4
Premise:
Conclusion: (A->B)<->(~B -> ~A)
1. A->B,~B,A |- ~B prem
2. A->B,~B,A |- A prem
3. A->B,~B,A |- A->B prem
4. A->B,~B,A |- B imple 2,3
5. A->B,~B |- ~A ni 1,4
6. A->B |- ~B->~A impli 5
7. ~B->~A,A,~B |- A prem
8. ~B->~A,A,~B |- ~B prem
9. ~B->~A,A,~B |- ~B->~A prem
10. ~B->~A,A,~B |- ~A imple 8,9
11. ~B->~A,A |- ~(~B) ni 7,10
12. ~B->~A,A |- B nne 11
13. ~B->~A |- A->B impli 12
14. |- (A->B)<->(~B->~A) equivi 6,13
关卡5
Premise: A/\~A
Conclusion: F
1. A/\~A |- A/\~A prem
2. A/\~A |- A ande 1
3. A/\~A |- ~A ande 1
4. A/\~A |- F ne 2,3
关卡6
Premise: F
Conclusion: A/\~A
1. F,A |- F prem
2. F,A |- ~F fi
3. F |- ~A ni 1,2
4. F,~A |- F prem
5. F,~A |- ~F fi
6. F |- ~(~A) ni 4,5
7. F |- A nne 6
8. F |- A/\~A andi 3,7
关卡7
Premise: A->(B->C)
Conclusion: A/\B->C
1. A->(B->C),A/\B |- A/\B prem
2. A->(B->C),A/\B |- A ande 1
3. A->(B->C),A/\B |- B ande 1
4. A->(B->C),A/\B |- A->(B->C) prem
5. A->(B->C),A/\B |- B->C imple 2,4
6. A->(B->C),A/\B |- C imple 3,5
7. A->(B->C) |- A/\B->C impli 6
关卡8
Premise: A/\B->C
Conclusion: A->(B->C)
1. A/\B->C,A,B |- A prem
2. A/\B->C,A,B |- B prem
3. A/\B->C,A,B |- A/\B->C prem
4. A/\B->C,A,B |- A/\B andi 1,2
5. A/\B->C,A,B |- C imple 3,4
6. A/\B->C,A |- B->C impli 5
7. A/\B->C |- A->(B->C) impli 6
关卡9
Premise:(All x)P(x)
Conclusion:(Exist x)P(x)
1. P(x) |- P(x) prem
2. (All x)P(x) |- P(x) lai 1
3. (All x)P(x) |- (Exist x)P(x) ei 2 (x/x)
关卡10
Premise: (Exist x)(All y)P(x,y)
Conclusion: (All y)(Exist x)P(x,y)
1. P(x,y) |- P(x,y) prem
2. (All y)P(x,y) |- P(x,y) lai 1
3. (All y)P(x,y) |- (Exist x)P(x,y) ei 2 (x/x)
4. (All y)P(x,y) |- (All y)(Exist x)P(x,y) ai 3
5. (Exist x)(All y)P(x,y) |- (All y)(Exist x)P(x,y) lei 4
关卡11
Premise: (All x)P(x)\/(All x)Q(x)
Conclusion: (All x)(P(x)\/Q(x))
1. (All x)P(x) |- (All x)P(x) prem
2. (All x)P(x) |- P(x) ae 1 (x/x)
3. (All x)P(x) |- P(x)\/Q(x) ori 2
4. (All x)Q(x) |- (All x)Q(x) prem
5. (All x)Q(x) |- Q(x) ae 4 (x/x)
6. (All x)Q(x) |- P(x)\/Q(x) ori 5
7. (All x)P(x)\/(All x)Q(x) |- P(x)\/Q(x) ore 3,6
8. (All x)P(x)\/(All x)Q(x) |- (All x)(P(x)\/Q(x)) ai 7
关卡12
Premise: (All x)(A->P(x))
Conclusion: A->(All x)P(x)
1. (All x)(A->P(x)),A |- A prem
2. (All x)(A->P(x)),A |- (All x)(A->P(x)) prem
