先上一张简单的ConcurrentHashMap的内部存储结构图
简单结构示意图
简单的说下流程：
1)先根据key的哈希散列值分配切片segment，这样减少线程竞争
2)将对应的key，value存储到分配到的segment的table数组中，这个其实和hashmap类似，只不过用了lock来保证线程安全
接下来详细分析
1.默认构造函数初始化
public ConcurrentHashMap() {
this(DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY, DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR, DEFAULT_CONCURRENCY_LEVEL);
}
static final int DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY = 16;
/**
* The default load factor for this table, used when not
* otherwise specified in a constructor.
*/
static final float DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR = 0.75f;
/**
* The default concurrency level for this table, used when not
* otherwise specified in a constructor.
*/
static final int DEFAULT_CONCURRENCY_LEVEL = 16;
public ConcurrentHashMap(int initialCapacity,
float loadFactor, int concurrencyLevel) {
if (!(loadFactor > 0) || initialCapacity < 0 || concurrencyLevel <= 0)
throw new IllegalArgumentException();
if (concurrencyLevel > MAX_SEGMENTS)
concurrencyLevel = MAX_SEGMENTS;
// Find power-of-two sizes best matching arguments
int sshift = 0;
int ssize = 1;
while (ssize < concurrencyLevel) {
++sshift;
ssize <<= 1;
}
this.segmentShift = 32 - sshift;
this.segmentMask = ssize - 1;
if (initialCapacity > MAXIMUM_CAPACITY)
initialCapacity = MAXIMUM_CAPACITY;
int c = initialCapacity / ssize;
if (c * ssize < initialCapacity)
++c;
int cap = MIN_SEGMENT_TABLE_CAPACITY;
while (cap < c)
cap <<= 1;
// create segments and segments[0]
Segment s0 =
new Segment(loadFactor, (int)(cap * loadFactor),
(HashEntry[])new HashEntry[cap]);
Segment[] ss = (Segment[])new Segment[ssize];
UNSAFE.putOrderedObject(ss, SBASE, s0); // ordered write of segments[0]
this.segments = ss;
}
segments 数组初始化大小为16
Segment的table数组初始化大小为2；负载因子0.75
2.根据hash散列值分配获取切片，如果对应的segment还没有初始化，就new出来cas放到segments数组
public V put(K key, V value) {
Segment s;
if (value == null)
throw new NullPointerException();
int hash = hash(key);
int j = (hash >>> segmentShift) & segmentMask;
if ((s = (Segment)UNSAFE.getObject // nonvolatile; recheck
(segments, (j << SSHIFT) + SBASE)) == null) // in ensureSegment
s = ensureSegment(j);
return s.put(key, hash, value, false);
}
private Segment ensureSegment(int k) {
final Segment[] ss = this.segments;
long u = (k << SSHIFT) + SBASE; // raw offset
Segment seg;
if ((seg = (Segment)UNSAFE.getObjectVolatile(ss, u)) == null) {
Segment proto = ss[0]; // use segment 0 as prototype
int cap = proto.table.length;
float lf = proto.loadFactor;
int threshold = (int)(cap * lf);
HashEntry[] tab = (HashEntry[])new HashEntry[cap];
if ((seg = (Segment)UNSAFE.getObjectVolatile(ss, u))
== null) { // recheck
Segment s = new Segment(lf, threshold, tab);
while ((seg = (Segment)UNSAFE.getObjectVolatile(ss, u))
== null) {
if (UNSAFE.compareAndSwapObject(ss, u, null, seg = s))
break;
}
}
}
return seg;
}
3.获取segment后，竞争非公平独占锁
final V put(K key, int hash, V value, boolean onlyIfAbsent) {
HashEntry node = tryLock() ? null :
scanAndLockForPut(key, hash, value);
V oldValue;
try {
HashEntry[] tab = table;
int index = (tab.length - 1) & hash;
HashEntry first = entryAt(tab, index);
for (HashEntry e = first;;) {
if (e != null) {
K k;
if ((k = e.key) == key ||
(e.hash == hash && key.equals(k))) {
oldValue = e.value;
if (!onlyIfAbsent) {
e.value = value;
++modCount;
}
break;
}
e = e.next;
}
else {
if (node != null)
node.setNext(first);
else
