网络协议名词学习

DHCP

（动态主机配置协议）是一个局域网的网络协议。指的是由服务器控制一段IP地址范围，客户机登录服务器时就可以自动获得服务器分配的IP地址和子网掩码。默认情况下，DHCP作为Windows Server的一个服务组件不会被系统自动安装，还需要管理员手动安装并进行必要的配置。

VRRP：

虚拟路由冗余协议(Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol，简称VRRP)是由IETF提出的解决局域网中配置静态网关出现单点失效现象的路由协议，1998年已推出正式的RFC2338协议标准。VRRP广泛应用在边缘网络中，它的设计目标是支持特定情况下IP数据流量失败转移不会引起混乱，允许主机使用单路由器，以及即使在实际第一跳路由器使用失败的情形下仍能够维护路由器间的连通性。
VRRP是一种选择协议，它可以把一个虚拟路由器的责任动态分配到局域网上的 VRRP 路由器中的一台。控制虚拟路由器 IP 地址的 VRRP 路由器称为主路由器，它负责转发数据包到这些虚拟 IP 地址。一旦主路由器不可用，这种选择过程就提供了动态的故障转移机制，这就允许虚拟路由器的 IP 地址可以作为终端主机的默认第一跳路由器。是一种LAN接入设备备份协议。一个局域网络内的所有主机都设置缺省网关，这样主机发出的目的地址不在本网段的报文将被通过缺省网关发往三层交换机，从而实现了主机和外部网络的通信。

NTP

网络时间协议，英文名称：Network Time Protocol（NTP）是用来使计算机时间同步化的一种协议，它可以使计算机对其服务器或时钟源（如石英钟，GPS等等)做同步化，它可以提供高精准度的时间校正（LAN上与标准间差小于1毫秒，WAN上几十毫秒），且可介由加密确认的方式来防止恶毒的协议攻击。NTP的目的是在无序的Internet环境中提供精确和健壮的时间服务。
如，依靠协调的时间以保证按次序进行发生的分配程序。安全的机制依靠整个网络的协调的时间。由多个计算机执行的文件系统更新依靠时间的同步，空中控制系统提供空域图像的描述，也需要时间的同步。既然飞行路线要求十分精确的时间（可以想像一下，如果空中控制的计算机时间不同步会是什么样的后果）。
UTC时间是使用多种不同的方法得到的，包括无线电和卫星系统。一些国家的用于高级服务的特别可以使用特别的接收机，包括GPS。但是，在每台计算机都安装这些接收机既不实际，也不经济。作为替代，指定的时间服务器的计算机上安装这种接收机，并使用如NTP的协议来同步时间，从UTC分开的程度是被定义为层，一个无线电钏（从指定的发射机或卫星导航设备上接收信息）是0层，直接与无线电钟连接的是1层，从1层计算机上接收时间的是2层，依次如此。
术语网络时间协议（NTP）适用于运行在计算机上的和客户端/服务器程序和协议，程序由作为NTP客户端、服务器端或两者的用户编写，在基本条件下，NTP客户端发出时间请求，与时间服务器交换时间，这个交换的结果是，客户端能计算出时间的延迟，它的弥补值，并调整与服务器时间同步。通常情况下，在设置的初始，在5至10分钟有内6次交换。 一旦同步后，每10分钟与服务器时间进行一次同步，通常要求单一信息交换。冗余服务器和不同的网络路径用于保证可靠性的精确度，除了客户端/服务器商的同步以外，NTP还支持同等计算机的广播同步。NTP在设计上是高度容错和可升级的。
正常情况下节点（包括从时间服务器及客户）只用最可靠、最准确的服务器及传输路径来进行同步，因此通常的同步路径呈现为一个层次结构。在该层次结构中，主服务器位于根节点，而其它服务器随同步精度的增加而位于逐渐靠近叶子节点的层上。
一个相对较高的离散程度，表示一个对时资料的可信度比较低。仅从一个时间服务器获得校时信息，不能校正通讯过程所造成的时间偏差，而同时与许多时间服务器通信校时，就可利用过滤算法找出相对较可靠的时间来源，然后采用它的时间来校时。