3. (All x)(A->P(x)),A |- A->P(x) ae 2 (x/x)
4. (All x)(A->P(x)),A |- P(x) imple 1,3
5. (All x)(A->P(x)),A |- (All x)P(x) ai 4
6. (All x)(A->P(x)) |- A->(All x)P(x) impli 5
关卡13
Premise: A->(All x)P(x)
Conclusion: (All x)(A->P(x))
1. A->(All x)P(x),A |- A prem
2. A->(All x)P(x),A |- A->(All x)P(x) prem
3. A->(All x)P(x),A |- (All x)P(x) imple 1,2
4. A->(All x)P(x),A |- P(x) ae 3 (x/x)
5. A->(All x)P(x) |- A->P(x) impli 4
6. A->(All x)P(x) |- (All x)(A->P(x)) ai 5
关卡14
Premise: (Exist x)(P(x)\/Q(x))
Conclusion: (Exist x)P(x)\/(Exist x)Q(x)
1. P(x) |- P(x) prem
2. P(x) |- (Exist x)P(x) ei 1 (x/x)
3. P(x) |- (Exist x)P(x)\/(Exist x)Q(x) ori 2
4. Q(x) |- Q(x) prem
5. Q(x) |- (Exist x)Q(x) ei 4 (x/x)
6. Q(x) |- (Exist x)P(x)\/(Exist x)Q(x) ori 5
7. P(x)\/Q(x) |- (Exist x)P(x)\/(Exist x)Q(x) ore 3,6
8. (Exist x)(P(x)\/Q(x)) |- (Exist x)P(x)\/(Exist x)Q(x) lei 7
关卡15
Premise: (Exist x)P(x)\/(Exist x)Q(x)
Conclusion: (Exist x)(P(x)\/Q(x))
1. P(x) |- P(x) prem
2. P(x) |- P(x)\/Q(x) ori 1
3. P(x) |- (Exist x)(P(x)\/Q(x)) ei 2 (x/x)
4. (Exist x)P(x) |- (Exist x)(P(x)\/Q(x)) lei 3
5. Q(x) |- Q(x) prem
6. Q(x) |- P(x)\/Q(x) ori 5
7. Q(x) |- (Exist x)(P(x)\/Q(x)) ei 6 (x/x)
8. (Exist x)Q(x) |- (Exist x)(P(x)\/Q(x)) lei 7
9. (Exist x)P(x)\/(Exist x)Q(x) |- (Exist x)(P(x)\/Q(x)) ore 4,8
关卡16
Premise: (All x)(P(x)/\Q(x))
Conclusion: (All x)P(x)/\(All x)Q(x)
1. P(x)/\Q(x) |- P(x)/\Q(x) prem
2. P(x)/\Q(x) |- P(x) ande 1
3. P(x)/\Q(x) |- Q(x) ande 1
4. (All x)(P(x)/\Q(x)) |- P(x) lai 2
5. (All x)(P(x)/\Q(x)) |- Q(x) lai 3
6. (All x)(P(x)/\Q(x)) |- (All x)P(x) ai 4
7. (All x)(P(x)/\Q(x)) |- (All x)Q(x) ai 5
8. (All x)(P(x)/\Q(x)) |- (All x)P(x)/\(All x)Q(x) andi 6,7
关卡17
Premise: (All x)P(x)/\(All x)Q(x)
Conclusion: (All x)(P(x)/\Q(x))
1. (All x)P(x)/\(All x)Q(x) |- (All x)P(x)/\(All x)Q(x) prem
2. (All x)P(x)/\(All x)Q(x) |- (All x)P(x) ande 1
3. (All x)P(x)/\(All x)Q(x) |- (All x)Q(x) ande 1
4. (All x)P(x)/\(All x)Q(x) |- P(x) ae 2 (x/x)
5. (All x)P(x)/\(All x)Q(x) |- Q(x) ae 3 (x/x)
6. (All x)P(x)/\(All x)Q(x) |- P(x)/\Q(x) andi 4,5
7. (All x)P(x)/\(All x)Q(x) |- (All x)(P(x)/\Q(x)) ai 6
关卡18
Premise: (Exist x)P(x)->(All x)Q(x)
Conclusion: (All x)(P(x)->Q(x))
