英语CET-6级（一）

（本文内容为个人笔记分享）

How To Get Over Post Holiday Depression [CET-6]

如何克服假期后的意志消沉

• get over : 克服;从（不快或疾病中）恢复过来;战胜（问题、困难）;向…讲清;使明白;
• post : n. 邮递；邮政；邮寄；邮寄的信函(或包裹等)；邮件；收集(或投递)邮件的时间；邮班；职位；哨所；柱；（尤指赛马的）终点，终点标志
  vt.邮寄；寄；把(信件等)投入邮筒；投递；把…放入(或塞入)；派驻；使驻守；张贴；发布，公布，宣布；交付（保释金）
• post holiday : 假期后
• depression : n. 抑郁症；精神忧郁；抑郁；沮丧；消沉；萧条期；经济衰退；不景气；洼地；低气压

Are you having a difficult time feeling motivated and getting back into the swing of things after the holidays.

你在假期过后，是否有段困难期，觉得很难有动力重新开始工作？

• have a difficult time (in) doing sth. : 做某事有困难
• feel motivated : 感到有动力
• motivate : vt. 激励；成为…的动机；是…的原因；推动…甘愿苦干；激发；(就所说的话)给出理由；说明…的原因
• motivation : n. 动机；动力；原因
• get back into the swing of things : 重新开始工作

If so, you may be experiencing Post Holiday Depression.

如果这样的话，你可能正在经历假期后抑郁症。

• maybe是一个副词，词义相近于perhaps（也许）。用来说明自己也不太确定。意为：也许，可能。
  I thought maybe we should go to get her.
  Maybe you should tell her.
  —‘You should stop work when you have the baby.’
  —‘Maybe, but I can’t afford to.’
  —‘I think he should resign.’
  —‘Maybe.’
• may be是两个词，may是情态动词，情态动词后跟动词原型，所以用be。意为：也许是，可能是。
  There may be a train around 10:00AM.
  I can’t find my watch. It may be in your pocket.
  He may be a soldier.

What is Post Holiday Depression?

什么是假期后抑郁症？

Post-holiday depression is the persistent feeling of sadness, lack of motivation, irritability, or even regret after returning home from a post holiday trip.

度假后抑郁是指度假后回家后持续感到悲伤、缺乏动力、易怒，甚至后悔。

• irritability ：n. 刺激物；烦恼事;易怒；不能忍耐;应激性；感应性；刺激感受性；兴奋性

Post-holiday depression typically lasts around two weeks but it can affect some people for longer periods of time.

假期后抑郁症典型地持续大概两周，但是它能够影响一部分人更久的时间。

• period ：n. 一段时间;时期;(人生或国家历史的)阶段，时代;纪(地质年代，代下分纪);节;月经
  adv. 某一时代的
  adj. 具有某个时代特征的
  • periods of time ：一段时间

If you are experiencing the Post-Holiday Depression you may tend to show signs of irritability often with co-workers, friends, family and may even lead to conflict within relationships.

如果你正在经历假期后抑郁症，你可能经常向同事、朋友或家人显示你易怒的信号，甚至可能在某些关系内导致冲突。

• co-worker ：n. 同事;共同工作者;合作者;同僚

A general feeling of sadness, similar to the symptoms of depression. Lethargy and lack of motivation — it’s hard to get enthusiastic about anything. Difficulty sleeping — sleep patterns may be disrupted after holiday, leading to trouble getting into a deep sleep or waking up early in the morning. Anxiety attacks — symptoms such as sweaty palms and feelings of panic may manifest themselves after returning from an enjoyable holiday.

一个普遍的感到悲伤，类似于抑郁症的症状。无精打采，缺少动力，对任何事情都能以激发热情。睡眠困难，在假期后睡眠模式可能会被打乱，导致进入深度睡眠困难，或者早上很早就醒来。焦虑症发作，从一个享受的假期归来后，类似于手心出汗、感到惶恐不安的症状可能会表现出来。

• symptom ：n. 症状;征候;征兆
• lethargy ：n. 无精打采;冷漠;没有热情
• disrupt ：vt. 扰乱;使中断;打乱
  adj. 混乱的;瓦解的;中断的
• anxiety attacks ：焦虑症发作
• palm ： [pɑːm] n. 棕榈;手掌;手心;棕榈树
  vt. 把…藏在手中(尤指玩戏法
• panic ：n. 惊恐;恐慌;人心惶惶的局面;惶恐不安
  v. (使)惊慌，惊慌失措
  adj. 恐慌的;(恐慌心理)没来由的;过度的;牧人之神的
• manifest ：vt. 显示;显现;表明;清楚显示(尤指情感、态度或品质);使人注意到
  adj. 明显的
  n. (船或飞机的)货单;旅客名单
  • manifest themselves ：表现出来
• Anxiety attacks — symptoms such as sweaty palms and feelings of panic may manifest themselves after returning from an enjoyable holiday. （难句）
  • after returning from an enjoyable holiday ：是整个句子的状语，在一次享受的假期归来后
  • symptoms ：是整个句子的主语
  • manifest ：是整个句子的谓语，显现出来
  • 所以整个句子翻译为：焦虑症发作，从一个享受的假期回来后，类似于手心出汗、感到惶恐不安的症状可能会表现出来。
  • manifest themselves ：表现出来

You may have an overall feeling of emptiness which leads to boredom and restlessness too, as well as a lack of energy for day-to-day tasks.

你可能会有一个空虚的总体感受，这也导致你烦躁、心神不安，而且缺少每天任务的动力。

• overall ：adj. 全面的;综合的;总体的
  adv. 全部;总计;一般来说;大致上;总体上
  n. 外套;罩衣;工装连衣裤;工装服
• emptiness ：n. 空虚;空无;空旷;空地
• boredom ：n. 厌烦;厌倦;无聊
• restlessness ：n. 不安定;烦躁不安;辗转不安

The great news is that there are plenty of things you can do to help yourself feel better once all the festivities are over.

好消息是，你可以做很多事情，帮助你在所有假期一旦结束后感觉好一些。

• once ：conj. 一旦;一…就;当…时候
  adv. 曾经;曾;一次;仅一次;(用于否定句、疑问句和if后)曾，根本
  n. 一次

How to Get Over Post Holiday Depression

如何克服假期后抑郁症：

STRATEGY 1: MAKE TIME FOR SELF-CARE

策略1：留更多的时间自我关心

• strategy ：[ˈstrætədʒi] n. 策略;计策;行动计划;策划;规划;部署;统筹安排;战略;战略部署

If you’re like many people, you may idealize the holidays.

如果你像多数人，你可能把假期理想化了。

• idealize ：vt. 将…视为理想;将…理想化

Hallmark channel movies spring to mind before the holidays where families roast marshmallows around the fireplace and open gifts. They laugh, they smile and all feels right in the world.

