DRF十大主键

认证

自定义认证的类


 from rest_framework.authentication import BaseAuthentication

 from rest_framework.exceptions import AuthenticationFailed

 from authapp.models import UserToken



 class MyOrderAuthentication(BaseAuthentication):

        在这里实现认证的逻辑

     def authenticate(self, request):

         token = request._request.GET.get('token')

         # 获取到token之后,需要在数据库中查找token

         obj = UserToken.objects.filter(token=token).first()

         if not obj:

             # 没有通过认证

             raise AuthenticationFailed('认证失败')

         # 返回元组( user, auth )

         return (obj.user, obj)




使用局部配置(在视图函数中)


 class OrderView(APIView):



     # 通过authentication_classes设置认证类

     authentication_classes = [MyOrderAuthentication,]



     # 通过authentication_classes设置为空列表,就不再进行认证了

     # authentication_classes = []




全局配置


 REST_FRAMEWORK = {

     'DEFAULT_AUTHENTICATION_CLASSES':['unitls.authentication.MyOrderAuthentication'],

 }




设置匿名用户



 REST_FRAMEWORK = {

     'UNAUTHENTICATED_USER': lambda :"匿名用户",

     'UNAUTHENTICATED_TOKEN': lambda :'123456',

 }

权限

 自定义权限类


 from rest_framework.permissions import BasePermission



 class MyOrderPermission(BasePermission):

     #自定义权限认证的类,必须要实现has_permission方法

     message = '你不是VIP用户,没有权限访问'

     def has_permission(self, request, view):

     

         #Return `True` if permission is granted, `False` otherwise.

         #返回True表示有权限访问,返回False表示没有权限访问

         if request.user.user_type != 3:

             return False

         return True

局部使用

class OrderView(APIView):



     # permission_classes设置权限类

     permission_classes = [MyOrderPermission,]

     # 通过authentication_classes设置为空列表,就不再进行权限认证了

     permission_classes = []

全局的设定

REST_FRAMEWORK = {

   'DEFAULT_PERMISSION_CLASSES':['unitls.permission.MyOrderPermission'],

}

节流

自定义节流类


VISIT_RECORD = {}

class VisitThrottle(object):



    def __init__(self):

        self.history = None



    def allow_request(self,request,view):

        #实现节流的逻辑

        #基于ip做节流

        # #获取用户访问的IP地址

        # ip_address = request._request.META.get('REMOTE_ADDR')

        ctime = time.time()

        # if ip_address not in VISIT_RECORD:

        #     #第一次访问的时候将访问的时间存储在字典中(ip地址为Key,访问的时间为value值)

        #     VISIT_RECORD[ip_address] = [ctime,]

        #

        # #第二次访问的时候取出访问的历史记录

        # history = VISIT_RECORD[ip_address]



        # 基于用户的节流

        username = request.user.username

        if username not in VISIT_RECORD:

            VISIT_RECORD[username] = [ctime, ]

        history = VISIT_RECORD[username]

        self.history = history



        while history and history[-1] < ctime - 10:

            #如果访问的时间记录超过60秒,就把超过60秒的时间记录移除

            history.pop()



        if len(history) < 6:

            history.insert(0,ctime)

            return True



        return False



    def wait(self):

        #一旦用户访问次数到达阀值,显示用户需要等待的时间

        ctime = time.time()

                    #09:54:30    09:54:28

        return 10 - (ctime - self.history[-1])

局部使用

   class OrderView(APIView):

       # throttle_classes设置节流类

       throttle_classes = [VisitThrottle,]

全局设置

REST_FRAMEWORK = {

   'DEFAULT_THROTTLE_CLASSES':['unitls.throttle.VisitThrottle'],

}

使用DRF内置的限频类

from rest_framework.throttling import SimpleRateThrottle



#推荐使用这种

class VisitThrottle(SimpleRateThrottle):

    #没有登录用户,每分钟访问10次

    scope = 'logined'

    def get_cache_key(self, request, view):

    return request.user.username

"""

全局设置

REST_FRAMEWORK = {

    'DEFAULT_THROTTLE_RATES':{

        'unlogin':'10/m',

        'logined':'3/m',

    },

    'DEFAULT_THROTTLE_CLASSES':['unitls.throttle.VisitThrottle'],

}

版本

自定义版本控制类


    class ParmasVersion(object):

        def determine_version(self, request, *args, **kwargs):

            version = request.query_params.get('version')

            return version




使用(局部)


    class VersionView(APIView):

        #设置获取版本的类

        versioning_class = ParmasVersion



全局设置


     'DEFAULT_VERSIONING_CLASS':'unitls.version.ParmasVersion',



使用 DRF内置的版本控制类QueryParameterVersioning(局部)



    from rest_framework.versioning import QueryParameterVersioning

    class VersionView(APIView):