1. (Exist x)P(x)->(All x)Q(x),P(x) |- P(x) prem
2. (Exist x)P(x)->(All x)Q(x),P(x) |- (Exist x)P(x) ei 1 (x/x)
3. (Exist x)P(x)->(All x)Q(x),P(x) |- (Exist x)P(x)->(All x)Q(x) prem
4. (Exist x)P(x)->(All x)Q(x),P(x) |- (All x)Q(x) imple 2,3
5. (Exist x)P(x)->(All x)Q(x),P(x) |- Q(x) ae 4 (x/x)
6. (Exist x)P(x)->(All x)Q(x) |- P(x)->Q(x) impli 5
7. (Exist x)P(x)->(All x)Q(x) |- (All x)(P(x)->Q(x)) ai 6
关卡19
Premise: (All x)(P(x)->Q(x))
Conclusion: (All x)P(x)->(All x)Q(x)
1. (All x)(P(x)->Q(x)),(All x)P(x) |- (All x)P(x) prem
2. (All x)(P(x)->Q(x)),(All x)P(x) |- (All x)(P(x)->Q(x)) prem
3. (All x)(P(x)->Q(x)),(All x)P(x) |- P(x)->Q(x) ae 2 (x/x)
4. (All x)(P(x)->Q(x)),(All x)P(x) |- P(x) ae 1 (x/x)
5. (All x)(P(x)->Q(x)),(All x)P(x) |- Q(x) imple 3,4
6. (All x)(P(x)->Q(x)),(All x)P(x) |- (All x)Q(x) ai 5
7. (All x)(P(x)->Q(x)) |- (All x)P(x)->(All x)Q(x) impli 6
关卡20
本关难度较大,主要难在要把给的那个命题抽象成变元表达的命题。。。不过考试的时候大概不会有这种难度了。如果在解题的时候感觉眼花缭乱,可以使用一些符号去整体代替公式,但是在落到计算机中还是要严格按照格式来写。
Premise: (All x)(All y)(R(x,y)->R(y,x)),(All x)(All y)(All z)(R(x,y)/\R(y,z)->R(x,z)),(All x)(Exist y)R(x,y)
Conclusion: (All x)R(x,x)
1. (All x)(All y)(R(x,y)->R(y,x)),(All x)(All y)(All z)(R(x,y)/\R(y,z)->R(x,z)),(All x)(Exist y)R(x,y) |- (All x)(Exist y)R(x,y) prem
2. (All x)(All y)(R(x,y)->R(y,x)),(All x)(All y)(All z)(R(x,y)/\R(y,z)->R(x,z)),(All x)(Exist y)R(x,y) |- (Exist y)R(x,y) ae 1 (x/x)
3. (All x)(All y)(R(x,y)->R(y,x)),(All x)(All y)(All z)(R(x,y)/\R(y,z)->R(x,z)),(All x)(Exist y)R(x,y),R(x,a) |- R(x,a) prem
4. (All x)(All y)(R(x,y)->R(y,x)),(All x)(All y)(All z)(R(x,y)/\R(y,z)->R(x,z)),(All x)(Exist y)R(x,y),R(x,a) |- (All x)(All y)(R(x,y)->R(y,x)) prem
5. (All x)(All y)(R(x,y)->R(y,x)),(All x)(All y)(All z)(R(x,y)/\R(y,z)->R(x,z)),(All x)(Exist y)R(x,y),R(x,a) |- (All y)(R(x,y)->R(y,x)) ae 4 (x/x)
6. (All x)(All y)(R(x,y)->R(y,x)),(All x)(All y)(All z)(R(x,y)/\R(y,z)->R(x,z)),(All x)(Exist y)R(x,y),R(x,a) |- R(x,a)->R(a,x) ae 5 (a/y)
7. (All x)(All y)(R(x,y)->R(y,x)),(All x)(All y)(All z)(R(x,y)/\R(y,z)->R(x,z)),(All x)(Exist y)R(x,y),R(x,a) |- R(a,x) imple 3,6
8. (All x)(All y)(R(x,y)->R(y,x)),(All x)(All y)(All z)(R(x,y)/\R(y,z)->R(x,z)),(All x)(Exist y)R(x,y),R(x,a) |- (All x)(All y)(All z)(R(x,y)/\R(y,z)->R(x,z)) prem