节日前，人们会想起Hallmark频道的电影，家庭在壁炉周围烤棉花糖，打开礼物。他们欢笑，在这个世界上全部感觉良好。

• channel ：n. 频道;渠道;电视台;波段;途径;系统;（表达的）方式，方法，手段;水渠;水道;海峡;英吉利海峡
  vt. 为…引资;引导;贯注;(利用某途径)输送资金，提供帮助;(经过通道)输送，传送

• sth spring to mind ：突然想到某事

• roast ：v. 烤;烘;焙(肉等);烘烤;炒(坚果、豆子等);(对某人)严厉批评;曝晒
  n. 烤肉;户外烧烤野餐;耍笑庆祝会(常为宴会，讲述主角的滑稽事)
  adj. 烤的;焙的

• marshmallow ：nc. 棉花软糖

• fireplace ：n. 壁炉

When we anticipate the holiday to actually be like the idealized image and then we get a toxic family drama, it sets us up for disappointment and other painful emotions.

当我们像理想化中想象的那样实际期盼假期时，然后我们得到了一个有毒的家庭戏剧性的情节，这让我们陷入失落和其他一些痛苦的情绪。

• anticipate ：vt. 预料;预期;预见，预计(并做准备);期盼;期望;先于…做
• toxic ：adj. 有毒的;引起中毒的
  n. 毒物;毒剂
• drama ：n. 戏;剧;戏剧文学;戏剧艺术;戏剧;戏剧性事件;戏剧性情节;激动
• set up ：设置;建立;设立;组建;创建;安排;建起;安装，装配，调试（设备或机器）;立业;开业;创业;安（家）;开（店）;引起;引发;产生;诬陷;陷害;冤枉。set up宾语代词放中间，it是主语，set加s，sets，us是宾语，代词放中间，所以是it sets us up。
• disappointment ：n. 失望;沮丧;扫兴;使人失望的人(或事物);令人扫兴的人(或事物)

Many people’s post-holiday depression stems from feeling let down after the holidays.

许多人假期后抑郁症源自假期后感到悲伤。

• stem from ：源自

If you are experiencing post-holiday depression, you may be experiencing emotional exhaustion and let down. Many people find themselves unexpectedly navigating toxic family dynamics during the holidays. Maybe you tried to set healthy boundaries and improve communication during the holidays but they just weren’t having it.

如果你正在经历假期后抑郁症，你或许正在经历情绪耗尽并感到失落。许多人发现自己在假期时无意中应对有毒的家庭动态。在假期中，或许你努力设定健康的界限，改善沟通，但是他们就是做不到。

• exhaustion ：n. 疲惫;枯竭;耗尽;筋疲力尽
• navigate ：v. 导航;确定(船、飞机、汽车等)的位置和方向;航行;航海;横渡;找到正确方法(对付困难复杂的情况)
• dynamic ：n. 动态;动力;动力学;(人或事物)相互作用的方式;力学;力度
  adj. 动态的;动力的;充满活力的;精力充沛的;个性强的;发展变化的;力的
• boundary ：n. 边界;界限;分界线;使球越过边界线的击球(得加分)

It’s also possible that you put on a “mask” during high stress events. This mask makes it appear as though you are doing great. You’re happy, your life is great, and you’re thrilled to be there.

或许也有可能你在高压力的事情上穿上了面具。这个面具让人觉得你做得很好。你是高兴的，你的生活是棒极了的，并且你感到很高兴能够在那里。

• as though ：好像;【参见】as if
• as if ：(强调某物不是真的)好像…一样,仿佛,似乎;(表示判断)好像,仿佛,似乎;(表示类比)好像，仿佛，似乎
• be thrilled to do sth. ：兴奋地、激动地做某事

Keeping this mask on over the holidays and bottling up how you really feel can be emotionally exhausting.

整个假期保持这个面具在脸上，并且隐藏你真正感觉，会导致情绪疲惫。

• bottle up ：装瓶，抑制，隐藏

When you take off your social mask after the holidays, you can begin to feel a dip in your emotional state.

当你在假期后摘下社交面具，你会开始感受到你的情绪低落。

• feel a dip in your emotional state. ：感受到你的情绪低落

The National Alliance on Mental Illness(NAMI) says that 64% of people who are already diagnosed with a mental illness of some form say that the holidays either make their condition “somewhat worse” or “a lot worse”.

全国精神疾病联盟（NAMI）说：64%的人已经被诊断为某种形式的精神疾病，他们说假期让他们的病情要么“稍微恶化”，要么“更糟糕”。

• alliance ：n. (国家、政党等的)结盟，同盟;结盟团体;联盟
• diagnose ：v. 诊断(疾病);判断(问题的原因)
  • be diagnosed with + 疾病 ：被诊断为……疾病
• either ：det./pron. (两者中的)任何一个;(两者中的)每个，各方
  adv. (用于否定词组后)也;(补充时说)而且;(对两事物的选择)要么…要么，不是…就是，或者…或者
  adj. 两者之一的;(两者之中)随便哪一个的;两者中任何一方的
  conj. …呢还是…
  • either … or … ：要么……要么……
• condition ：n. 条件;状态;状况;健康状况;(因不可能治愈而长期患有的)疾病;环境，境况，条件;物质环境，状态，条件;（先决）条件;（某群体的）生存状态，处境
  vt. 训练;使习惯于;使适应;对…具有重要影响;影响(某事发生的方式);保持(头发或皮肤等的)健康;养护
• somewhat ：adv. 有点;稍微;有几分

If this feels like you, it’s important to allow yourself to feel your emotions. Trying to push the emotions down or attempting to just distract yourself from them will only make the situation worse.

如果这感觉像你，那么非常重要你需要允许你自己感受你的情绪。试着抑制情绪或者试图仅仅分散你的注意力只会让情况更加糟糕。

• feel like ：感觉就像;摸起来像是……；有……的感觉;想要……
• push the emotions down ：抑制情绪
• attempt ：n. 企图;试图;尝试;杀人企图;(为超越某事物的)尝试，努力
  v. 努力;尝试;试图
• distract ：vt. 分散(思想);转移(注意力);使分心
• distract yourself from them ：从他们当中分散自己的注意力

Simply committing to doing one self-care activity a day can help you work through your emotions in a healthy way.

只要保证一天中做一些自我关心的活动，就可以帮助你用健康的方式克服你的情绪。

• commit ：v. 犯罪;自杀;做出(错或非法的事);犯(罪或错等);承诺，保证(做某事、遵守协议或遵从安排等);（公开地）表示意见，作出决定（以致日后难以更改）;忠于;花（钱或时间）;（下令）把（某人）送进（医院或监狱等）;把（某人）送交法庭受审;把…学好记牢;把…记（或写）下来
  • commit to doing sth ：承诺做某事
• work through ：完成;处理;急救;推敲;过…关;贯穿

STRATEGY 2: SCHEDULE TIME FOR FUN

策略2：安排时间娱乐

• schedule ：n. 工作计划;日程安排;(电视或广播)节目表;(价格、收费或条款等的)一览表，明细表，清单
  vt. ==安排;为…安排时间;==预定;列入，收进(正式目录、清单等中)

Make it a point to make some time for fun once you get back to life as usual. The contrast effect isn’t nearly as intense if you make sure to schedule some time with friends and other people you care about.

