一个业务中包含多个数据库操作,所有操作作为整体,全部成功或全部失败
…
在传统的单体项目中,我们使用@Transactional注解就能实现基本的ACID事务了。
但是前提是:
1) 数据库支持事务(如:MySQL的innoDB引擎)
2) 所有业务都在同一个服务、同一个数据库中执行
随着微服务架构的引入,需要对数据库进行分库分表,每个服务拥有自己的数据库,这样传统的事务就不起作用了,那么我们如何保证多个服务中数据的一致性呢?
常见的解决方案
事务提交分为两个阶段
准备阶段
协调者向每个服务发起投票,服务进行返回,如果全部是yes,进入下阶段,如果有一个no就不启动事务
提交阶段
协调者向每个服务发起提交命令,每个服务都提交成功,整个事务就提交,有一个服务失败,全部回滚
问题:
分为3个阶段
Try阶段,尝试执行事务,预留事务资源
Confirm阶段,确定事务执行,执行成功就提交,执行失败会执行补偿(Cancel)业务逻辑
Cancel阶段,事务执行失败后的补偿代码
特点:可以自定义补偿的代码,能做除数据库外的业务,如提交图片、发短信
缺点:写大量的补偿代码
每个服务将事务操作的结果保存到本地消息表中,通过MQ发送给统一处理的程序
优点:异步执行,并发效率高
缺点:写较多消息表处理代码
部分消息队列执行分布式事务的处理,如:RocketMQ
Seata就是为微服务架构而生的一种高性能、易于使用的分布式事务解决方案。
Seata 中有三个基础组件:
安装nacos,本案例使用了nacos作为注册中心
https://github.com/alibaba/nacos/releases
下载nacos,本文使用的是windows版本1.4.0
使用命令行进入bin目录,以单机模式启动nacos
startup -m standalone
安装和配置Seata
http://seata.io/zh-cn/blog/download.html
下载Seata,这里是Windows版本的1.4.0
解压后,进入conf目录,配置file.conf和registry.conf两个文件
file.conf主要是数据库的配置,配置如下
registry.conf 是注册中心的配置
另外conf目录中还需要一个脚本文件:nacos-config.sh 用于对nacos进行初始化配置
在seata1.4.0中是没有的,需要自行创建,内容如下:
#!/usr/bin/env bash
# Copyright 1999-2019 Seata.io Group.
#
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
# You may obtain a copy of the License at、
#
# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
# limitations under the License.
while getopts ":h:p:g:t:u:w:" opt
do
case $opt in
h)
host=$OPTARG
;;
p)
port=$OPTARG
;;
g)
group=$OPTARG
;;
t)
tenant=$OPTARG
;;
u)
username=$OPTARG
;;
w)
password=$OPTARG
;;
?)
echo " USAGE OPTION: $0 [-h host] [-p port] [-g group] [-t tenant] [-u username] [-w password] "
exit 1
;;
esac
done
urlencode() {
for ((i=0; i < ${#1}; i++))
do
char="${1:$i:1}"
case $char in
[a-zA-Z0-9.~_-]) printf $char ;;
*) printf '%%%02X' "'$char" ;;
esac
done
}
if [[ -z ${host} ]]; then
host=localhost
fi
if [[ -z ${port} ]]; then
port=8848
fi
if [[ -z ${group} ]]; then
group="SEATA_GROUP"
fi
if [[ -z ${tenant} ]]; then
tenant=""
fi
if [[ -z ${username} ]]; then
username=""
fi
if [[ -z ${password} ]]; then
password=""
fi
nacosAddr=$host:$port
contentType="content-type:application/json;charset=UTF-8"
echo "set nacosAddr=$nacosAddr"
echo "set group=$group"
failCount=0
tempLog=$(mktemp -u)
function addConfig() {
curl -X POST -H "${contentType}" "http://$nacosAddr/nacos/v1/cs/configs?dataId=$(urlencode $1)&group=$group&content=$(urlencode $2)&tenant=$tenant&username=$username&password=$password" >"${tempLog}" 2>/dev/null
if [[ -z $(cat "${tempLog}") ]]; then
echo " Please check the cluster status. "
exit 1
fi
if [[ $(cat "${tempLog}") =~ "true" ]]; then
echo "Set $1=$2 successfully "
else
echo "Set $1=$2 failure "
(( failCount++ ))
fi
}
count=0
for line in $(cat $(dirname "$PWD")/config.txt | sed s/[[:space:]]//g); do
(( count++ ))
key=${line%%=*}
value=${line#*=}
addConfig "${key}" "${value}"
done
echo "========================================================================="
echo " Complete initialization parameters, total-count:$count , failure-count:$failCount "
echo "========================================================================="
if [[ ${failCount} -eq 0 ]]; then
echo " Init nacos config finished, please start seata-server. "
else
echo " init nacos config fail. "
fi
在seata的根目录,与conf同级的目录下,还需要config.txt 配置文件,默认也是没有的
只需要对mysql的配置进行修改
完整文件:
transport.type=TCP
transport.server=NIO
transport.heartbeat=true
transport.enableClientBatchSendRequest=true
transport.threadFactory.bossThreadPrefix=NettyBoss
transport.threadFactory.workerThreadPrefix=NettyServerNIOWorker
transport.threadFactory.serverExecutorThreadPrefix=NettyServerBizHandler
transport.threadFactory.shareBossWorker=false
transport.threadFactory.clientSelectorThreadPrefix=NettyClientSelector
transport.threadFactory.clientSelectorThreadSize=1