9. (All x)(All y)(R(x,y)->R(y,x)),(All x)(All y)(All z)(R(x,y)/\R(y,z)->R(x,z)),(All x)(Exist y)R(x,y),R(x,a) |- (All y)(All z)(R(x,y)/\R(y,z)->R(x,z)) ae 8 (x/x)
10. (All x)(All y)(R(x,y)->R(y,x)),(All x)(All y)(All z)(R(x,y)/\R(y,z)->R(x,z)),(All x)(Exist y)R(x,y),R(x,a) |- (All z)(R(x,a)/\R(a,z)->R(x,z)) ae 9 (a/y)
11. (All x)(All y)(R(x,y)->R(y,x)),(All x)(All y)(All z)(R(x,y)/\R(y,z)->R(x,z)),(All x)(Exist y)R(x,y),R(x,a) |- R(x,a)/\R(a,x)->R(x,x) ae 10 (x/z)
12. (All x)(All y)(R(x,y)->R(y,x)),(All x)(All y)(All z)(R(x,y)/\R(y,z)->R(x,z)),(All x)(Exist y)R(x,y),R(x,a) |- R(x,a)/\R(a,x) andi 3,7
13. (All x)(All y)(R(x,y)->R(y,x)),(All x)(All y)(All z)(R(x,y)/\R(y,z)->R(x,z)),(All x)(Exist y)R(x,y),R(x,a) |- R(x,x) imple 11,12
14. (All x)(All y)(R(x,y)->R(y,x)),(All x)(All y)(All z)(R(x,y)/\R(y,z)->R(x,z)),(All x)(Exist y)R(x,y) |- R(x,x) ee 2,13
15. (All x)(All y)(R(x,y)->R(y,x)),(All x)(All y)(All z)(R(x,y)/\R(y,z)->R(x,z)),(All x)(Exist y)R(x,y) |- (All x)R(x,x) ai 14
关卡21
从这个题开始,难度断崖式上升。需要熟练掌握以下技能:1.矛盾的设计 2.前提的合理引入和消去 3.一定程度的导出规则(我只有在23,31两个题写了dr导出,别的全是基本规则,但是你们在做的时候可以灵活使用导出规则。dr决定了下限,不用dr锻炼上限)这三个技能我可能说的有点云淡风轻,只有做进去才会深有体会。
Premise:
Conclusion: ~(A/\B)<->(~A\/~B)
1. ~(A/\B),A,B |- A prem
2. ~(A/\B),A,B |- B prem
3. ~(A/\B),A,B |- A/\B andi 1,2
4. ~(A/\B),A,B |- ~(A/\B) prem
5. ~(A/\B),A |- ~B ni 3,4
6. ~(A/\B),A |- ~A\/~B ori 5
7. ~(A/\B),~A |- ~A prem
8. ~(A/\B),~A |- ~A\/~B ori 7
9. ~(A/\B) |- ~A\/~B preme 6,8
10. A/\B,~A |- ~A prem
11. A/\B,~A |- A/\B prem
12. A/\B,~A |- A ande 11
13. A/\B,~A |- F ne 10,12
14. A/\B,~B |- ~B prem
15. A/\B,~B |- A/\B prem
16. A/\B,~B |- B ande 15
17. A/\B,~B |- F ne 14,16
18. A/\B,~A\/~B |- F ore 13,17
19. A/\B,~A\/~B |- ~F fi
20. A/\B |- ~(~A\/~B) ni 18,19
21. ~A\/~B,A/\B |- ~(~A\/~B) premi 20
22. ~A\/~B,A/\B |- ~A\/~B prem
23. ~A\/~B |- ~(A/\B) ni 21,22
24. |- ~(A/\B)<->(~A\/~B) equivi 9,23
关卡22
难度巨大,主要是前提引入。请认真体会前提引入的美妙性和其中构造的巧合。
Premise:
Conclusion: A/\(B\/C)<->(A/\B)\/(A/\C)
1. A/\B |- A/\B prem
2. A/\B |- A ande 1
3. A/\B |- B ande 1
4. A/\B |- B\/C ori 3
5. A/\B |- A/\(B\/C) andi 2,4
6. A/\C |- A/\C prem
7. A/\C |- A ande 6