HTTP

超文本传输协议（Hyper Text Transfer Protocol，HTTP）是一个简单的请求-响应协议，它通常运行在TCP之上。它指定了客户端可能发送给服务器什么样的消息以及得到什么样的响应。请求和响应消息的头以ASCII形式给出；而消息内容则具有一个类似MIME的格式。这个简单模型是早期Web成功的有功之臣，因为它使开发和部署非常地直截了当。

MIME

(Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions)多用途互联网邮件扩展类型。是设定某种扩展名的文件用一种应用程序来打开的方式类型，当该扩展名文件被访问的时候，浏览器会自动使用指定应用程序来打开。多用于指定一些客户端自定义的文件名，以及一些媒体文件打开方式。
一个普通的文本邮件的信息包含一个头（header）部分（To: From: Subject: 等等）和一个体（body）部分（Hello Mr.,等等）。在一个符合MIME的信息中，也包含一个信息头并不奇怪，邮件的各个部分叫做MIME段，每段前也缀以一个特别的头。MIME邮件只是基于RFC 822邮件的一个扩展，然而它有着自己的RFC规范集。

格式前面为后辍名，后面为对应的MIME型（例如：rar application/x-rar-compressed 表示。RAR对应的是application/x-rar-compressed ）
{ ".323", "text/h323" },
{ ".3gp", "video/3gpp" },
{ ".aab", "application/x-authoware-bin" },
{ ".aam", "application/x-authoware-map" },
{ ".aas", "application/x-authoware-seg" },
{ ".acx", "application/internet-property-stream" },
{ ".ai", "application/postscript" },
{ ".aif", "audio/x-aiff" },
{ ".aifc", "audio/x-aiff" },
{ ".aiff", "audio/x-aiff" },
{ ".als", "audio/X-Alpha5" },
{ ".amc", "application/x-mpeg" },
{ ".ani", "application/octet-stream" },
{ ".apk", "application/vnd.android.package-archive" },
{ ".asc", "text/plain" },
{ ".asd", "application/astound" },
{ ".asf", "video/x-ms-asf" },
{ ".asn", "application/astound" },
{ ".asp", "application/x-asap" },
{ ".asr", "video/x-ms-asf" },
{ ".asx", "video/x-ms-asf" },
{ ".au", "audio/basic" },
{ ".avb", "application/octet-stream" },
{ ".avi", "video/x-msvideo" },
{ ".awb", "audio/amr-wb" },
{ ".axs", "application/olescript" },
{ ".bas", "text/plain" },
{ ".bcpio", "application/x-bcpio" },
{ ".bin ", "application/octet-stream" },
{ ".bld", "application/bld" },
{ ".bld2", "application/bld2" },
{ ".bmp", "image/bmp" },
{ ".bpk", "application/octet-stream" },
{ ".bz2", "application/x-bzip2" },
{ ".c", "text/plain" },
{ ".cal", "image/x-cals" },
{ ".cat", "application/vnd.ms-pkiseccat" },
{ ".ccn", "application/x-cnc" },
{ ".cco", "application/x-cocoa" },
{ ".cdf", "application/x-cdf" },
{ ".cer", "application/x-x509-ca-cert" },
{ ".cgi", "magnus-internal/cgi" },
{ ".chat", "application/x-chat" },
{ ".class", "application/octet-stream" },
{ ".clp", "application/x-msclip" },
{ ".cmx", "image/x-cmx" },
{ ".co", "application/x-cult3d-object" },
{ ".cod", "image/cis-cod" },
{ ".conf", "text/plain" },
{ ".cpio", "application/x-cpio" },
{ ".cpp", "text/plain" },
{ ".cpt", "application/mac-compactpro" },
{ ".crd", "application/x-mscardfile" },
{ ".crl", "application/pkix-crl" },
{ ".crt", "application/x-x509-ca-cert" },
{ ".csh", "application/x-csh" },
{ ".csm", "chemical/x-csml" },
{ ".csml", "chemical/x-csml" },
{ ".css", "text/css" },
{ ".cur", "application/octet-stream" },
{ ".dcm", "x-lml/x-evm" },
{ ".dcr", "application/x-director" },
{ ".dcx", "image/x-dcx" },
{ ".der", "application/x-x509-ca-cert" },
{ ".dhtml", "text/html" },
{ ".dir", "application/x-director" },