一旦你回到常规的生活中时，一定要腾出一些时间用来娱乐。如果你不确保安排一些时间和朋友和其他一些你关心的人在一起，你就不会知道前后的效果差距有多大。

• contrast ：n. 明显的差异;对比;对照;明显不同的人(或事物);(摄影或绘画中的)颜色反差，明暗对比;（电视屏幕的）图像明暗对比度，反差
  v. 对比;对照;(靠近或作比较时)显出明显的差异，形成对比
• intense ：adj. 强烈的;激烈的;很大的;严肃紧张的;有强烈感情(或意见、想法)的;尖锐的;热切的
• make it a point to do sth ：强调做某事

When you are looking forward to events or getting out of the house, the shift back to daily life won’t be nearly as intense.

当你正在期待某些事情或者走出房子时，回归正常生活的转变不会那么强烈。

• shift ：v. 转移;挪动;赶快;快速移动;变换;更替;变动;改变观点;推卸，转嫁（责任）;去除（污迹等）;销售，出售;换（挡）
  n. 改变;转移;转换;变换;班;轮班;轮班工作时间;轮班职工;（计算机键盘或打字机上的）转换（键），换档（键）;直筒式连衣裙;（旧时妇女穿的）直筒式内衣
  • the shift back to ……：回归……

Be aware that if you are feeling depressed, you may feel like withdrawing from other people. This is a typical symptom of people struggling with depression but the best thing you can do is to act against it. If you withdraw from others, you will sink even further into depression.

意识到如果你感到意志消沉时，你可能好像正在远离其他人。这是那些与抑郁症作斗争的人的典型症状，但是，你可以做的最好的事情就是对坑它。如果你远离其他人，你将会更加深陷抑郁中。

• withdraw from other people ：远离其他人
• symptom ：n. 症状;征候;征兆

Make plans even though you don’t feel like it and it will get you feeling back to normal in no time.

制定计划，即使你不喜欢它，它会让你不久后感觉回归了正常生活。

Translation [CET-6]

中国共产党第一次全国代表大会会址位于上海兴业路76号，是一栋典型的上海式住宅，建于1920年秋。1921年7月23日，中国共产党第一次全国代表大会在此召开，大会通过了中国共产党的第一个纲领和第一个决议，选举产生了中央领导机构，宣告了中国共产党的诞生。1952年9月，中共一大会址修复，建立纪念馆并对外开放。纪念馆除了介绍参加一大的代表之外，还介绍党的历史发展进程，现已成为了解党史、缅怀革命先烈的爱国主义教育基地。

中国共产党第一次全国代表大会会址位于上海兴业路76号，是一栋典型的上海式住宅，建于1920年秋。

The site of the first National Congress of the Communist Party of China is located at No.76 Xingye Road, Shanghai. It is a typical Shanghai style residence, which was built in the autumn of 1920.

• site ：n. (建筑物、城镇等的)地点，位置，建筑工地;现场;发生地;场所;网站;站点
  vt. 使坐落在;为…选址

• congress ：n. 国会;代表大会;(美国及其他一些国家的)议会;(用于某些国家的政党名称)国民大会
  vi. 开会;集合

• communist ：n. 共产主义者;共产主义的支持者;共产党党员
  adj. 共产党的;共产主义者的

• party ：n. ==政党;党派;==聚会;宴会;联欢会;派对;(一起旅行或参观等的)群，队，组;（契约或争论的）当事人，一方
  vi. 寻欢作乐;吃喝玩乐
  adj. 党派的；社交的；【纹章】分隔开的

• number ：n. 数字;数;数量;编号;序数;(电话、传真等的)号码;一群人;期;一首歌，一段舞蹈
  v. 标号;给…编号;总计;共计;数以…计;把…算作;(被)归入

  • 用作编号、序数时，可缩写为 No.

    • No.76 ：第76号

      • 英语中表示地点是从小到大，汉语中表示地点是从大到小：

        • 上海兴业路76号 ：No.76 Xingye Road, Shanghai

          • 将汉语中的地点翻译为英语：地点汉语拼音首字母大写，中间不要有空格

          • XXX路 ：XXX Road & XXX Rd

        • 伦敦约克路35号：No.35 York Rd, London

• residence ：n. 住宅;居住;住所;住房;(尤指)宅第，豪宅;定居;(在他国的)居住权，居留许可

• the first national congress ：第一次全国代表大会

• the Communist Party ：共产党

  • the Communist Party of China ：中国共产党

1921年7月23日，中国共产党第一次全国代表大会在此召开，大会通过了中国共产党的第一个纲领和第一个决议，选举产生了中央领导机构，宣告了中国共产党的诞生。

On July 23rd, 1921, the First National Congress of the Communist Party of China was held here. The congress adopted the first program and first resolution of the Communist Party of China, elected the central leading body, and announced the birth of the Communist Party of China.

• on + 具体的某一天 ：在具体的某一天中

  • On July 23rd, 1921 ：1921年7月23日

• 在2001年10月11日的上午：on the morning of October 11th, 2001

  • on Friday morning ：星期五的早上

• adopt ：v. 采用(某方法);收养;领养;采取(某态度);正式通过，==表决采纳(建议、政策等);==选用（名字等）;采用;选定，选举

• programme [英] ：n. 程序;计划;方案;纲领节目;活动安排;节目单;演出说明书;（演出或活动的）程序;课程;（机器工作的）程序
  vt. 计划;规划;安排;训练;培养;预调;预设

• program ：n. 程序;==纲领;==编码指令
  v. 编写程序

• resolution ：n. 决议;正式决定;(问题、分歧等的)解决，消除;坚定;坚决;有决心;==分辨率;==决心;清晰度

• elect ：v. 选举;推选;选择，决定(做某事)
  adj. (用于名词后)当选而尚未就职的，候任的;上帝的选民
  n. 被选的人

  • election ：n. 选举;当选;推选(尤指从政)

1952年9月，中共一大会址修复，建立纪念馆并对外开放。纪念馆除了介绍参加一大的代表之外，还介绍党的历史发展进程，现已成为了解党史、缅怀革命先烈的爱国主义教育基地。

In September 1952, the site of the first National Congress of the Communist Party of China was restored, a memorial hall was established and opened to the outside world. In addition to introducing the delegates attending the first National Congress, the memorial hall also introduces the historical development process of the party. Now it has become a patriotism education base for understanding the history of the party and remembering the revolutionary martyrs.