8. A/\C |- C ande 6
9. A/\C |- B\/C ori 8
10. A/\C |- A/\(B\/C) andi 7,9
11. (A/\B)\/(A/\C) |- A/\(B\/C) ore 5,10
12. A/\(B\/C) |- A/\(B\/C) prem
13. A/\(B\/C) |- A ande 12
14. A/\(B\/C) |- B\/C ande 12
15. A/\(B\/C),B |- A premi 13
16. A/\(B\/C),B |- B prem
17. A/\(B\/C),B |- A/\B andi 15,16
18. A/\(B\/C),B |- (A/\B)\/(A/\C) ori 17
19. A/\(B\/C),C |- A premi 13
20. A/\(B\/C),C |- C prem
21. A/\(B\/C),C |- A/\C andi 19,20
22. A/\(B\/C),C |- (A/\B)\/(A/\C) ori 21
23. A/\(B\/C),B\/C |- (A/\B)\/(A/\C) ore 18,22
24. A/\(B\/C) |- (B\/C)->((A/\B)\/(A/\C)) impli 23
25. A/\(B\/C) |- (A/\B)\/(A/\C) imple 14,24
26. |- A/\(B\/C)<->(A/\B)\/(A/\C) equivi 11,25
关卡23
一直卡到我最后的一道题...我没有输给题,只是输给了dr(这个过程有的地方不够严谨!如果只是意会,看这个过程就ok了,但是有改进空间的)。
Premise:
Conclusion: A\/(B/\C)<->(A\/B)/\(A\/C)
1. A |- A prem
2. A |- A\/B ori 1
3. A |- A\/C ori 1
4. A |- (A\/B)/\(A\/C) andi 2,3
5. B/\C |- B/\C prem
6. B/\C |- B ande 5
7. B/\C |- A\/B ori 6
8. B/\C |- C ande 5
9. B/\C |- A\/C ori 8
10. B/\C |- (A\/B)/\(A\/C) andi 7,9
11. A\/(B/\C) |- (A\/B)/\(A\/C) ore 4,10
12. (A\/B)/\(A\/C),A |- A prem
13. (A\/B)/\(A\/C),A |- A\/(B/\C) ori 12
14. (A\/B)/\(A\/C),~A,~B |- (A\/B)/\(A\/C) prem
15. (A\/B)/\(A\/C),~A,~B |- A\/B ande 14
16. (A\/B)/\(A\/C),~A,~B |- ~(A\/B) dr
17. (A\/B)/\(A\/C),~A |- ~(~B) ni 15,16
18. (A\/B)/\(A\/C),~A |- B nne 17
19. (A\/B)/\(A\/C),~A,~C |- (A\/B)/\(A\/C) prem
20. (A\/B)/\(A\/C),~A,~C |- A\/C ande 19
21. (A\/B)/\(A\/C),~A,~C |- ~(A\/C) dr
22. (A\/B)/\(A\/C),~A |- ~(~C) ni 20,21
23. (A\/B)/\(A\/C),~A |- C nne 22
24. (A\/B)/\(A\/C),~A |- B/\C andi 18,23
25. (A\/B)/\(A\/C),~A |- A\/(B/\C) ori 24
26. (A\/B)/\(A\/C) |- A\/(B/\C) preme 13,25
27. |- A\/(B/\C)<->(A\/B)/\(A\/C) equivi 11,26
关卡24
优雅简洁的一道题,考验你的脑筋转动速度。
Premise:
Conclusion: A\/F<->A
1. A |- A prem
2. A |- A\/F ori 1
3. F,~A |- F prem
4. F,~A |- ~F fi
5. F |- ~(~A) ni 3,4
6. F |- A nne 5
7. A\/F |- A ore 1,6
8. |- A\/F<->A equivi 2,7
关卡25
如果你过了上一关,你应该会这一关了。
Premise:
Conclusion: A/\T<->A
1. A/\T,~A |- ~A prem
2. A/\T,~A |- A/\T prem
3. A/\T,~A |- A ande 2
4. A/\T |- ~(~A) ni 1,3
5. A/\T |- A nne 4
6. A |- A prem
7. A |- T ti
8. A |- A/\T andi 6,7
9. |- A/\T<->A equivi 5,8
关卡26
好像比刚才几个简单一点...?