{ ".dll", "application/x-msdownload" },
{ ".dmg", "application/octet-stream" },
{ ".dms", "application/octet-stream" },
{ ".doc", "application/msword" },
{ ".docx", "application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document" },
{ ".dot", "application/msword" },
{ ".dvi", "application/x-dvi" },
{ ".dwf", "drawing/x-dwf" },
{ ".dwg", "application/x-autocad" },
{ ".dxf", "application/x-autocad" },
{ ".dxr", "application/x-director" },
{ ".ebk", "application/x-expandedbook" },
{ ".emb", "chemical/x-embl-dl-nucleotide" },
{ ".embl", "chemical/x-embl-dl-nucleotide" },
{ ".eps", "application/postscript" },
{ ".epub", "application/epub+zip" },
{ ".eri", "image/x-eri" },
{ ".es", "audio/echospeech" },
{ ".esl", "audio/echospeech" },
{ ".etc", "application/x-earthtime" },
{ ".etx", "text/x-setext" },
{ ".evm", "x-lml/x-evm" },
{ ".evy", "application/envoy" },
{ ".exe", "application/octet-stream" },
{ ".fh4", "image/x-freehand" },
{ ".fh5", "image/x-freehand" },
{ ".fhc", "image/x-freehand" },
{ ".fif", "application/fractals" },
{ ".flr", "x-world/x-vrml" },
{ ".flv", "flv-application/octet-stream" },
{ ".fm", "application/x-maker" },
{ ".fpx", "image/x-fpx" },
{ ".fvi", "video/isivideo" },
{ ".gau", "chemical/x-gaussian-input" },
{ ".gca", "application/x-gca-compressed" },
{ ".gdb", "x-lml/x-gdb" },
{ ".gif", "image/gif" },
{ ".gps", "application/x-gps" },
{ ".gtar", "application/x-gtar" },
{ ".gz", "application/x-gzip" },
{ ".h", "text/plain" },
{ ".hdf", "application/x-hdf" },
{ ".hdm", "text/x-hdml" },
{ ".hdml", "text/x-hdml" },
{ ".hlp", "application/winhlp" },
{ ".hqx", "application/mac-binhex40" },
{ ".hta", "application/hta" },
{ ".htc", "text/x-component" },
{ ".htm", "text/html" },
{ ".html", "text/html" },
{ ".hts", "text/html" },
{ ".htt", "text/webviewhtml" },
{ ".ice", "x-conference/x-cooltalk" },
{ ".ico", "image/x-icon" },
{ ".ief", "image/ief" },
{ ".ifm", "image/gif" },
{ ".ifs", "image/ifs" },
{ ".iii", "application/x-iphone" },
{ ".imy", "audio/melody" },
{ ".ins", "application/x-internet-signup" },
{ ".ips", "application/x-ipscript" },
{ ".ipx", "application/x-ipix" },
{ ".isp", "application/x-internet-signup" },
{ ".it", "audio/x-mod" },
{ ".itz", "audio/x-mod" },
{ ".ivr", "i-world/i-vrml" },
{ ".j2k", "image/j2k" },
{ ".jad", "text/vnd.sun.j2me.app-descriptor" },
{ ".jam", "application/x-jam" },
{ ".jar", "application/java-archive" },
{ ".java", "text/plain" },
{ ".jfif", "image/pipeg" },
{ ".jnlp", "application/x-java-jnlp-file" },
{ ".jpe", "image/jpeg" },
{ ".jpeg", "image/jpeg" },
{ ".jpg", "image/jpeg" },
{ ".jpz", "image/jpeg" },
{ ".js", "application/x-javascript" },
{ ".jwc", "application/jwc" },
{ ".kjx", "application/x-kjx" },
{ ".lak", "x-lml/x-lak" },
{ ".latex", "application/x-latex" },
{ ".lcc", "application/fastman" },
{ ".lcl", "application/x-digitalloca" },
{ ".lcr", "application/x-digitalloca" },