        #设置获取版本的类

        versioning_class = QueryParameterVersioning




设置文件中的配置信息


    REST_FRAMEWORK = {

        'VERSION_PARAM':'version',

        'DEFAULT_VERSION':'v1',

        'ALLOWED_VERSIONS':['v1','v2'],

    }




全局设置


    REST_FRAMEWORK = {

        'VERSION_PARAM':'version',

        'DEFAULT_VERSION':'v1',

        'ALLOWED_VERSIONS':['v1','v2'],

        'DEFAULT_VERSIONING_CLASS':'rest_framework.versioning.QueryParameterVersioning',

    }







使用 DRF内置的版本控制类URLPathVersioning(局部)


    from rest_framework.versioning import URLPathVersioning

    class VersionView(APIView):

        #设置获取版本的类

        versioning_class = URLPathVersioning




设置文件中的配置信息


    REST_FRAMEWORK = {

        'VERSION_PARAM':'version',

        'DEFAULT_VERSION':'v1',

        'ALLOWED_VERSIONS':['v1','v2'],

    }



全局设置


    REST_FRAMEWORK = {

        'VERSION_PARAM':'version',

        'DEFAULT_VERSION':'v1',

        'ALLOWED_VERSIONS':['v1','v2'],

        'DEFAULT_VERSIONING_CLASS':'rest_framework.versioning.URLPathVersioning',

    }


如果使用URLPathVersioning,路由格式如下



    url(r"^(?P[v1|v2]+)/version/",VersionView.as_view(),name='vvvv')



#使用 DRF内置的版本控制类URLPathVersioning 反向生成url地址


    #反向生成url地址 reverse

    obj = request.versioning_scheme

    url1 = obj.reverse(viewname='orders',request=request)

    

    #使用django的reverse方法反响生成url地址

    from django.urls import reverse

    url2 = reverse(viewname='orders',kwargs={'version':'v2'})

解析器

因为开发人员post请求上传数据时,传递的数据类型不同,我们可能在request._request.POST中获取不到数据

case1: Content-Type : application/x-www-form-urlencoded

服务端接收到的post请求的数据格式:username=xxxxx&age=18&sex=男

我们就可以在request._request.POST中获取到数据


    class UserInfoView(APIView):

        def post(self,request,*args,**kwargs):

            username = request._request.POST.get('username')

            age = request._request.POST.get('age')

            sex = request._request.POST.get('sex')



case2:Content-Type:application/json

服务端接收到的post请求的数据格式就是json数据:{"username":"xxxx","age":"18","sex":"男"}

在request._request.POST中就获取不到数据,但是在request.body中可以拿到

    class UserInfoView(APIView):

        def post(self,request,*args,**kwargs):

            import json

            data = json.loads(request.body.decode('utf8'))

            print(data)



DRF内置的解析器FormParser,JSONParser

使用(局部):


   from rest_framework.parsers import FormParser,JSONParser

   class UserInfoView(APIView):

        parser_classes = [FormParser,JSONParser]

        

        #这时DRF 内部代码会根据request.Content-Type和解析器支持的media_type比较

        从而选择对应的解析器

        

        def post(self,request,*args,**kwargs):

            # 如果使用JSONParser、FormParser解析数据的话

            data = request.data

            print(data)

序列化

第一种:继承自serializers.Serializer

     class BookDetailSerializer(serializers.Serializer):

             # 正常的字段序列化

             id = serializers.IntegerField()

             bookname = serializers.CharField()

             author = serializers.CharField()

             category = serializers.IntegerField()

             bookdesc = serializers.CharField()

             

             

             # 获取枚举类型的文本是 source=get_字段名_display

             status = serializers.CharField(

                 source='get_status_display'

             )

             categoryname = serializers.CharField(

                 source='get_category_display'

             )

             

             # 自定义方法获取字段

             chpaters = serializers.SerializerMethodField()

             #序列化时可以自定义方法获取字段

             def get_chpaters(self,row):

                 """ row - > bookinfo """

                     chpaters = models.ChpaterInfo.objects.filter(book=row)

                     ser = ChpaterSerializer(instance=chpaters,many=True,

                                             context=self.context

                                             )

                     return ser.data


 序列化时生成url

    url = serializers.HyperlinkedIdentityField(

    view_name='chpaterdetail', lookup_field='id',

    lookup_url_kwarg='pk',

    )


注意:如果序列化类中使用HyperlinkedIdentityField生成url,那我们在序例化时添加context={'request': request}


    ser = BookDetailSerializer(

    instance=obj,many=False,

    context={'request': request}

    )




如果出现关联关系时,获取model对像的某一个字段

    bookname = serializers.CharField(source='book.bookname')



第二种继承自:serializers.ModelSerializer

class ChpaterDetailSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):