Premise:
Conclusion: (A->B)<->~A\/B
1. A->B,A,~B |- A prem
2. A->B,A,~B |- A->B prem
3. A->B,A,~B |- B imple 1,2
4. A->B,A,~B |- ~B prem
5. A->B,A |- ~(~B) ni 3,4
6. A->B,A |- B nne 5
7. A->B,A |- ~A\/B ori 6
8. A->B,~A |- ~A prem
9. A->B,~A |- ~A\/B ori 8
10. A->B |- ~A\/B preme 7,9
11. ~A,A |- A prem
12. ~A,A |- ~A prem
13. ~A,A |- B ne 11,12
14. ~A |- A->B impli 13
15. B,A |- B prem
16. B |- A->B impli 15
17. ~A\/B |- A->B ore 14,16
18. |- (A->B)<->~A\/B equivi 10,17
关卡27
引入一个前提不够?那就引入两个。
Premise: ~(A->B)
Conclusion: A
1. ~(A->B),~A,A |- A prem
2. ~(A->B),~A,A |- ~A prem
3. ~(A->B),~A,A |- B ne 1,2
4. ~(A->B),~A |- A->B impli 3
5. ~(A->B),~A |- ~(A->B) prem
6. ~(A->B) |- ~(~A) ni 4,5
7. ~(A->B) |- A nne 6
关卡28
Premise: ~(A->B)
Conclusion: ~B
1. ~(A->B),B,A |- B prem
2. ~(A->B),B |- A->B impli 1
3. ~(A->B),B |- ~(A->B) prem
4. ~(A->B) |- ~B ni 2,3
关卡29
你将见识到我的全部实力:56行无导出。其实有很多多余行是重复步骤和我对导出规则的证明,但是看在我严谨的逻辑和细致的debug上,我觉得这道题值得一个点赞。
Premise:
Conclusion: ((Exist x)(C->P(x)))<->(C->(Exist x)P(x))
1. C->P(x),C |- C prem
2. C->P(x),C |- C->P(x) prem
3. C->P(x),C |- P(x) imple 1,2
4. C->P(x),C |- (Exist x)P(x) ei 3 (x/x)
5. C->P(x) |- C->(Exist x)P(x) impli 4
6. (Exist x)(C->P(x)) |- C->(Exist x)P(x) lei 5
7. ~(Exist x)(C->P(x)),C->P(x) |- C->P(x) prem
8. ~(Exist x)(C->P(x)),C->P(x) |- (Exist x)(C->P(x)) ei 7 (x/x)
9. ~(Exist x)(C->P(x)),C->P(x) |- ~(Exist x)(C->P(x)) prem
10. ~(Exist x)(C->P(x)) |- ~(C->P(x)) ni 8,9
11. ~(Exist x)(C->P(x)) |- (All x)(~(C->P(x))) ai 10
12. |- (~(Exist x)(C->P(x)))->((All x)(~(C->P(x)))) impli 11
13. C->(Exist x)P(x) |- (~(Exist x)(C->P(x)))->((All x)(~(C->P(x)))) premi 12
14. C->(Exist x)P(x),~(Exist x)(C->P(x)) |- (~(Exist x)(C->P(x)))->((All x)(~(C->P(x)))) premi 13
15. C->(Exist x)P(x),~(Exist x)(C->P(x)) |- ~(Exist x)(C->P(x)) prem
16. C->(Exist x)P(x),~(Exist x)(C->P(x)) |- (All x)(~(C->P(x))) imple 14,15
17. C->(Exist x)P(x),~(Exist x)(C->P(x)) |- ~(C->P(x)) ae 16 (x/x)
18. ~(C->P(x)),~C,C |- C prem
19. ~(C->P(x)),~C,C |- ~C prem
20. ~(C->P(x)),~C,C |- P(x) ne 18,19
21. ~(C->P(x)),~C |- C->P(x) impli 20