transport.threadFactory.clientWorkerThreadPrefix=NettyClientWorkerThread
transport.threadFactory.bossThreadSize=1
transport.threadFactory.workerThreadSize=default
transport.shutdown.wait=3
service.vgroupMapping.my_test_tx_group=default
service.default.grouplist=127.0.0.1:8091
service.enableDegrade=false
service.disableGlobalTransaction=false
client.rm.asyncCommitBufferLimit=10000
client.rm.lock.retryInterval=10
client.rm.lock.retryTimes=30
client.rm.lock.retryPolicyBranchRollbackOnConflict=true
client.rm.reportRetryCount=5
client.rm.tableMetaCheckEnable=false
client.rm.tableMetaCheckerInterval=60000
client.rm.sqlParserType=druid
client.rm.reportSuccessEnable=false
client.rm.sagaBranchRegisterEnable=false
client.rm.tccActionInterceptorOrder=-2147482648
client.tm.commitRetryCount=5
client.tm.rollbackRetryCount=5
client.tm.defaultGlobalTransactionTimeout=60000
client.tm.degradeCheck=false
client.tm.degradeCheckAllowTimes=10
client.tm.degradeCheckPeriod=2000
client.tm.interceptorOrder=-2147482648
store.mode=file
store.lock.mode=file
store.session.mode=file
store.publicKey=xx
store.file.dir=file_store/data
store.file.maxBranchSessionSize=16384
store.file.maxGlobalSessionSize=512
store.file.fileWriteBufferCacheSize=16384
store.file.flushDiskMode=async
store.file.sessionReloadReadSize=100
store.db.datasource=druid
store.db.dbType=mysql
store.db.driverClassName=com.mysql.jdbc.Driver
store.db.url=jdbc:mysql://127.0.0.1:3306/seata?useUnicode=true&rewriteBatchedStatements=true
store.db.user=root
store.db.password=123456
store.db.minConn=5
store.db.maxConn=30
store.db.globalTable=global_table
store.db.branchTable=branch_table
store.db.queryLimit=100
store.db.lockTable=lock_table
store.db.maxWait=5000
store.redis.mode=single
store.redis.single.host=127.0.0.1
store.redis.single.port=6379
store.redis.sentinel.masterName=xx
store.redis.sentinel.sentinelHosts=xx
store.redis.maxConn=10
store.redis.minConn=1
store.redis.maxTotal=100
store.redis.database=0
store.redis.password=xx
store.redis.queryLimit=100
server.recovery.committingRetryPeriod=1000
server.recovery.asynCommittingRetryPeriod=1000
server.recovery.rollbackingRetryPeriod=1000
server.recovery.timeoutRetryPeriod=1000
server.maxCommitRetryTimeout=-1
server.maxRollbackRetryTimeout=-1
server.rollbackRetryTimeoutUnlockEnable=false
server.distributedLockExpireTime=10000
client.undo.dataValidation=true
client.undo.logSerialization=jackson
client.undo.onlyCareUpdateColumns=true
server.undo.logSaveDays=7
server.undo.logDeletePeriod=86400000
client.undo.logTable=undo_log
client.undo.compress.enable=true
client.undo.compress.type=zip
client.undo.compress.threshold=64k
log.exceptionRate=100
transport.serialization=seata
transport.compressor=none
metrics.enabled=false
metrics.registryType=compact
metrics.exporterList=prometheus
metrics.exporterPrometheusPort=9898
在conf目录中,使用Git Bash进入命令行,输入
sh nacos-config.sh 127.0.0.1
这是对Seata进行初始化配置,上图表示所有配置都成功设置了
在nacos中可以看到出现了seata相关的配置
接下来在seata数据库中,新建三个表
drop table if exists `global_table`;
create table `global_table` (
`xid` varchar(128) not null,
`transaction_id` bigint,
`status` tinyint not null,
`application_id` varchar(32),
`transaction_service_group` varchar(32),
`transaction_name` varchar(128),
`timeout` int,
`begin_time` bigint,
`application_data` varchar(2000),
`gmt_create` datetime,
`gmt_modified` datetime,
primary key (`xid`),
key `idx_gmt_modified_status` (`gmt_modified`, `status`),
key `idx_transaction_id` (`transaction_id`)
);
drop table if exists `branch_table`;
create table `branch_table` (
`branch_id` bigint not null,
`xid` varchar(128) not null,
`transaction_id` bigint ,
`resource_group_id` varchar(32),
`resource_id` varchar(256) ,
`lock_key` varchar(128) ,
`branch_type` varchar(8) ,
`status` tinyint,
`client_id` varchar(64),