• restore ：vt. 恢复(某种情况或感受);==修复;使复原;==使复位;使复职;==整修;==重新采用（或实施）;归还（失物、赃款等）
• memorial ：adj. 纪念的;悼念的
  n. 纪念碑(或像等);纪念物;纪念品
  • a memorial hall ：纪念馆
• delegate ： [ˈdelɪɡət , ˈdelɪɡeɪt] n. 代表;会议代表
  v. 授(权);把(工作、权力等)委托(给下级);选派(某人做某事)
• historical ：adj. (有关)历史的;有关历史研究的;历史学的;历史题材的
• development ：n. 发展;发育;成长;壮大;开发;研制;研制成果;(新的)发展事态，进展情况，发展阶段;新建住宅区;（尤指房地产的）开发
• process ：n. (为达到某一目标的)过程;进程;(事物发展，尤指自然变化的)步骤;流程;做事方法;工艺流程;工序
  v. 处理;加工;审阅;审核;处理(文件、请求等);数据处理
  v. 列队行进;缓缓前进
  adj. 经过特殊加工的;(用化学方法等)处理过的;照相制版的;三色版的
  • historical development process ：历史的发展进程
• patriotism ： [ˈpeɪtriətɪzəm] n. 爱国主义;爱国精神
  • We live in an age when patriotism is often sneered at. 我们生活在一个爱国主义常常被嗤之以鼻的时代
  • patriotism educational base ：爱国主义教育基地
• revolutionary ：adj. 革命性的;革命的;彻底变革的;巨变的
  n. (支持)改革者;(尤指)革命者，革命支持者
• marytr ： [ˈmɑːrtər]
  n. 殉道者;烈士;乞怜者(向人诉苦以博取同情);(因疾病或困难局面)长期受苦者，长期受折磨者
  vt. (因宗教或政治信仰)使殉难，处死
  • revolutionary marytrs ：革命先烈

CET-6 Listening

Listening One

Conversation One

M: It’s my last day at work tomorrow. I start my new job in two weeks(未来两周，英语中用in+时间，表示未来的某一段时间). My human resources manager wants to conduct(进行，实施，安排) an interview with me before I leave.

W: Ah, an exit interview. Are you looking forward to it？

M: I’m not sure how I feel about it. I resigned because I’ve been unhappy at that company for a long time, but I’m not sure if I should tell them how I really feel.

W: To my way of thinking, there are two main potential benefits that come from unleashing an agitated(激动的) stream of truth(激动的真理之流) during an exit interview. The first is release. Unburdening(倾诉，诉说，诉苦，分忧) yourself of frustration(挫败，沮丧，受挫) and perhaps even anger to someone who isn’t a friend or close colleague can be wonderfully freeing.

M: And let me guess. The second is that the criticism will , theoretically(理论上地) 插入语, help (the organization I’m leaving) to improve, making sure employees of the future are less likely to encounter what I did？

W: That’s right. But the problem with the company improvement part is that very often it doesn’t happen. An exit interview is supposed to be private, but often isn’t. In my company, the information gained from these interviews is often not confidential(保密的，机密的), and the information is used as dirt(污点) against another manager, or can be traded among senior managers.

M: Now you’ve got me rethinking what I’ll disclose(纰漏，揭露) in the interview. There is always the chance that it could affect my reputation and my ability to network(与人交际) in the industry(行业). It is a pretty small industry after all.

W: Anything you initially(起初地，最初地) gained from the instant(瞬间的) satisfaction of telling it like it is(说实话), you might lose down the track(迷失方向) by injuring your future career prospects(前景).无论你从说实话让你获得短暂的满足中最初获得什么，你都有可能因为损伤了你的职业前景而迷失方向。

M: Right. Perhaps it’ll be better getting things off my chest(卸下心中的负担) by going to one of those rate-your-employer(给你雇主打分，rate评估；评价；打分) websites. 或许去一个给你雇主打分的网站吐露心声会更好一点。

W: You could. And don’t do the interview at all. Exit interviews are not mandatory(强制性的).

Questions 1 to 4 are based on the conversation you have just heard.

1. What do we learn about the man from the conversation?

   A.)He is going to leave his present job.

   B.)He is going to attend a job interview.

   C.)He will meet his new manager in two weeks.

   D.)He will tell the management how he really feels.

2. What does the woman think about the information gained from an exit interview?

   A.)It should be carefully analyzed.

   B.)It should be kept private.

   C.)It can be quite useful to senior managers.

   D.)It can improve interviewees’ job prospects.它可以提高受试者的职业前景。

3. Why does the man want to rethink what he will say in the coming exit interview?

   A.)It may do harm to his fellow employees.

   B.)It may displease his immediate superiors.这或许会使他的直属上级不高兴。

   C.)It may adversely affect his future career prospects.这可能会对他的未来职业前景造成不利影响。

   D.)It may leave a negative impression on the interviewer.

4. What does the man think he had better do?

   A.)Pour out his frustrations on a rate-your-employer website.在一个给你上司打分的网站上倾诉自己的失意。

   B.)Network with his close friends to find a better employer.和他的好友搞好关系去找一个更好的雇主。

   C.)Do some practice for the exit interview.

   D.)Prepare a comprehensive exit report.做一个综合的离职报告。

Conversation Two

M: Today, I’m talking to the renowned(著名的，有名的) botanist(植物学家), Jane Forster.

W: Thank you for inviting me to join you on the show, Henry.

M: Recently, Jane, you’ve become quite a celebrity(名人;名流;名望;名誉;著名) since the release of your latest documentary. Can you tell us a little about it?

W: Well, it follows my expedition(探险;探险队;考察) to study the vegetation(植被) indigenous(本地的;当地的;土生土长的) to the rain forest in equatorial(赤道的;赤道附近的) areas of southeast Asia.

M: You certainly get to travel to some very exotic(异国情调的) locations.

W: It was far from glamorous(迷人的), to be honest. The area we visited was accessible only by canoe(独木舟). And the living conditions in the hut(小屋;简陋的房子;驻扎的临时帐篷) were primitive(原始的;远古的), to say the least(至少可以说). There was no electricity, and our water supply was a nearby stream.

M: How were the weather conditions while you were there?

W: The weather was not conducive(有利于;使容易发生的) to our work at all, since the humidity(空气中的湿度, 湿热, 高温潮湿) was almost unbearable. At midday, we stayed in the hut and did nothing. It was too humid(潮湿的;湿热的) to either work or sleep.

M: How long did your team spend in the jungle(丛林;热带密林)?

W: Originally(最初), we planned to be there for a month. But in the end, we stayed for only two weeks.

M: Why did you cut the expedition short. W: Halfway through the trip, we received news that a hurricane was approaching. And we had to evacuate(撤离) at very short notice.

M: That sounds like a fascinating anecdote(轶事;趣闻).