22. ~(C->P(x)),~C |- ~(C->P(x)) prem
23. ~(C->P(x)) |- ~(~C) ni 21,22
24. ~(C->P(x)) |- C nne 23
25. ~(C->P(x)),P(x),C |- P(x) prem
26. ~(C->P(x)),P(x) |- C->P(x) impli 25
27. ~(C->P(x)),P(x) |- ~(C->P(x)) prem
28. ~(C->P(x)) |- ~P(x) ni 26,27
29. |- ~(C->P(x))->C impli 24
30. C->(Exist x)P(x) |- ~(C->P(x))->C premi 29
31. C->(Exist x)P(x),~(Exist x)(C->P(x)) |- ~(C->P(x))->C premi 30
32. C->(Exist x)P(x),~(Exist x)(C->P(x)) |- C imple 17,31
33. C->(Exist x)P(x),~(Exist x)(C->P(x)) |- C->(Exist x)P(x) prem
34. C->(Exist x)P(x),~(Exist x)(C->P(x)) |- (Exist x)P(x) imple 33,32
35. |- ~(C->P(x))->~P(x) impli 28
36. C->(Exist x)P(x) |- ~(C->P(x))->~P(x) premi 35
37. C->(Exist x)P(x),~(Exist x)(C->P(x)) |- ~(C->P(x))->~P(x) premi 36
38. C->(Exist x)P(x),~(Exist x)(C->P(x)) |- ~P(x) imple 17,37
39. C->(Exist x)P(x),~(Exist x)(C->P(x)) |- (All x)(~P(x)) ai 38
40. ~P(x),P(x) |- ~P(x) prem
41. ~P(x),P(x) |- P(x) prem
42. ~P(x),P(x) |- ~(Exist x)P(x) ne 40,41
43. (All x)(~P(x)),P(x) |- (All x)(~P(x)) prem
44. (All x)(~P(x)),P(x) |- P(x) prem
45. (All x)(~P(x)),P(x) |- ~P(x) ae 43 (x/x)
46. (All x)(~P(x)),P(x) |- ~(Exist x)P(x) ne 44,45
47. (All x)(~P(x)),(Exist x)P(x) |- ~(Exist x)P(x) lei 46
48. (All x)(~P(x)),(Exist x)P(x) |- (Exist x)P(x) prem
49. (All x)(~P(x)) |- ~(Exist x)P(x) ni 47,48
50. |- ((All x)(~P(x)))->((~(Exist x)P(x))) impli 49
51. C->(Exist x)P(x) |- ((All x)(~P(x)))->((~(Exist x)P(x))) premi 50
52. C->(Exist x)P(x),~(Exist x)(C->P(x)) |- ((All x)(~P(x)))->((~(Exist x)P(x))) premi 51
53. C->(Exist x)P(x),~(Exist x)(C->P(x)) |- ~(Exist x)P(x) imple 39,52
54. C->(Exist x)P(x) |- ~(~(Exist x)(C->P(x))) ni 34,53
55. C->(Exist x)P(x) |- (Exist x)(C->P(x)) nne 54
56. |- ((Exist x)(C->P(x)))<->(C->(Exist x)P(x)) equivi 6,55
关卡30
Premise: (Exist x)(P(x)->C)
Conclusion: (All x)P(x)->C
1. P(x)->C,P(x) |- P(x)->C prem
2. P(x)->C,P(x) |- P(x) prem
3. P(x)->C,P(x) |- C imple 1,2
4. P(x)->C,(All x)P(x) |- C lai 3
5. P(x)->C |- (All x)P(x)->C impli 4
6. (Exist x)(P(x)->C) |- (All x)P(x)->C lei 5
关卡31
这个题不用导出其实是无解的:它的逻辑很别扭。被迫用dr过关...