{ ".lgh", "application/lgh" },
{ ".lha", "application/octet-stream" },
{ ".lml", "x-lml/x-lml" },
{ ".lmlpack", "x-lml/x-lmlpack" },
{ ".log", "text/plain" },
{ ".lsf", "video/x-la-asf" },
{ ".lsx", "video/x-la-asf" },
{ ".lzh", "application/octet-stream" },
{ ".m13", "application/x-msmediaview" },
{ ".m14", "application/x-msmediaview" },
{ ".m15", "audio/x-mod" },
{ ".m3u", "audio/x-mpegurl" },
{ ".m3url", "audio/x-mpegurl" },
{ ".m4a", "audio/mp4a-latm" },
{ ".m4b", "audio/mp4a-latm" },
{ ".m4p", "audio/mp4a-latm" },
{ ".m4u", "video/vnd.mpegurl" },
{ ".m4v", "video/x-m4v" },
{ ".ma1", "audio/ma1" },
{ ".ma2", "audio/ma2" },
{ ".ma3", "audio/ma3" },
{ ".ma5", "audio/ma5" },
{ ".man", "application/x-troff-man" },
{ ".map", "magnus-internal/imagemap" },
{ ".mbd", "application/mbedlet" },
{ ".mct", "application/x-mascot" },
{ ".mdb", "application/x-msaccess" },
{ ".mdz", "audio/x-mod" },
{ ".me", "application/x-troff-me" },
{ ".mel", "text/x-vmel" },
{ ".mht", "message/rfc822" },
{ ".mhtml", "message/rfc822" },
{ ".mi", "application/x-mif" },
{ ".mid", "audio/mid" },
{ ".midi", "audio/midi" },
{ ".mif", "application/x-mif" },
{ ".mil", "image/x-cals" },
{ ".mio", "audio/x-mio" },
{ ".mmf", "application/x-skt-lbs" },
{ ".mng", "video/x-mng" },
{ ".mny", "application/x-msmoney" },
{ ".moc", "application/x-mocha" },
{ ".mocha", "application/x-mocha" },
{ ".mod", "audio/x-mod" },
{ ".mof", "application/x-yumekara" },
{ ".mol", "chemical/x-mdl-molfile" },
{ ".mop", "chemical/x-mopac-input" },
{ ".mov", "video/quicktime" },
{ ".movie", "video/x-sgi-movie" },
{ ".mp2", "video/mpeg" },
{ ".mp3", "audio/mpeg" },
{ ".mp4", "video/mp4" },
{ ".mpa", "video/mpeg" },
{ ".mpc", "application/vnd.mpohun.certificate" },
{ ".mpe", "video/mpeg" },
{ ".mpeg", "video/mpeg" },
{ ".mpg", "video/mpeg" },
{ ".mpg4", "video/mp4" },
{ ".mpga", "audio/mpeg" },
{ ".mpn", "application/vnd.mophun.application" },
{ ".mpp", "application/vnd.ms-project" },
{ ".mps", "application/x-mapserver" },
{ ".mpv2", "video/mpeg" },
{ ".mrl", "text/x-mrml" },
{ ".mrm", "application/x-mrm" },
{ ".ms", "application/x-troff-ms" },
{ ".msg", "application/vnd.ms-outlook" },
{ ".mts", "application/metastream" },
{ ".mtx", "application/metastream" },
{ ".mtz", "application/metastream" },
{ ".mvb", "application/x-msmediaview" },
{ ".mzv", "application/metastream" },
{ ".nar", "application/zip" },
{ ".nbmp", "image/nbmp" },
{ ".nc", "application/x-netcdf" },
{ ".ndb", "x-lml/x-ndb" },
{ ".ndwn", "application/ndwn" },
{ ".nif", "application/x-nif" },
{ ".nmz", "application/x-scream" },
{ ".nokia-op-logo", "image/vnd.nok-oplogo-color" },
{ ".npx", "application/x-netfpx" },
{ ".nsnd", "audio/nsnd" },
{ ".nva", "application/x-neva1" },
{ ".nws", "message/rfc822" },
{ ".oda", "application/oda" },
{ ".ogg", "audio/ogg" },
{ ".oom", "application/x-AtlasMate-Plugin" },
{ ".p10", "application/pkcs10" },