W: It was frightening. The fastest evacuation(撤离 .n) route was through river rapids. We had to navigate(横渡) them carrying all of our equipment.

M: So overall(全面的), was the journey unsuccessful？

W: Absolutely not. We gathered a massive amount of data about the local plant life.

M: Why do you put up(忍受) with such adverse(不利的;有害的;反面的) conditions?

W: Botany(植物学) is an obsession(痴迷) for me. Many of the destinations I visit have stunning(极有魅力的;惊人的) scenery, and I get to meet a variety of people from all over the world.

M: So where will your next destination be?

W: I haven’t decided yet.

M: Then we can leave it for another vacation. Thanks.

Questions 5 to 8 are based on the conversation you have just heard.

5. What does the man want Jane Forster to talk about?

   A.)Her career as a botanist.

   B.)Her latest documentary.

   C.)Her month-long expedition.

   D.)Her unsuccessful journey.

6. Why does the woman describe her experience as far from glamorous?

   A.)She was caught in a hurricane.

   B.)She had to live like a vegetarian.她不得不生活得像一个素食主义者。

   C.)She suffered from water shortage.

   D.)She had to endure(忍受bear) many hardships.

7. Why did the woman and those who went with her end their trip halfway?

   A.)They could no longer bear the the humidity.

   B.)They had no more food in the canoe.

   C.)A flood was approaching.

   D.)A hurricane was coming.

8. What does the woman think of the journey?

   A.)It was memorable.它是值得纪念的。

   B.)It was unbearable.它是无法忍受的。

   C.)It was fruitful.它是硕果累累的。

   D.)It was uneventful.它是平淡无奇的。

Section B Directions: In this section, you will hear two passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear three or four questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre.

Passage One

Scientists often use specialized(专业的;专门的;专用的) jargon(行话;行业术语;黑话) terms(术语) while communicating with laymen(门外汉). Most of them don’t realize the harmful effects of this practice(习惯;行为). In a new study, people exposed to jargon when reading about subjects(主题) like autonomous(自主的) vehicles(交通工具) and surgical(外科的) robots later said they were less interested in science than others who read about the same topics, but without the use of specialized terms. They also felt less informed(有见识的) about science and less qualified(有资格的) to discuss science topics.他们也会觉得对科学没有更多的见识，并且觉得没有资格去讨论科学话题。 It’s noteworthy(值得注意的;显著的;重要的) that it made no difference if the jargon terms were defined in the text. 值得注意的是在文本中是否定义行业术语并没有什么区别。 Even when the terms were defined, readers still felt the same lack of engagement(缺少参与感) as readers who read jargon that wasn’t explained. 即使定义了术语，读者仍然会因专业术语没有被解释而同样感到缺少参与感。The problem is that the mere(仅仅的) presence(出现) of jargon(仅仅出现行业术语) sends a discouraging(令人丧失信心;令人泄气) message to readers.问题是，仅仅出现行业术语，向读者发送了令他们泄气的信号。 Hillary Shulman, the author of the study, asserts(明确肯定;坚持自己的主张;断言) that specialized words are a signal. Jargon tells people that the message isn’t for them. There is an even darker side(更加黑暗的一面) to how people react to jargon.人们对行业术语的反应有更加黑暗的一面。 In another study, researchers found that reading scientific articles containing jargon led people to doubt the actual science.在另一项研究中，研究者发现阅读带有行业术语的科学文章，会导致人们质疑真实的科学。 They found the opposite(对立面的) when a text is easier to read, then people are more persuaded(令人信服).他们发现一篇文章相反的更加容易阅读，然后人们会更加信服。 Thus(因此;从而;这样;所以), it’s important to communicate clearly when talking about complex science subjects.因此，当与别人谈论复杂的科学主题的时候，清晰的交流是非常重要的。 This is especially true with issues(问题;重要议题) related to public health, like the safety of new medications(药;药物) and the benefits of vaccines(疫苗).对于和公众健康有关的重要议题这是非常真实的，就像新药物的安全和疫苗的好处一样。 Shulman concedes(让步;承认) that the use of jargon is appropriate(合适的;适当的) with scientific(科学的) audiences.Shulman 承认和从事科学的听众使用行业术语是合适的。 But scientists who want to communicate with the general public need to modify(修改;修饰) their language. They need to eliminate(消除;清除;排除) jargon.

Questions 9 and 11 are based on the passage you have just heard.

9. What does the passage say about the use of jargon terms by experts?

   A.)It ensures the accuracy of their arguments(论点;观点). 这确保了他们论点的准确性。

   B.)It diminishes(减少;缩减;贬损) laymen’s interest in science. 这挫伤了门外汉对科学的兴趣。

   C.)It hurts laymen’s dignity(尊严) and self-esteem(自尊). 这伤害了门外汉的尊严和自尊。

   D.)It makes their expressions more explicit(清楚的;明确的;易于理解的). 这让他们的表达更加明确。

10. What do researchers find about people reading scientific articles containing jargon terms?

    A.)They will see the complexity of science.

    B.)They feel great respect towards scientists.

    C.)They tend to disbelieve the actual science.

    D.)They can learn to communicate with scientists.

11. What does Shulman suggest scientists do when communicating with the general public?

    A.)Expain all the jargon terms.

    B.)Do away with jargon terms.

    C.)Find appropriate(适当的) topics.

    D.)Stimulate(激发;激励) their interest.