    #使用ModelSerializer进行章节详情的序列化

    bookname = serializers.CharField(source='book.bookname')

    class Meta:

        model = models.ChpaterInfo

        #fields = "__all__"

        fields = ['id','bookname']




DRF (序列化时)自定义方法获取数据


    book = serializers.SerializerMethodField()


     def get_book(self,row):

         """ row - > UserInfo"""

             print('======',row.book.all())

             ser = UsersBooksSerializer(

                 instance=row.book.all(),

                 many=True

             )

        

             return ser.data

"""



DRF depth深度的使用

# depth会根据关联的数据不停的深入将数据获取出来(最多不超过10层)

# depth = 1

"""

class UsersSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):

    class Meta:

        model = models.UserInfo

        fields = "__all__"

        #depth会根据关联的数据不停的深入将数据获取出来(最多不超过10层)

        depth = 1


DRF序列化的验证功能

class UsersSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):

    #自定义验证错误的信息

    username = serializers.CharField(error_messages={'required':'用户名不能为空'})

    class Meta:

        model = models.UserInfo

        fields = "__all__"




class UsersView(APIView):

    def post(self,request,*args,**kwargs):

    """DRF 序列化自带验证功能"""

        data = request.data

        #print(data)

        ser = UsersSerializer(data=data)

        if ser.is_valid(): # ser.is_valid()y验证数据的有效性

            print('验证后的数据',ser.validated_data)

            #验证后的数据正确后,保存数据至数据库

            ser.save()

        else:

            #上传数据不符合规范时ser.errors,返回错误详细

            print(ser.errors)

        return Response(data)

自定义字段验证规则


    class UsersInfoSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):

    username = serializers.CharField(error_messages={'required':'用户名不能为空'})

        class Meta:

            model = models.UserInfo

            fields = "__all__"

        

        # 用户名中必须包含老王两个字,不包含则认为名字无效

        def validate_username(self,validated_value):

            print(validated_value)

            from rest_framework.exceptions import ValidationError

            if '老王' not in validated_value:

            #验证不通过,抛出异常

                raise ValidationError('用户名不合法')

            #验证通过,返回数据

            return validated_value

"""

分页

自定义分页类PageNumberPagination

# 自定制分页类

class MyPageNumberPagination(PageNumberPagination):

# http://127.0.0.1:8000/api/userpage/?page=1&pagesize=10

    # page_size每一返回多少条

    page_size = 5

    # 设置分页的参数名

    page_query_param = 'page'

    # 设置每页返回数据量的参数名

    page_size_query_param = 'pagesize'

    # 设置每页最大返回的条数

    max_page_size = 6

使用

  class UsersPageView(APIView):

      

      def get(self,request,*args,**kwargs):

          # 获取表中所有用户的row(记录)

          obj = models.UserInfo.objects.all()

          #实例化分页的类

          #page_obj = PageNumberPagination()

          page_obj = MyPageNumberPagination()

          #获取分页数据

          page_data = page_obj.paginate_queryset( queryset=obj,request=request,view=self)

          # 序列化

          ser = UsersSerializer(instance=page_data,many=True)



          # return Response(ser.data)

          #get_paginated_response会返回上一页下一页和总条数

          return page_obj.get_paginated_response(ser.data)



自定义分页类LimitOffsetPagination

from  rest_framework.pagination import LimitOffsetPagination



class MyLimitOffsetPagination(LimitOffsetPagination):

#http://127.0.0.1:8000/api/userpage/?limit=10&offset=0

    default_limit = 5

    limit_query_param = 'limit'

    offset_query_param = 'offset'

    max_limit = 7





自定义分页类CursorPagination(会对分页参数进行加密)

from  rest_framework.pagination import CursorPagination



class MyCursorPagination(CursorPagination):

    #http://127.0.0.1:8000/api/userpage/?cursor=cD01

    cursor_query_param = 'cursor'

    page_size = 4

    #返回数据市的排序的方式

    ordering = '-id'

    max_page_size = 8



 设置全局的分页

     REST_FRAMEWORK = {

         'DEFAULT_PAGINATION_CLASS':'unitl.pagination.MyCursorPagination',

         'PAGE_SIZE':3

     }

视图

以前 (Django的View)



    class MyView(View)

        .....



现在(rest_framework的APIView)


    class MyView(APIView)

    .....