{ ".p12", "application/x-pkcs12" },
{ ".p7b", "application/x-pkcs7-certificates" },
{ ".p7c", "application/x-pkcs7-mime" },
{ ".p7m", "application/x-pkcs7-mime" },
{ ".p7r", "application/x-pkcs7-certreqresp" },
{ ".p7s", "application/x-pkcs7-signature" },
{ ".pac", "audio/x-pac" },
{ ".pae", "audio/x-epac" },
{ ".pan", "application/x-pan" },
{ ".pbm", "image/x-portable-bitmap" },
{ ".pcx", "image/x-pcx" },
{ ".pda", "image/x-pda" },
{ ".pdb", "chemical/x-pdb" },
{ ".pdf", "application/pdf" },
{ ".pfr", "application/font-tdpfr" },
{ ".pfx", "application/x-pkcs12" },
{ ".pgm", "image/x-portable-graymap" },
{ ".pict", "image/x-pict" },
{ ".pko", "application/ynd.ms-pkipko" },
{ ".pm", "application/x-perl" },
{ ".pma", "application/x-perfmon" },
{ ".pmc", "application/x-perfmon" },
{ ".pmd", "application/x-pmd" },
{ ".pml", "application/x-perfmon" },
{ ".pmr", "application/x-perfmon" },
{ ".pmw", "application/x-perfmon" },
{ ".png", "image/png" },
{ ".pnm", "image/x-portable-anymap" },
{ ".pnz", "image/png" },
{ ".pot,", "application/vnd.ms-powerpoint" },
{ ".ppm", "image/x-portable-pixmap" },
{ ".pps", "application/vnd.ms-powerpoint" },
{ ".ppt", "application/vnd.ms-powerpoint" },
{ ".pptx", "application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.presentationml.presentation" },
{ ".pqf", "application/x-cprplayer" },
{ ".pqi", "application/cprplayer" },
{ ".prc", "application/x-prc" },
{ ".prf", "application/pics-rules" },
{ ".prop", "text/plain" },
{ ".proxy", "application/x-ns-proxy-autoconfig" },
{ ".ps", "application/postscript" },
{ ".ptlk", "application/listenup" },
{ ".pub", "application/x-mspublisher" },
{ ".pvx", "video/x-pv-pvx" },
{ ".qcp", "audio/vnd.qcelp" },
{ ".qt", "video/quicktime" },
{ ".qti", "image/x-quicktime" },
{ ".qtif", "image/x-quicktime" },
{ ".r3t", "text/vnd.rn-realtext3d" },
{ ".ra", "audio/x-pn-realaudio" },
{ ".ram", "audio/x-pn-realaudio" },
{ ".rar", "application/octet-stream" },
{ ".ras", "image/x-cmu-raster" },
{ ".rc", "text/plain" },
{ ".rdf", "application/rdf+xml" },
{ ".rf", "image/vnd.rn-realflash" },
{ ".rgb", "image/x-rgb" },
{ ".rlf", "application/x-richlink" },
{ ".rm", "audio/x-pn-realaudio" },
{ ".rmf", "audio/x-rmf" },
{ ".rmi", "audio/mid" },
{ ".rmm", "audio/x-pn-realaudio" },
{ ".rmvb", "audio/x-pn-realaudio" },
{ ".rnx", "application/vnd.rn-realplayer" },
{ ".roff", "application/x-troff" },
{ ".rp", "image/vnd.rn-realpix" },
{ ".rpm", "audio/x-pn-realaudio-plugin" },
{ ".rt", "text/vnd.rn-realtext" },
{ ".rte", "x-lml/x-gps" },
{ ".rtf", "application/rtf" },
{ ".rtg", "application/metastream" },
{ ".rtx", "text/richtext" },
{ ".rv", "video/vnd.rn-realvideo" },
{ ".rwc", "application/x-rogerwilco" },
{ ".s3m", "audio/x-mod" },
{ ".s3z", "audio/x-mod" },
{ ".sca", "application/x-supercard" },
{ ".scd", "application/x-msschedule" },
{ ".sct", "text/scriptlet" },