Passage Two

At the beginning of the 20th century, on the Gulf Coast(墨西哥湾海岸) in the US State of Texas(德克萨斯州), there was a hill where gas(气体;天然气) leakage(泄漏量) was so noticeable(值得注意的;显而易见的;显著的) that schoolboys would sometimes set the hill on fire.在20世纪初，美国德克萨斯州的墨西哥湾海岸，有一个天然气泄漏量非常显而易见的山丘，以至于学生有时候会防火烧山。 Pattillo Higgins, a disreputable(名声不好的) local businessman, became convinced(坚信;深信不疑;确信) that there was oil below the gassy(充满气体的;瓦斯) hill. Oil wells(井) weren’t drilled(钻) back then(那时候); they were essentially(本质上；根本上；基本上) dug(挖；掘). The sand under the hill defeated several attempts by Higgins’ workers to make a proper hole.山丘下的沙子挫败了Higgins的工人们的几次挖一个合适的洞的尝试。 Higgins had forecast(预测) oil at a thousand feet(英尺), a totally made-up(捏造的) figure(数字). Higgins subsequently(随后；后来；之后；接着) hired a mining engineer(采矿工程师), Captain Anthony Lucas. After encountering several setbacks, Captain Lucas decided to use a drill, and his innovations(创新) created the modern oil drilling industry.Higgins 预测原油可能在1000英尺的深度，其实完全是他捏造的数字。Higgins随后雇佣了一个采矿工程师，Anthony Lucas上校。在遭遇数次挫折后，Lucas上校决定使用钻机，并且他的创新创造了一个典型的原油钻采行业。 In January 1901, at 1,020 feet, almost precisely(恰好地;准确地) the depth predicted by Higgins’ wild guess(胡猜), the well roared(咆哮) and suddenly ejected(弹出;喷射;排出) mud and six tons of drilling pipe(管;管道;管子) out of the ground, terrifying those present(在场的人). 在1901年的一月，于1020英尺的深度，几乎和Higgins胡猜的深度一致，油井咆哮着并且突然将泥巴和六吨的钻井管道喷射出地面，吓坏了当时在场的人。For the next nine days, until the well was capped(封顶), the well poured out(倾倒) more oil than all the wells in America combined.接下来的9天里，直到油井封顶为止，油井喷出的原油量超过了美国所有油井产油的总和。 In those days, Texas was almost entirely(完全地) rural(乡村的) with no large cities and practically(几乎) no industry(工业); cotton(棉花) and beef were the foundation of the economy.这些天，德克萨斯州几乎完全是乡村，没有什么大城市，几乎没有工业；棉花和牛肉是该州的经济基础。 Higgins’ well changed that. The boom made some prospectors(勘探者;探矿者) millionaires(百万富翁), but the sudden surplus(盈余;过剩) of petroleum(石油;原油) was not entirely a blessing for Texas.Higgins改变了这一切。石油的大爆发另一些勘探者成为了百万富翁，但是石油的突然过剩对于德克萨斯州来说并不完全是好事。 In the 1930s, prices crashed(崩溃;撞击), to the point that, in some parts of the country, oil was cheaper than water.在19世纪30年代，价格崩溃，以至于，国家的某些方面，石油比水还要便宜。 That would become a familiar pattern of the boom-or-bust(繁荣或萧条) Texas economy.那成了后来成了令人熟悉的繁荣或萧条的德克萨斯州经济模式。

Questions 12 to 15 are based on the passage you have just heard.

12. What did Texas businessman Pattillo Higgins believe?

    A.)There were oil deposits(沉积物) below a local gassy hill. 在当地一个充满气体的山丘下面有石油沉积物。

    B.)The erupting(爆发;喷出) gas might endanger(危害) local children. 喷出来的气体可能会危害当地的孩子们。

    C.)There was oil leakage(泄露) along the Gulf Coast.

    D.)The local gassy hill might start a huge fire.

13. What prevented Higgins’ workers from digging a proper hole to get the oil?

    A.)The massive gas underground.

    B.)Their lack of the needed skill.

    C.)Their lack of suitable tools.

    D.)The sand under the hill.

14. What does the passage say about Captain Lucas’ drilling method?

    A.)It was not as effective as he claimed.

    B.)It rendered many oil workers jobless.

    C.)It gave birth to the oil drilling industry.

    D.)It was not popularized until years later.

15. What do we learn about Texas’ oil industry boom?

    A.)It ruined(破坏;残垣断壁) the state’s cotton and beef industries. 这破坏了该州的棉花和牛肉产业。

    B.)It totally(完全地) destroyed the state’s rural landscape(景观;乡村风景画). 这完全损坏了该州乡村的风景。

    C.)It resulted in an oil surplus all over the world. 这导致了全球的原油过剩。

    D.)It radically(根本地；彻底地) transformed the state’s economy. 这彻底改变了该州的经济。

Section C Directions: In this section, you will hear three recordings of lectures(演讲;讲座) or talks followed by three or four questions. The recordings will be played only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Then mark the corresponding(符合的;相应的) letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre.

Recording One

Most people dislike their jobs. It’s an astonishing(震惊;使人十分惊讶的) (but statistical(统计的)) fact. A primary(主要的) cause of employee dissatisfaction, according to fresh research, is that many believe they have terrible managers. Few describe their managers as malicious(恶毒的;恶意的) or manipulative(善于操纵的;会控制的), though(不过，语气变弱), while those types certainly exist, they are minority(少数).许多人不喜欢他们的工作。这是令人十分震惊的，但是确实是统计的事实。根据一个最新的调查显示，引起员工不满的一个主要原因，是许多人相信他们的经理是非常糟糕的。少数人描述他们的经理是孤恶毒的或者善于操控的，可是，那些类型确实存在，但是是少数。 The majority(大部分) of managers seemingly(看似) just don’t know any better. They’re often emulating(模仿) bad managers they’ve had in the past.大部分经理好像都不知道怎么做。他们经常模仿他们曾经拥有的坏经理。 It’s likely (that+从句：很有可能……) they’ve never read a management book or attended a management course.他们很有可能从类没有读过一本管理的书籍或者参加一个管理的课程。 They might not have even reflected on(反思) what good management looks like and how it would influence their own management style.他们可能没有反思一个好的管理应该是什么样的，和这是怎样影响他们自己的管理风格的。 The researchers interviewed employees about their managers, beginning with a question about the worst manager they had ever had.调查者采访了一些员工关于他们的经理，一开始问了一个问题关于他们曾经遇到过的最坏的经理。 From this, the researchers came up with four main causes of why some managers are perceived as(被视为) being simply awful at their jobs.从这一点，调查者得出四个主要的原因，为什么一些经理在他们的工作中被视为就是坏。 The first cause was company culture, which was seen by employees as enabling poor management practices(做法).第一个原因是被员工们视为促成糟糕管理做法的企业文化。 It was specifically(明确地;特意;具体地;专门地) stressful work environments, minimal training and a lack of accountability(责任) that were found to be the most blameworthy(应受责备).是特别地压力的工作环境，最小的训练和缺少责任，这些是最该受责备的。 Often a manager’s superiors(上级) can effectively encourage a manager’s distasteful(讨厌的) behavior when they fail to discipline(惩罚;处罚) the person’s wrongdoings.通常情况下，当管理者的上级没能对员工的不当行为进行惩罚时，他们会鼓励管理者做出令人厌恶的行为。 Such workplaces are sometimes described as toxic(有毒的).这样的工作环境，有时候被描述为有毒的。 The second cause was attributed(归因于) to the managers’ characteristics.第二个原因是归因于经理的个人品质。 Those deemed(认为) to be most destructive(破坏性的) were odd people, those without drive, those who allow personal problems into the workplace and those with an unpleasant temperament or personality in general.那些被认为是最具破坏性的人是古怪的，那些没有动力的人，那些允许个人问题在工作场地的人，和那些总体上带有不愉快的性情或个性的人。 The third cause of poor management was associated with a deficiency(缺乏;缺少) of qualifications(资历).第三个糟糕管理的原因是和资历不足有关。 Not so much the formal(正式的) variety one obtains(获得;赢得;存在;流行;沿袭) from a university but the informal(非正式) variety that comes from credible(可信的;可靠的) work experience and professional accomplishments(成就;成绩;才艺).与其说是从大学获得的正式多样性，不如说是来自可靠的工作经验和专业成就的非正式多样性。 The fourth cause concerned managers who’ve been promoted(晋升) for reasons other than(除了;除……以外) potential.第四个原因有关管理者由于除了潜力潜质以外的其他原因而被晋升。 One reason in particular(特别地) why these people had been promoted was that they had been around the longest.一个这些人被晋升特别的原因是他们的工作时间最长。 It wasn’t their skill set(技能集) or other merits(优点) that got them the job.并不是他们的技能集和其他优点让他们获得工作。 It was their tenure.是他们的任期（让他们获得工作）。 A point worth making(值得一提的一点) is that the study was based only on the perspective(态度) of employees.值得一提的一点是这项研究仅仅基于员工的角度。 The researchers didn’t ask senior leaders what they thought of their frontline(前线) managers.调查人员没有询问高级领导对一线经理的看法。 It’s quite possible they are content with(满足于) how the individuals(个人) they promoted are now performing, merrily(愉快地) ignorant(不了解的;无知的) of the damage they’re actually causing, which might explain why, as the researchers conclude, those same middle managers are usually unaware that they are a bad manager.有很大的可能他们满足于自己提拔的经历现在的表现，对他们实际造成的损害很愉快而且毫无了解，这有可能解释为什么，就像调查者总结的的那样，这些同样的中级经理通常并没有意识到他们是一个坏的经理。