Premise: (All x)P(x)->C
Conclusion: (Exist x)(P(x)->C)
1. (All x)P(x)->C |- (All x)P(x)->C prem
2. (All x)P(x)->C |- P(t)->C dr
3. (All x)P(x)->C |- (Exist x)(P(x)->C) ei 2 (t/x)
关卡32
从这往后其实都不算那么难了。
Premise: (Exist x)(P(x)\/C)
Conclusion: (Exist x)P(x)\/C
1. P(x) |- P(x) prem
2. P(x) |- (Exist x)P(x) ei 1 (x/x)
3. P(x) |- (Exist x)P(x)\/C ori 2
4. C |- C prem
5. C |- (Exist x)P(x)\/C ori 4
6. P(x)\/C |- (Exist x)P(x)\/C ore 3,5
7. (Exist x)(P(x)\/C) |- (Exist x)P(x)\/C lei 6
关卡33
Premise: (Exist x)P(x)\/C
Conclusion: (Exist x)(P(x)\/C)
1. P(x) |- P(x) prem
2. P(x) |- P(x)\/C ori 1
3. P(x) |- (Exist x)(P(x)\/C) ei 2 (x/x)
4. (Exist x)P(x) |- (Exist x)(P(x)\/C) lei 3
5. C |- C prem
6. C |- P(x)\/C ori 5
7. C |- (Exist x)(P(x)\/C) ei 6 (x/x)
8. (Exist x)P(x)\/C |- (Exist x)(P(x)\/C) ore 4,7
关卡34
Premise: (All x)(P(x)/\C)
Conclusion: (All x)P(x)/\C
1. P(x)/\C |- P(x)/\C prem
2. P(x)/\C |- P(x) ande 1
3. P(x)/\C |- C ande 1
4. (All x)(P(x)/\C) |- P(x) lai 2
5. (All x)(P(x)/\C) |- C lai 3
6. (All x)(P(x)/\C) |- (All x)P(x) ai 4
7. (All x)(P(x)/\C) |- (All x)P(x)/\C andi 5,6
关卡35
Premise: (All x)P(x)/\C
Conclusion: (All x)(P(x)/\C)
1. (All x)P(x)/\C |- (All x)P(x)/\C prem
2. (All x)P(x)/\C |- (All x)P(x) ande 1
3. (All x)P(x)/\C |- C ande 1
4. (All x)P(x)/\C |- P(x) ae 2 (x/x)
5. (All x)P(x)/\C |- P(x)/\C andi 4,3
6. (All x)P(x)/\C |- (All x)(P(x)/\C) ai 5
关卡36
Premise: ~(All x)P(x)
Conclusion: (Exist x)(~P(x))
1. ~(All x)P(x),~(Exist x)(~P(x)),~P(x) |- ~P(x) prem
2. ~(All x)P(x),~(Exist x)(~P(x)),~P(x) |- (Exist x)(~P(x)) ei 1 (x/x)
3. ~(All x)P(x),~(Exist x)(~P(x)),~P(x) |- ~(Exist x)(~P(x)) prem
4. ~(All x)P(x),~(Exist x)(~P(x)) |- ~(~P(x)) ni 2,3
5. ~(All x)P(x),~(Exist x)(~P(x)) |- P(x) nne 4
6. ~(All x)P(x),~(Exist x)(~P(x)) |- (All x)P(x) ai 5
7. ~(All x)P(x),~(Exist x)(~P(x)) |- ~(All x)P(x) prem
8. ~(All x)P(x) |- ~(~(Exist x)(~P(x))) ni 6,7
9. ~(All x)P(x) |- (Exist x)(~P(x)) nne 8
关卡37
Premise: (Exist x)(~P(x))
Conclusion: ~(All x)P(x)
1. ~P(x),(All x)P(x) |- (All x)P(x) prem
2. ~P(x),(All x)P(x) |- P(x) ae 1 (x/x)
3. ~P(x),(All x)P(x) |- ~P(x) prem
4. ~P(x),(All x)P(x) |- F ne 2,3
5. ~P(x),(All x)P(x) |- ~F fi
6. ~P(x) |- ~(All x)P(x) ni 4,5
7. (Exist x)(~P(x)) |- ~(All x)P(x) lei 6
关卡38
Premise: (Exist x)(P(x)/\Q(x))
Conclusion: (Exist x)P(x)/\(Exist x)Q(x)
1. P(x)/\Q(x) |- P(x)/\Q(x) prem
2. P(x)/\Q(x) |- P(x) ande 1
3. P(x)/\Q(x) |- Q(x) ande 1
4. P(x)/\Q(x) |- (Exist x)P(x) ei 2 (x/x)
5. P(x)/\Q(x) |- (Exist x)Q(x) ei 3 (x/x)
6. P(x)/\Q(x) |- (Exist x)P(x)/\(Exist x)Q(x) andi 4,5
7. (Exist x)(P(x)/\Q(x)) |- (Exist x)P(x)/\(Exist x)Q(x) lei 6
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