{ ".sdf", "application/e-score" },
{ ".sea", "application/x-stuffit" },
{ ".setpay", "application/set-payment-initiation" },
{ ".setreg", "application/set-registration-initiation" },
{ ".sgm", "text/x-sgml" },
{ ".sgml", "text/x-sgml" },
{ ".sh", "application/x-sh" },
{ ".shar", "application/x-shar" },
{ ".shtml", "magnus-internal/parsed-html" },
{ ".shw", "application/presentations" },
{ ".si6", "image/si6" },
{ ".si7", "image/vnd.stiwap.sis" },
{ ".si9", "image/vnd.lgtwap.sis" },
{ ".sis", "application/vnd.symbian.install" },
{ ".sit", "application/x-stuffit" },
{ ".skd", "application/x-Koan" },
{ ".skm", "application/x-Koan" },
{ ".skp", "application/x-Koan" },
{ ".skt", "application/x-Koan" },
{ ".slc", "application/x-salsa" },
{ ".smd", "audio/x-smd" },
{ ".smi", "application/smil" },
{ ".smil", "application/smil" },
{ ".smp", "application/studiom" },
{ ".smz", "audio/x-smd" },
{ ".snd", "audio/basic" },
{ ".spc", "application/x-pkcs7-certificates" },
{ ".spl", "application/futuresplash" },
{ ".spr", "application/x-sprite" },
{ ".sprite", "application/x-sprite" },
{ ".sdp", "application/sdp" },
{ ".spt", "application/x-spt" },
{ ".src", "application/x-wais-source" },
{ ".sst", "application/vnd.ms-pkicertstore" },
{ ".stk", "application/hyperstudio" },
{ ".stl", "application/vnd.ms-pkistl" },
{ ".stm", "text/html" },
{ ".svg", "image/svg+xml" },
{ ".sv4cpio", "application/x-sv4cpio" },
{ ".sv4crc", "application/x-sv4crc" },
{ ".svf", "image/vnd" },
{ ".svg", "image/svg+xml" },
{ ".svh", "image/svh" },
{ ".svr", "x-world/x-svr" },
{ ".swf", "application/x-shockwave-flash" },
{ ".swfl", "application/x-shockwave-flash" },
{ ".t", "application/x-troff" },
{ ".tad", "application/octet-stream" },
{ ".talk", "text/x-speech" },
{ ".tar", "application/x-tar" },
{ ".taz", "application/x-tar" },
{ ".tbp", "application/x-timbuktu" },
{ ".tbt", "application/x-timbuktu" },
{ ".tcl", "application/x-tcl" },
{ ".tex", "application/x-tex" },
{ ".texi", "application/x-texinfo" },
{ ".texinfo", "application/x-texinfo" },
{ ".tgz", "application/x-compressed" },
{ ".thm", "application/vnd.eri.thm" },
{ ".tif", "image/tiff" },
{ ".tiff", "image/tiff" },
{ ".tki", "application/x-tkined" },
{ ".tkined", "application/x-tkined" },
{ ".toc", "application/toc" },
{ ".toy", "image/toy" },
{ ".tr", "application/x-troff" },
{ ".trk", "x-lml/x-gps" },
{ ".trm", "application/x-msterminal" },
{ ".tsi", "audio/tsplayer" },
{ ".tsp", "application/dsptype" },
{ ".tsv", "text/tab-separated-values" },
{ ".ttf", "application/octet-stream" },
{ ".ttz", "application/t-time" },
{ ".txt", "text/plain" },
{ ".uls", "text/iuls" },
{ ".ult", "audio/x-mod" },
{ ".ustar", "application/x-ustar" },
{ ".uu", "application/x-uuencode" },
{ ".uue", "application/x-uuencode" },
{ ".vcd", "application/x-cdlink" },
{ ".vcf", "text/x-vcard" },
{ ".vdo", "video/vdo" },
{ ".vib", "audio/vib" },
{ ".viv", "video/vivo" },