Questions 16 to 18 are based on the recording you have just heard.

16. What is a primary cause of employee dissatisfaction according to recent research?

    A.)Insufficient(不充分的;不足的;不够重要的) motivation.

    B.)Tough regulations.无情的规章制度

    C.)Unsuitable jobs.不适当的工作

    D.)Bad managers.

17. What is one of the causes for poor management practices?

    A.)Ineffective(无效的) training.

    B.)Toxic company culture.

    C.)Overburdening(负担过重) of managers.

    D.)Lack of regular evaluation(评估). 缺少规律性的评估

18. What do we learn about the study on job dissatisfaction?

    A.)It was based only on the perspective(态度；角度) of employees. 它仅仅基于员工的角度（进行调查）。

    B.)It provided meaningful clues(线索；提示) to solving the problem.

    C.)It was conducted(组织;安排;实施;执行) from frontline managers’ point of view. 这是从前线管理者的角度进行的。

    D.)It collected feedback(反馈) from both employers and employees.

Recording Two

With the use of driverless vehicles seemingly inevitable(不可避免的), mining companies in the vast Australian desert state of Western Australia are definitely(肯定) taking the lead.随着无人驾驶交通工具的使用似乎不可避免，澳大利亚西部的巨大澳大利亚沙漠州的采矿公司肯定成为领导者 Iron ore(矿石) is a key ingredient(成分) in steel making.铁矿石是制作钢铁的主要成分。 The mining companies here produce almost 300 million tons of iron ore a year.这里的采矿公司几乎一年生产3亿吨的铁矿石。 The 240 giant autonomous(自主的;自治的) trucks in use, in the Western Australian mines(矿井;矿场), can weigh 400 tones fully loaded, and travel at speeds of up to 60 kilometers per hour. 在西澳大利亚的矿场，240辆巨型自动驾驶卡车在使用，满载重400吨，可以以每小时达到60千米的速度行驶。 They are a technological leap(跳跃), transporting iron ore along routes which run for hundreds of kilometers from mines to their destinations.它们是一个科技的飞跃，从矿场到它们的目的地沿着成百上千公里的路线运输铁矿石。 Here, when the truck arrives at its destination, staff in the operation center direct it precisely(精确地) where to unload.在这，当卡车到达它的目的地时，操作中心的员工精确地指导它在哪里卸货。 Vast quantities(量) of iron ore are then transported by autonomous trains to ocean ports.巨量的铁矿石然后被自动的火车运送到海洋港口。 Advocates(倡导者) argue these automated(自动化的) vehicles(交通工具) will change mining forever.倡导者表明这些自动化的交通工具将会永远改变采矿业。 It may only be five years before the use of automation technology leads to a fully robotic(机器人的) mine.自动化科技使用之后可能仅仅只需要5年就能实现全面的自动化采矿。 A range of factors has pushed Western Australia’s desert region(地区;区域) to the lead of this automation revolution.一系列的因素促使了西澳大利亚沙漠地区引领这场自动化变革。 These include the huge size of the mines, the scale of equipment, and the repetitive(重复的) nature(性) of (some of the work). 这些包括巨型矿井，装备的规模，和一些工作的重复性。Then there’s the area’s remoteness(偏远;遥远)— at 502,000 square(平方) kilometers— it can sometimes make recruiting(招募) staff a challenge.此外，该地区地处偏远，占地502000平方千米，这有时候让招募员工成为了一项挑战。 Another consideration is the risks when humans interact(互动，交互) with large machinery.另外一个考虑是人与大型机器交互的风险。 There are also the financial imperatives(紧迫;迫切的;重要紧急的事).并且也有金融紧迫性。 The ongoing(不间断的) push by the mining corporations to be more productive(高产的) and more efficient(高效的) is another powerful driver in embracing(欣然接受) automation technology.采矿公司不停地促进高产高效是另外一个有力的推动接受自动化科技。 The concept of a fully autonomous mine is a bit of a misleading(误导) term however.然而，全自动化矿井是一个有点误导的术语。 This is because the more technology is put into the field, the more people are needed to deploy(部署;调动), maintain and improve it.这是因为越多的科技被投入到这个领域，需要调动越多的人部署，维持并提升它。 The automation and digitization(数字化) of the industry is creating a need for different jobs.产业自动化和数字化正在制造一个需要不同岗位的需求。 These include data scientists and engineers in automation and artificial intelligence.这些包括自动化数据科学家和工程师以及人工智能。 The mining companies claim(声称;宣称;断言) automation and robotics present opportunities to make mining more sustainable(可持续) and safer.采矿公司宣称自动化和机械化呈现出让采矿更加可持续和安全的机会。 Employees will be offered a career that is even more fulfilling(令人满足的;令人感觉有意义的) and more rewarding. 员工将会被提供更加令人感觉有意义和更高薪水的工作。Workers’ unions have accepted the inevitability(必然性) of the introduction of new technology, but they still have reservations(保留意见) about the rise of automation technology.工人联盟已经接受了新科技介绍的必然性，但是他们仍然有关于自动化科技崛起的保留意见。 Their main concern is the potential impact(影响) on remote(偏远的) communities.他们主要的顾虑是在偏远社区的潜在影响。 As automation spreads further(far比较级), the question is how these remote communities will survive when the old jobs are eliminated(消除).随着自动化传播更深远，问题是当老的工作被消除时，这些偏远社区将会怎样生存。 And this may well prove to be the most significant impact of robotic technology in many places around the world.在世界上的许多地方这可能很好地证实自动化科技的最至关重要的影响。

Questions 19 to 21 are based on the recording you have just heard.