其他视图的使用

第一个:GenericAPIView 视图的使用 (跟继承自APIViewq其实一样,只是我们在外面逻辑,

    GenericAPIView在内部c定制方法帮我们实现了)



from rest_framework.generics import GenericAPIView



class BookinfoSeralizer(serializers.ModelSerializer):

    

    class Meta:

        model = models.BookInfo

        fields = "__all__"



class BookView(GenericAPIView):

    # queryset: 设置获取的数据

    queryset = models.BookInfo.objects.all()

    # serializer_class: 设置序列化的类

    serializer_class = BookinfoSeralizer

    # pagination_class : 设置分页的类

    pagination_class = MyPageNumberPagination

    def get(self,request,*args,**kwargs):

        obj = self.get_queryset() #=> obj = models.BookInfo.objects.all()

        # 获取当前分页的数据

        page_data = self.paginate_queryset(obj) #=>page_obj = MyPageNumberPagination() #获取分页数据page_data = page_obj.paginate_queryset()

        # 获取序列化之后的数据

        ser = self.get_serializer(instance=page_data,many=True) #->ser = BookinfoSeralizer(instance=page_data,many=True)

        return Response(ser.data)

    

 第二个:GenericViewSet 视图的如下使用,注意路由会发生变化


    class BookView(GenericViewSet):

        # queryset: 设置获取的数据

        queryset = models.BookInfo.objects.all()

        # serializer_class: 设置序列化的类

        serializer_class = BookinfoSeralizer

        # pagination_class : 设置分页的类

        pagination_class = MyPageNumberPagination

        

        def list(self,request,*args,**kwargs):

            

            obj = self.get_queryset() #=> obj = models.BookInfo.objects.all()

            # 获取当前分页的数据

            page_data = self.paginate_queryset(obj) #=>page_obj = MyPageNumberPagination() #获取分页数据page_data = page_obj.paginate_queryset(

            # 获取序列化之后的数据

            ser = self.get_serializer(instance=page_data,many=True) #->ser = BookinfoSeralizer(instance=page_data,many=True)

            

            return Response(ser.data)



    路由会发生变化,配置如下


    url(r"bookpage/$",views.BookView.as_view({'get': 'list'}),name='bookpage')


    

    第三个:ListModelMixin,CreateModelMixin,RetrieveModelMixin,

    DestroyModelMixin,UpdateModelMixin 等视图的使用

    


    from rest_framework.mixins import ListModelMixin,CreateModelMixin,RetrieveModelMixin,DestroyModelMixin,UpdateModelMixin

    from rest_framework.viewsets import GenericViewSet

    # ListModelMixin : 返回列表数据据( get请求)

    # CreateModelMixin  : 新增一条数据 (Post请求)

    # RetrieveModelMixin,  : 获取详情数据 (get请求)

    # DestroyModelMixin,   : 删除数据的时候 (delete)

    # UpdateModelMixin  : 跟新数据的时候使用 (put)



    class BookView(ListModelMixin,RetrieveModelMixin,CreateModelMixin,DestroyModelMixin,UpdateModelMixin,GenericViewSet):

        # queryset: 设置获取的数据

        queryset = models.BookInfo.objects.all()

        # serializer_class: 设置序列化的类

        serializer_class = BookinfoSeralizer

        # pagination_class : 设置分页的类

        pagination_class = MyPageNumberPagination



    第四个:ModelViewSet视图的使用

    ModelViewSet继承自istModelMixin,CreateModelMixin,

    RetrieveModelMixin,DestroyModelMixin,UpdateModelMixin视图

    如果要实现最基本的增删改查功能,就直接继承自ModelViewSet



    from rest_framework.viewsets import ModelViewSet

    class BookView(ModelViewSet):

        # queryset: 设置获取的数据

        queryset = models.BookInfo.objects.all()

        # serializer_class: 设置序列化的类

        serializer_class = BookinfoSeralizer

        # pagination_class : 设置分页的类

        pagination_class = MyPageNumberPagination





    视图使用小总结

        只想实现简单的增删改查

            ModelViewSet

        只想增

            CreateModelMixin,GenericViewSet

        只想增删改

            CreateModelMixin,DestroyModelMixin,UpdateModelMixin,GenericViewSet



        如果视图中的业务逻辑复杂,以上都不能满足的时候,直接使用

            APIView



 #自动路由配置


     from django.conf.urls import url,include

     from api import views

     from rest_framework import routers

     

     router = routers.DefaultRouter()

     router.register(r"bookpage",views.BookView,base_name='bookpage')

     

     

     urlpatterns = [

        url(r'v1/',include(router.urls)),

     ]


     

自动路由会生成四个接口

^api/ v1/ ^bookpage/$ [name='bookpage-list']

^api/ v1/ ^bookpage\.(?P[a-z0-9]+)/?$ [name='bookpage-list']

^api/ v1/ ^bookpage/(?P[^/.]+)/$ [name='bookpage-detail']

^api/ v1/ ^bookpage/(?P[^/.]+)\.(?P[a-z0-9]+)/?$ [name='bookpage-detail']

渲染器

INSTALLED_APPS = [

                  'rest_framework',

                 ]



from rest_framework.renderers import BrowsableAPIRenderer,JSONRenderer,AdminRenderer



class BookView(ModelViewSet):

    # 设置渲染器类型

    renderer_classes = [JSONRenderer]

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