{ ".vivo", "video/vivo" },
{ ".vmd", "application/vocaltec-media-desc" },
{ ".vmf", "application/vocaltec-media-file" },
{ ".vmi", "application/x-dreamcast-vms-info" },
{ ".vms", "application/x-dreamcast-vms" },
{ ".vox", "audio/voxware" },
{ ".vqe", "audio/x-twinvq-plugin" },
{ ".vqf", "audio/x-twinvq" },
{ ".vql", "audio/x-twinvq" },
{ ".vre", "x-world/x-vream" },
{ ".vrml", "x-world/x-vrml" },
{ ".vrt", "x-world/x-vrt" },
{ ".vrw", "x-world/x-vream" },
{ ".vts", "workbook/formulaone" },
{ ".wav", "audio/x-wav" },
{ ".wax", "audio/x-ms-wax" },
{ ".wbmp", "image/vnd.wap.wbmp" },
{ ".wcm", "application/vnd.ms-works" },
{ ".wdb", "application/vnd.ms-works" },
{ ".web", "application/vnd.xara" },
{ ".wi", "image/wavelet" },
{ ".wis", "application/x-InstallShield" },
{ ".wks", "application/vnd.ms-works" },
{ ".wm", "video/x-ms-wm" },
{ ".wma", "audio/x-ms-wma" },
{ ".wmd", "application/x-ms-wmd" },
{ ".wmf", "application/x-msmetafile" },
{ ".wml", "text/vnd.wap.wml" },
{ ".wmlc", "application/vnd.wap.wmlc" },
{ ".wmls", "text/vnd.wap.wmlscript" },
{ ".wmlsc", "application/vnd.wap.wmlscriptc" },
{ ".wmlscript", "text/vnd.wap.wmlscript" },
{ ".wmv", "audio/x-ms-wmv" },
{ ".wmx", "video/x-ms-wmx" },
{ ".wmz", "application/x-ms-wmz" },
{ ".wpng", "image/x-up-wpng" },
{ ".wps", "application/vnd.ms-works" },
{ ".wpt", "x-lml/x-gps" },
{ ".wri", "application/x-mswrite" },
{ ".wrl", "x-world/x-vrml" },
{ ".wrz", "x-world/x-vrml" },
{ ".ws", "text/vnd.wap.wmlscript" },
{ ".wsc", "application/vnd.wap.wmlscriptc" },
{ ".wv", "video/wavelet" },
{ ".wvx", "video/x-ms-wvx" },
{ ".wxl", "application/x-wxl" },
{ ".x-gzip", "application/x-gzip" },
{ ".xaf", "x-world/x-vrml" },
{ ".xar", "application/vnd.xara" },
{ ".xbm", "image/x-xbitmap" },
{ ".xdm", "application/x-xdma" },
{ ".xdma", "application/x-xdma" },
{ ".xdw", "application/vnd.fujixerox.docuworks" },
{ ".xht", "application/xhtml+xml" },
{ ".xhtm", "application/xhtml+xml" },
{ ".xhtml", "application/xhtml+xml" },
{ ".xla", "application/vnd.ms-excel" },
{ ".xlc", "application/vnd.ms-excel" },
{ ".xll", "application/x-excel" },
{ ".xlm", "application/vnd.ms-excel" },
{ ".xls", "application/vnd.ms-excel" },
{ ".xlsx", "application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet" },
{ ".xlt", "application/vnd.ms-excel" },
{ ".xlw", "application/vnd.ms-excel" },
{ ".xm", "audio/x-mod" },
{".xml","text/plain"},
{".xml","application/xml"}, [1] 
{ ".xmz", "audio/x-mod" },
{ ".xof", "x-world/x-vrml" },
{ ".xpi", "application/x-xpinstall" },
{ ".xpm", "image/x-xpixmap" },
{ ".xsit", "text/xml" },
{ ".xsl", "text/xml" },
{ ".xul", "text/xul" },
{ ".xwd", "image/x-xwindowdump" },
{ ".xyz", "chemical/x-pdb" },
{ ".yz1", "application/x-yz1" },
{ ".z", "application/x-compress" }, [1] 
{ ".zac", "application/x-zaurus-zac" },
{ ".zip", "application/zip" },
{ ".json", "application/json" },
传输编码