`application_data` varchar(2000),
`gmt_create` datetime,
`gmt_modified` datetime,
primary key (`branch_id`),
key `idx_xid` (`xid`)
);
drop table if exists `lock_table`;
create table `lock_table` (
`row_key` varchar(128) not null,
`xid` varchar(96),
`transaction_id` long ,
`branch_id` long,
`resource_id` varchar(256) ,
`table_name` varchar(32) ,
`pk` varchar(36) ,
`gmt_create` datetime ,
`gmt_modified` datetime,
primary key(`row_key`)
);
在项目相关的数据库中,新建表undo_log 用于记录撤销日志
CREATE TABLE `undo_log` (
`id` bigint(20) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
`branch_id` bigint(20) NOT NULL,
`xid` varchar(100) NOT NULL,
`context` varchar(128) NOT NULL,
`rollback_info` longblob NOT NULL,
`log_status` int(11) NOT NULL,
`log_created` datetime NOT NULL,
`log_modified` datetime NOT NULL,
`ext` varchar(100) DEFAULT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (`id`),
UNIQUE KEY `ux_undo_log` (`xid`,`branch_id`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=1 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8;
最后在bin目录中,启动命令行,执行seata-server.bat 启动Seata服务
SpringCloud项目中有两个服务:订单服务和库存服务,基本业务是:
新建订单数据库db_order,包含tb_order_detail订单详情表
DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `tb_order_detail`;
CREATE TABLE `tb_order_detail` (
`id` bigint(20) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT COMMENT '订单详情id ',
`order_id` bigint(20) NOT NULL COMMENT '订单id',
`sku_id` bigint(20) NOT NULL COMMENT 'sku商品id',
`num` int(11) NOT NULL COMMENT '购买数量',
`title` varchar(256) NOT NULL COMMENT '商品标题',
`own_spec` varchar(1024) DEFAULT '' COMMENT '商品动态属性键值集',
`price` bigint(20) NOT NULL COMMENT '价格,单位:分',
`image` varchar(128) DEFAULT '' COMMENT '商品图片',
PRIMARY KEY (`id`),
KEY `key_order_id` (`order_id`) USING BTREE
);
新建库存数据库db_stock,tb_stock库存表
DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `tb_stock`;
CREATE TABLE `tb_stock` (
`sku_id` bigint(20) NOT NULL COMMENT '库存对应的商品sku id',
`seckill_stock` int(9) DEFAULT '0' COMMENT '可秒杀库存',
`seckill_total` int(9) DEFAULT '0' COMMENT '秒杀总数量',
`stock` int(9) NOT NULL COMMENT '库存数量',
PRIMARY KEY (`sku_id`)
);
父项目定义了springboot、springcloud、springcloud-alibaba的版本
<parent>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-parent</artifactId>
<version>2.3.10.RELEASE</version>
<relativePath/> <!-- lookup parent from repository -->
</parent>
<dependencyManagement>
<dependencies>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-cloud-alibaba-dependencies</artifactId>
<version>0.9.0.RELEASE</version>
<type>pom</type>
<scope>import</scope>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>com.alibaba.cloud</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-cloud-alibaba-dependencies</artifactId>
<version>2.2.1.RELEASE</version>
<type>pom</type>
<scope>import</scope>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-cloud-dependencies</artifactId>
<version>Hoxton.SR8</version>
<type>pom</type>
<scope>import</scope>
</dependency>
</dependencies>
</dependencyManagement>
子项目的依赖定义了nacos和seata客户端
<dependency>
<groupId>mysql</groupId>
<artifactId>mysql-connector-java</artifactId>
<scope>runtime</scope>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>com.baomidou</groupId>
<artifactId>mybatis-plus-boot-starter</artifactId>
<version>3.3.2</version>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-web</artifactId>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-alibaba-nacos-discovery</artifactId>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>com.alibaba.cloud</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-alibaba-seata</artifactId>
<exclusions>
<exclusion>
<groupId>io.seata</groupId>
<artifactId>seata-spring-boot-starter</artifactId>
</exclusion>
