第一部分 考研真题精选
一、 填空题
1. Chomsky proposes that the course of language acquisition is determined by a(n)____ language faculty.
【中山大学2018研】
【答案】innate
【解析】乔姆斯基认为语言习得的过程是由人的内在语言机制决定的。
2. ____ refers to the role language plays in communication (e.g. to express ideas, attitudes) or in particular social situations (e.g.religious, legal).【北二外2016研】
【答案】Function
【解析】本题考查语言学中对“语言的功能”的定义。功能指的是语言在沟通中(例如表达观点、态度)或在特定社交场合(如宗教、法律)中所起的作用。
3. Human language is arbitrary. This refers to the fact that there is no logical or intrinsic connection between a particular sound and the ____ it is associated with.【人大2007研】
【答案】meaning
【解析】索绪尔认为符号的形式或声音与其意义之间没有逻辑联系，所以两者之间的关系是任意的。
4. Some sentences do not describe things. They cannot be said to be true or false. The utterance of these sentences is or is a part of the doing of an action. They are called____.【大连外国语学院2008研】
【答案】performative
【解析】施为句是用来做事的，既不陈述事实，也不描述情况，且不能验证其真假。
5. Phonetics is the study of ____ sounds that the human voice is capable of creating whereas phonology is the study of a subset of those sounds that constitute language and meaning.【北京邮电大学2015研】
【答案】speech
【解析】本题考查语音学和音系学的含义。语音学研究语音的发生、传递和感知。音系学研究的是语言的语音系统。换句话说，音系学研究的是说话人为表达意义而系统地选择语音的方法。
6. A principal distinction between morphology and syntax is that the former is concerned with the internal composition of a word, whereas the latter is concerned with ____ of words.【中山大学2017研】
【答案】combinations
【解析】Morphology is concerned with the internal organization of words. It studies the minimalunits of meaning-morphemes and word-formation processes. Syntax is the study of the rules governing the ways different constituents are combined to form sentences in a language, or the study of the interrelationships between elements in sentence structure.
7. One of the important distinctions in linguistics is ____ and performance.【人大2006研】
【答案】competence
【解析】语言能力指理想的语言使用者关于语言规则的语言知识，语言应用指语言交际中关于语言规则知识的实际使用。
8. When a word appears in a variety of forms depending on its grammatical role in the sentence we say that it undergoes____.【中山大学2018研】
【答案】inflection
【解析】屈折变化是指通过添加屈折词缀，如数，人称，限定性，体和格等来表示某词语法关系的变化。
9. ____ is said of the study of development of language and languages over time.【北二外2016研】
【答案】Diachronic
【解析】本题考查历时性的定义。语言的历时性指语言随时间的延续而引发的变化。语言的历时性是相对于语言的共时性而言的，共时性语言学是研究理论上处于一个时点的语言，描写语言的一个“状态”，不管正在发生哪些变化。
10. When air is forced out of the lungs, it causes the ____ to vibrate.
【中山大学2018研】
【答案】vocal folds
【解析】语音产生是以气流为能量来源的。在大多数情况下，气流源自肺部，气流从肺中压出，引起声带的振动。
11. ____ is the study of speech sounds that the human voice is capable of creating whereas phonology is the study of a subset of those sounds that constitute language and meaning. The first focuses on chaos while the second focuses on order.【北京邮电大学2016研】
【答案】Phonetics
【解析】本题考查语音学和音系学的含义。语音学研究语音的发生、传递和感知。音系学研究的是语言的语音系统。换句话说，音系学研究的是说话人为表达意义而系统地选择语音的方法。
12. When language is used for establishing an atmosphere or maintaining social contact rather than exchanging information or ideas, its function is ____ function.【北二外2015研】
【答案】phatic
【解析】本题考查语言的寒暄功能。寒暄功能是语言最基本的一项功能。人们用寒暄语来营造一种气氛或保持社会联系而非交流信息。人们使用寒暄语就是为了缓和谈话双方的关系，同时使谈话双方从心理上得到满足。
13. Language is a form of human communication by means of a system of____principally transmitted by vocal sounds.
【中山大学2017研】
【答案】symbols
【解析】Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.
14. Syntax is the study of how words combine to make sentences. The order of words in sentences varies from language to language. English language, for instance, generally follows a ____ order,as in the sentence “The dog (subject) bit (verb) the man (object)."【北京邮电大学2016研】
【答案】SVO
【解析】本题考查英语句子的语序。英语句子的基本语序是主谓宾结构。
15. ____is the name for oppositeness relation.【北二外2015研】
【答案】Antonymy
【解析】本题考查反义的语义关系。反义关系就是相反的语义关系。
16. Swiss linguist Ferdinand de Saussure (1857-1913) was the first to notice the complexities of language. He believed that language is a system of signs. To communicate ideas,_ must be part of a system of signs, called conventions. He held that the sign is the union of the_ and the signified.
【北京邮电大学2015研】
【答案】sounds, signifier
【解析】本题考查关于语言作为符号系统的观点。他认为语言是一个符号系统，声音只有作为该符号系统的一部分才能被视作语言。符号包括两方面，能指和所指。
17. A ____ condition is a condition that must apply before an utterance can constitute a speech act.【中山大学2017研】
【答案】felicity
【解析】Though performatives cannot be true or false, there are still conditions for them to meet to be appropriate or felicitous. These conditions are called felicity conditions.