19. What does the passage say about the mining industry in Western Australia?

    A.)It is expanding at an accelerating speed.它正在以一个加速的速度扩张。

    B.)It is bringing prosperity(繁荣兴旺) to the region.它将会给这片区域带来繁荣与兴旺。

    C.)It is yielding(产出;出产) an unprecedented(前所未有的) profit.它正在产生前所未有的利润。

    D.)It is seeing(经历) an automation revolution.他正在经历一场自动化革命。

20. What is the impact of the digitization of the mining industry?

    A.)It creates a lot of new jobs.它创造了许多新的工作。

    B.)It exhausts(耗尽) resources sooner.它将会很快耗尽资源。

    C.)It causes conflicts between employers and employees.```这引起了一些雇主和员工之间的冲突。`

    D.)It calls for the retraining(重新训练) of unskilled(技术不熟练的) mining workers.这呼吁不熟练的矿工们重新训练。 It calls for …… 这呼吁

21. What is the attitude of workers’ unions towards the introduction of new technology?

    A.)They will wait to see its effect.他们将会等待看它的效果。

    B.)They welcome it with open arms.他们敞开双臂欢迎它。

    C.)They accept it with reservations.他们接受它同时带有保留意见。

    D.)They are strongly opposed to it.他们强烈反对它。

Recording Three

According to official(官方的) statistics(统计资料), Thailand’s annual(每年的) road-death rate is almost double the global average.根据官方的统计数据显示，泰国每年的公路死亡率几乎是世界平均的两倍。 Thai people know that their roads are dangerous, but they don’t know this could easily be changed.泰国人民知道他们的公路是危险的，但是他们不知道这很容易改变。 Globally, road accidents kill more people every year than any infectious disease.全球每年公路事故造成的人员死亡比任何传染性疾病还要多。 Researchers at the Institute(研究所) for Health Metrics(衡量指标;韵律学;度量;指标) and Evaluation(评估) in America, put the death toll(伤亡人数) in 2017 at 1.24 million.美国健康指标和评估研究所的调查人员公布了2017的死亡人数为124万。 According to the institute(研究所), the overall(总体上) number of deaths has been more or less static since the turn of the century.根据研究所的调查，自从21世纪以来，总体上死亡人数或多或少保持静态不变。 But that disguises(掩饰) a lot of changes in individual countries.但是这掩盖了个别国家的许多变化。 In many poor countries, road accidents are killing more people than ever before.在许多贫穷的国家，道路事故正在比从前杀死更多的人。 Those countries have swelling(膨胀) young populations of fast-growing fleet(车队) of cars and motorbikes and a limited supply of surgeons(外科医生).这些国家拥有膨胀的快速增长的机车和摩托车车队的年轻人口和有限的外科医生供应。 It is impossible to know for sure, because official statistics are so inadequate(不充分).不能确切地知道，因为官方的统计是很不充分的。 But deaths are thought to have risen by 40% since 1990 in many low income countries.但是，在许多低收入的国家，自从1990年以来，死亡人数被认为已经增长了百分之四十。 In many rich countries, by contrast(明显的差异)(相比之下), roads are becoming even safer.在许多富裕的国家中，相比之下，道路就会变得非常安全。 In Estonia and Ireland, for example, the number of death has fallen by about two thirds since the late 1990s.例如，在Estonia和Ireland，自从19世纪90年代以来，死亡人数已经下跌了大概三分之二。 But the most important and intriguing(引人入胜的) changes are taking place in middle income countries, which contain most of the world’s people and have some of the most dangerous roads.但是最重要且引人入胜的改变正在中等收入国家发生，这些国家包含世界上大多数的人口和拥有最危险的道路。 According to researchers, in China and South Africa traffic deaths have been falling since 2000, and in India since 2012, and the Philippines reached its peak(峰值) four years ago.根据研究人员称，中国和南非交通事故死亡人数从2000年以来一直正在下降，印度交通事故死亡人数自2012年以来一直在下降，菲律宾四年前达到了下降量的峰值。 The question is whether Thailand can soon follow suit(效仿).问题是泰国是否能很快效仿。 Rob McKinney, head of the International Road Assessment(评估) Program, says that all countries tend to go through three phases(阶段).国际道路评估程序的首领Bob McKinney说，所有的国家都倾向于经历三个阶段。 They begin with poor, slow roads.它们开始是破烂不堪、慢的道路。 In the second phase, as they grow wealthier, they pave(铺路) the roads, allowing traffic to move faster and pushing up the death rate.第二个阶段，当它们变得更富裕一些了，它们铺路，允许交通行驶更快的速度并且这推升了死亡率。 Lastly, in the third phase, countries act to make their roads safer.最后，在第三阶段，国家行动去确保道路更安全。 The trick==, then,(插入语)==is to reach the third stage sooner by focusing earlier and more closely on fatal accidents.因此，诀窍是通过更早、更贴切地专注于致命的事故来更快达到第三阶段。 How to do that? 怎么做？ The solution lies not just in better infrastructure(基础设施), but in better social incentives(激励).解决方案不仅仅在更好的基础设施，更在于更好的社会激励。 Safe driving habits are practices which people know they should follow but often don’t.安全驾驶习惯是人们知道他们应当遵守但通常做不到的习惯。 Dangerous driving is not a fixed(固定的) cultural trait(特质;特征;特点) as some imagine.危险驾驶不是像一些人想象的那样的一个固定文化特征。 People respond to incentives(奖励；激励) such as traffic laws that are actually enforced(执行).人们应当对实际正在执行的交通法规等激励做出反应。

Questions 22 to 25 are based on the recording you have just heard.

22. What does the speaker say about traffic accidents in Thailand?

    A.)They have experienced a gradual decline(下降) since the year of 2017.它们自从2017年正在经历逐渐下降的趋势。

    B.)Their annual death rate is about twice that of the global average.它们的每年死亡率大概是全球平均的两倍。

    C.)They kill more people than any infectious disease.

    D.)Their cost to the nation’s economy is incalculable.

23. What do we learn from an American institute(研究所)'s statistics regarding(看待) road deaths?

    A.)They are not as reliable as claimed.它们不像声明的那样可信。

    B.)They rise and fall from year to year.它们增长又降落每年地。

    C.)They don’t reflect the changes in individual countries.

    D.)They show a difference between rich and poor nations.

24. What is said about middle income countries?

    A.)Many of them are investing heavily in infrastructure.

    B.)Many of them have seen a decline in road-death rates.

    C.)Many of them are following the example set by Thailand.

    D.)Many of them have increasing numbers of cars on the road.

25. What else could be done to reduce fatal road accidents in addition to safer roads?

    A.)Foster better driving behavior.

    B.)Abolish all outdated traffic rules.

    C.)Provide better training for drivers.

    D.)Impose heavier penalties on speeding.

That is the end of listening comprehension.