</exclusions>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>io.seata</groupId>
<artifactId>seata-spring-boot-starter</artifactId>
<version>1.2.0</version>
</dependency>
子项目配置文件
完整配置
server:
port: 8001
spring:
application:
name: stock-service
cloud:
nacos:
discovery:
server-addr: localhost:8848
alibaba:
seata:
enabled: true
enable-auto-data-source-proxy: true
tx-service-group: my_test_tx_group
registry:
type: nacos
nacos:
application: seata-server
server-addr: 127.0.0.1:8848
username: nacos
password: nacos
config:
type: nacos
nacos:
server-addr: 127.0.0.1:8848
group: SEATA_GROUP
username: nacos
password: nacos
service:
vgroup-mapping:
my_test_tx_group: default
disable-global-transaction: false
client:
rm:
report-success-enable: false
datasource:
driver-class-name: com.mysql.cj.jdbc.Driver
url: jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/eshop?serverTimezone=UTC&useUnicode=true&useSSL=false&characterEncoding=utf8
username: root
password: 123456
库存服务定义了减库存的方法
@RestController
public class StockController {
@Autowired
private IStockService stockService;
@PutMapping("/stock")
public ResponseEntity<Stock> reduceSkuStock(@RequestParam("skuId")Long skuId,
@RequestParam("number")Integer number){
Stock stock = stockService.getById(skuId);
if(stock.getStock() < number){
throw new RuntimeException("库存不足,SkuId:" + skuId);
}
stock.setStock(stock.getStock() - number);
stockService.updateById(stock);
return ResponseEntity.ok(stock);
}
}
订单服务在插入订单后,使用Feign调用了减库存的服务
@Service
public class OrderDetailServiceImpl extends ServiceImpl<OrderDetailMapper, OrderDetail> implements IOrderDetailService {
//库存服务Feign
@Autowired
private StockFeignClient stockFeignClient;
// @Transactional
@GlobalTransactional(rollbackFor = {Exception.class})
@Override
public void makeOrder(OrderDetail orderDetail) {
this.save(orderDetail); //保存订单
int x = 11 / 0; //抛出异常
//减库存
stockFeignClient.reduceSkuStock(orderDetail.getSkuId(),orderDetail.getNum());
}
}
插订单和减库存属于两个服务,传统的@Transactional已经不能保证它们的原子性了
这里使用了Seata提供的@GlobalTransactional全局事务注解,出现任何异常后都能实现业务回滚。
测试用例:
@RunWith(SpringRunner.class)
@SpringBootTest
public class OrderServiceApplicationTests {
@Autowired
private IOrderDetailService orderDetailService;
@Test
public void testOrder() {
OrderDetail orderDetail = new OrderDetail();
orderDetail.setNum(100);
orderDetail.setOrderId(9999L);
orderDetail.setPrice(9999L);
orderDetail.setSkuId(27359021728L);
orderDetail.setTitle(UUID.randomUUID().toString());
orderDetailService.makeOrder(orderDetail);
}
}
运行后看到启动了全局事务,发生异常后,两个服务也都能成功回滚。
com.alibaba.cloud
spring-cloud-starter-alibaba-seata
springboot配置
spring:
alibaba:
seata:
tx-service-group: my_test_tx_group
enabled: true
enable-auto-data-source-proxy: true
registry:
type: nacos
nacos:
application: serverAddr
serverAddr: 127.0.0.1:8848
username: nacos
password: nacos
config:
type: nacos
nacos:
serverAddr: 127.0.0.1:8848
group: SEATA_GROUP
username: nacos
password: nacos
service:
vgroup-mapping:
my_test_tx_group: default
disable-global-transaction: false
client:
rm:
report-success-enable: false
每个项目resource加文件 seata.conf
client {
application.id = edu-pay-service ## 应用惟一id
transaction.service.group = my_test_tx_group ## 所属事务组
}
订单服务涉及分库分表需要添加依赖
org.apache.shardingsphere
sharding-transaction-base-seata-at
${sharding-sphere.version}
使用分布式事务,在service方法上加 @GlobalTransaction
/**
* 完成微信支付
* @param tradeNo
*/
@GlobalTransactional
public UserCourseOrder finishWxOrder(String tradeNo){
UserCourseOrder order = new UserCourseOrder();
order.setTradeNo(tradeNo);
order.setStatus(1);
//修改订单状态为已支付
ResponseEntity entity = orderFeignClient.changeOrderStatus(order);
//减少课程活动库存
activityFeignClient.reduceActivityStock(entity.getBody().getActivityId());
log.info("订单支付完成{}", order);
// int x = 10 / 0;
return order;
}