18. The most serious defect concerns the use of semantic markers like (Human) and (Male), which,more usually called semantic components are elements of an artificial ____.【北京邮电大学2014研】
【答案】metalanguage
【解析】本题考查成分分析的弊端。通过语义特征来进行成分分析的一大弊端是这些意义特征使用的是人工化的元语言，元语言本身的含义也需进一步解释。
19. ____refers to the way that a word has a form appropriate to the number or gender of the no unor pronoun it relates to.
【中山大学2017研】
【答案】Agreement
【解析】Agreement or concord is defined as the requirement that the forms of two or more words of specific word classes that stand in specific syntactic relationship with one another., shall also be characterized by the same paradigmatically marked category (or categories).
20. In terms of the meaning expressed by words, they can be classified into ____ words and words.
【南开大学2007研】
【答案】lexical, grammatical解析】从词所表达的意义划分，词可分为词汇词和语法词。
21. When we consider how language has changed over time we are looking at it from a point of view.
【中山大学2017研】
【答案】diachronic
【解析】When we study language developments through time, it is called diachronic linguistics. It focuses on the differences in two or more than two states of language over decades or centuries.
22. The sound [p] can be described with “____, bilabial, stop”.【北二外2015研】
【答案】voiceless
【解析】本题考查音系学的相关知识。
[p]的语音特征可以被描述为清辅音，双唇音，塞音。
23. A______typically contains a consonant or set of consonants followed by a vowel followed by another consonant or set of consonants.【中山大学2018研】
【答案】syllable
【解析】音节是超音段研究中的一个重要单位。音节必须有一个“节核”或者“韵峰”，通常由元音来承担，但有时也可以由具有成音节特征的辅音来起节核的作用，通常在节核的前后还可以有辅音丛的出现。
24. The is the minimal distinctive unit in grammar, a unit which cannot be divided without destroying or drastically altering the meaning, whether lexical or grammatical.【北二外2015研】
【答案】morpheme
【解析】本题考查词素的含义。词素是最小的音义结合体，其最大的特点是不能再被分割为更小的音义结合体。意思或语法功能的最小单位。
25. The type of stress which distinguishes words such as /'transpot/ from /tran'pot/ is known asstress.【中山大学2018研】
【答案】word
【解析】单词重音是指一个单词内部重读音节和非重读音节的语调模式。
26. A__ refers to each position in a tree diagram in TG where lines meet. In each of these positions is a symbol for a grammatical category.【中山大学2018研】
【答案】constituent
【解析】成分，作为一个术语，指的是用于句子结构分析的一个语言单位，它是一个比其更大的语言单位的一部分。几个成分共同构成一个结构体。
27. According to Saussure, ____ refers to the concrete utterances of a speaker.【北二外2016研】
【答案】parole
【解析】本题考查言语的概念。根据索绪尔的观点，言语指的是语言的实际应用，是具体的个人的动态的语言现象，不同于语言，语言是全民的、概括的、有限的、静态的系统知识。
28. Voicing refers to the ____ of the vocal folds.【北二外2016研】
【答案】vibration
【解析】本题考查辅音发音过程中的清浊特征的定义。若发音过程中，声带振动，则为浊辅音，反之则为清辅音。
29. ____is a branch of linguistics that studies the interrelationship between phonology and morphology.【南开大学2007研】
【答案】Morphophonology
【解析】形态音系学是语言学的一个分支，主要研究形态学与音系学的关系。
30. By____,we mean the property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization.【北二外2014研】
【答案】duality
【解析】二重性是指两层结构的属性。底层结构是上层结构的组成成分，每层都有自身的组合规则。
31. Edward Sapir (1884-1939), American linguist and anthropologist, studied linguistics and anthropology at Columbia University with the noted anthropologist and ethnologist Franz Boas.His idea on language thought was later developed by his student, B. L. Whorf, and known as the Sapir-Whorf.【北京邮电大学2016研】
【答案】Hypothesis
【解析】本题考查萨丕尔-沃尔夫假说。该假说是由萨丕尔和沃尔夫两人提出的关于语言和人的思维之间的关系。
32. The sound [k] can be described with“ ____velar stop/plosive".【北二外2014研】
【答案】voiceless
【解析】[k]属于清辅音，爆破音，软腭音。
33. ____words are often avoided because they are unacceptable in many social situations.
【中山大学2018研】
【答案】Taboo
【解析】禁忌语是指在某些情况下避免使用令人难堪的词。禁忌语或者是完全避免使用，或者是用委婉语代替。
34. ______concerns the consequential effects of a locution upon the hearer.
【北二外2014研】
【答案】Perlocutionary act
【解析】取效行为是通过说话完成或通过说话所产生的行为，是由话语所带来的结果和变化。
35. It is generally agreed that linguistics should include at least five parameters, namely,phonologic, morphologic, syntactic, semantic and____.【北京邮电大学2015研】
【答案】pragmatic
【解析】本题考查语言学的五个主要方面。语言学的五个主要方面关注语音音系，形态，句法，语义和语用。
36. ____is the degree of force used in producing syllable.【北二外2014研】
【答案】Stress
【解析】重音是指在音节发音时所用的力度。
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