node = new HashEntry(hash, key, value, first);
int c = count + 1;
if (c > threshold && tab.length < MAXIMUM_CAPACITY)
rehash(node);
else
setEntryAt(tab, index, node);
++modCount;
count = c;
oldValue = null;
break;
}
}
} finally {
unlock();
}
return oldValue;
}
这里加锁用的是ReentrantLock的非公平锁
public boolean tryLock() {
return sync.nonfairTryAcquire(1);
}
如果cas获取独占锁不成功就进行tryLock
private HashEntry scanAndLockForPut(K key, int hash, V value) {
HashEntry first = entryForHash(this, hash);
HashEntry e = first;
HashEntry node = null;
int retries = -1; // negative while locating node
while (!tryLock()) {
HashEntry f; // to recheck first below
if (retries < 0) {
if (e == null) {
if (node == null) // speculatively create node
node = new HashEntry(hash, key, value, null);
retries = 0;
}
else if (key.equals(e.key))
retries = 0;
else
e = e.next;
}
else if (++retries > MAX_SCAN_RETRIES) {
lock();
break;
}
else if ((retries & 1) == 0 &&
(f = entryForHash(this, hash)) != first) {
e = first = f; // re-traverse if entry changed
retries = -1;
}
}
return node;
}
tryLock过程中如果table对应下标位置的元素为null，那就会生成一个node节点，在获取锁的时候返回。
tryLock次数为1或者64，取决于虚拟机数，如果超过次数就进行lock操作，可能挂起
static final int MAX_SCAN_RETRIES =
Runtime.getRuntime().availableProcessors() > 1 ? 64 : 1;
tryLock过程中如果table中对应下标位置的元素发生变化，那就重新tryLock
4.获取独占锁之后插入操作也和hashmap类似，还有扩容操作,X2扩容，因为这里能保证是一个线程执行，所以不会出现死循环的问题
private void rehash(HashEntry node) {
/*
* Reclassify nodes in each list to new table. Because we
* are using power-of-two expansion, the elements from
* each bin must either stay at same index, or move with a
* power of two offset. We eliminate unnecessary node
* creation by catching cases where old nodes can be
* reused because their next fields won't change.
* Statistically, at the default threshold, only about
* one-sixth of them need cloning when a table
* doubles. The nodes they replace will be garbage
* collectable as soon as they are no longer referenced by
* any reader thread that may be in the midst of
* concurrently traversing table. Entry accesses use plain
* array indexing because they are followed by volatile
* table write.
*/
HashEntry[] oldTable = table;
int oldCapacity = oldTable.length;
int newCapacity = oldCapacity << 1;
threshold = (int)(newCapacity * loadFactor);
HashEntry[] newTable =
(HashEntry[]) new HashEntry[newCapacity];
int sizeMask = newCapacity - 1;
for (int i = 0; i < oldCapacity ; i++) {
HashEntry e = oldTable[i];
if (e != null) {
HashEntry next = e.next;
int idx = e.hash & sizeMask;
if (next == null) // Single node on list
newTable[idx] = e;
else { // Reuse consecutive sequence at same slot
HashEntry lastRun = e;
int lastIdx = idx;
for (HashEntry last = next;
last != null;
last = last.next) {
int k = last.hash & sizeMask;
if (k != lastIdx) {
lastIdx = k;
lastRun = last;
}
}
newTable[lastIdx] = lastRun;
// Clone remaining nodes
for (HashEntry p = e; p != lastRun; p = p.next) {
V v = p.value;
int h = p.hash;
int k = h & sizeMask;
HashEntry n = newTable[k];
newTable[k] = new HashEntry(h, p.key, v, n);
}
}
}
}
int nodeIndex = node.hash & sizeMask; // add the new node
node.setNext(newTable[nodeIndex]);
newTable[nodeIndex] = node;
table = newTable;
}
5.有个细节需要注意，就是对于segmants和table这两个数组的读取和存储操作都用的UNSAFE操作。
这个是因为Java数组在元素层面的元数据设计上的缺失，无法表达元素是final、volatile等语义，所以开了后门，使用getObjectVolatile用来补上无法表达元素是volatile的坑，@Stable用来补上final的坑，数组元素就跟没有标volatile的成员字段一样，无法保证线程之间可见性。参考https://www.jianshu.com/p/5808db3e2ace