JSP

JSP（全称JavaServer Pages）是由Sun Microsystems公司主导创建的一种动态网页技术标准。JSP部署于网络服务器上，可以响应客户端发送的请求，并根据请求内容动态地生成HTML、XML或其他格式文档的Web网页，然后返回给请求者。JSP技术以Java语言作为脚本语言，为用户的HTTP请求提供服务，并能与服务器上的其它Java程序共同处理复杂的业务需求。
JSP将Java代码和特定变动内容嵌入到静态的页面中，实现以静态页面为模板，动态生成其中的部分内容。JSP引入了被称为“JSP动作”的XML标签，用来调用内建功能。另外，可以创建JSP标签库，然后像使用标准HTML或XML标签一样使用它们。标签库能增强功能和服务器性能，而且不受跨平台问题的限制。JSP文件在运行时会被其编译器转换成更原始的Servlet代码。JSP编译器可以把JSP文件编译成用Java代码写的Servlet，然后再由Java编译器来编译成能快速执行的二进制机器码，也可以直接编译成二进制码。

PHP

PHP（PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor）即“超文本预处理器”，是在服务器端执行的脚本语言，尤其适用于Web开发并可嵌入HTML中。PHP语法学习了C语言，吸纳Java和Perl多个语言的特色发展出自己的特色语法，并根据它们的长项持续改进提升自己，例如java的面向对象编程，该语言当初创建的主要目标是让开发人员快速编写出优质的web网站。 [1-2] PHP同时支持面向对象和面向过程的开发，使用上非常灵活。

TCP/IP

TCP/IP（Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol，传输控制协议/网际协议）是指能够在多个不同网络间实现信息传输的协议簇。TCP/IP协议不仅仅指的是TCP 和IP两个协议，而是指一个由FTP、SMTP、TCP、UDP、IP等协议构成的协议簇， 只是因为在TCP/IP协议中TCP协议和IP协议最具代表性，所以被称为TCP/IP协议。
TCP/IP传输协议是严格来说是一个四层的体系结构，应用层、传输层、网络层和数据链路层都包含其中。