北邮22信通:二叉树显示路径的两种方法 递归函数保存现场返回现场的实例

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一.讲解

要想实现二叉树的路径显示,我们要按照先后顺序做这样几件事:

1.判断是否能够找到路径;

2.如果能找到路径,则将路径存储起来,如果不能找到路径,则返回查询失败的信息;

3.将路径按照一定的方法打印出来;

1.递归详解:是否能够找到路径并将找到的可行路径存储起来的实现函数

template
bool bintree::stl_search_path(temp target, binnode*& r, 
    stack >& stk)
{
	if (r == NULL)
		return false;
	stk.push(*r);
	if (r->data == target)
		return true;
	else if (stl_search_path(target, r->leftchild, stk))
		return true;
	else if (stl_search_path(target, r->rightchild, stk))
		return true;
	stk.pop();
	return false;
}

         首先我们向这个函数中传入3个参数,分别是待查找的目标,二叉树的根节点,一个空栈(用来存储路径);实现的具体过程运用了递归思想:对整个查找过程中的某次查找如果父节点数据域就是要查找的目标,返回真值;如果沿着他的左孩子找下去能找到目标,返回真值,如果沿着他的右孩子找下去能找到目标,返回真值。如果父节点不是目标并且沿着左孩子右孩子都找不到目标的话,弹出父节点返回假值。

这里用例子重新讲解递归函数保存现场返回现场的运行过程:

北邮22信通:二叉树显示路径的两种方法 递归函数保存现场返回现场的实例_第1张图片

如上图,我们要查找到结点6的路径:

按照函数编写顺序:

1首先入栈,判断1不是6(函数第5、6行),继续执行;

template
bool bintree::stl_search_path(temp target, binnode*& r, 
    stack >& stk)
{
	if (r == NULL)
		return false;
	stk.push(*r);
	if (r->data == target)//现在是1,不是9
		return true;//执行完毕,继续向下执行;
}

执行到第7行,需要判断沿着1的左孩子2能不能找到合适路径,保存现场;

template
bool bintree::stl_search_path(temp target, binnode*& r, 
    stack >& stk)
{
	if (r == NULL)
		return false;
	stk.push(*r);
	if (r->data == target)
		return true;
	else if (stl_search_path(target, r->leftchild, stk))
		return true;
    /*
    执行到这一步,需要重新判断stl_search_path(target, r->leftchild, stk)
    是否为真值;
    函数保存现场不继续向下执行,将r->leftchild==2作为参数替代r==1,重新开始执行函数;
    */
}

重新从第一行开始执行函数,2入栈,2不是6,向下执行;

template
bool bintree::stl_search_path(temp target, binnode*& r, 
    stack >& stk)
{
	if (r == NULL)
		return false;
	stk.push(*r);
	if (r->data == target)
		return true;//r==2不是9,继续向下执行;
}

执行到第7行,需要判断沿着2的左孩子4能不能找到合适路径,保存现场;

template
bool bintree::stl_search_path(temp target, binnode*& r, 
    stack >& stk)
{
	if (r == NULL)
		return false;
	stk.push(*r);
	if (r->data == target)
		return true;
	else if (stl_search_path(target, r->leftchild, stk))
		return true;
    /*
    执行到这一步,需要重新判断stl_search_path(target, r->leftchild, stk)
    是否为真值;
    函数保存现场不继续向下执行,将r->leftchild->leftchild==4作为参数
    替代r->leftchild==2,重新开始执行函数;
    */
}

重新从第一行开始执行函数,4入栈,4不是6,向下执行;

template
bool bintree::stl_search_path(temp target, binnode*& r, 
    stack >& stk)
{
	if (r == NULL)
		return false;
	stk.push(*r);
	if (r->data == target)
		return true;
	else if (stl_search_path(target, r->leftchild, stk))
		return true;
    /*
    执行到这一步,需要重新判断stl_search_path(target, r->leftchild, stk)
    是否为真值;
    函数保存现场不继续向下执行,
    将r->leftchild->leftchild->leftchild==NULL作为参数
    替代r->leftchild->leftchild==4,重新开始执行函数;
    */
}

发现4的左孩子是空,返回假值;

返回上一级现场,执行函数第8、9行,需要判断沿着4的右孩子能不能找到合适路径,保存现场;

template
bool bintree::stl_search_path(temp target, binnode*& r, 
    stack >& stk)
{
	if (r == NULL)
		return false;
	stk.push(*r);
	if (r->data == target)
		return true;
	else if (stl_search_path(target, r->leftchild, stk))
		return true;
	else if (stl_search_path(target, r->rightchild, stk))
		return true;
    /*
    执行到这一步,需要重新判断stl_search_path(target, r->leftchild, stk)
    是否为真值;
    函数保存现场不继续向下执行,
    将r->leftchild->leftchild->rightchild==NULL作为参数
    替代r->leftchild->leftchild==4,重新开始执行函数;
    */
}

右孩子为空;

返回上一级现场,判断沿着2的右孩子5能不能找到可行的路径,保存现场,以此类推……

示意图如下:

北邮22信通:二叉树显示路径的两种方法 递归函数保存现场返回现场的实例_第2张图片

2.打印路径的函数

template
void bintree::stl_node_root_path(temp target)
{
	stack>stk;
	stl_search_path(target, this->root, stk);
	if (stk.empty())
		cout << target << "未能找到目标" << endl;
	else
	{
		cout << target << "结点到根节点的路径为:" << endl;
		binnodeout;
		while (!stk.empty())
		{
			out = stk.top();
			if (stk.size() == 1)
				cout << out.data;
			else
				cout << out.data << "->";
			stk.pop();
		}
		cout << endl;
	}
}

 对于给定的二叉树,首先调用上面讲解过的函数,如果有可行路径就将可行路径通过函数存储到本函数的栈空间中,然后通过控制条件输出,最终可以实现打印的效果。

 3.另一种存储方式

使用模板类定义的栈存储也未尝不可。

代码如下:

template
void bintree::linkstack_node_root_path(temp target)
{
	linkstack>stk;
	linkstack_search_path(target, this->root, stk);
	if (stk.empty())
		cout << target << "未能找到目标" << endl;
	else
	{
		cout << target << "结点到根节点的路径为:" << endl;
		binnodeout;
		while (!stk.empty())
		{
			out = stk.gettop();
			if (stk.getsize() == 1)
				cout << out.data;
			else
				cout << out.data << "->";
			stk.pop();
		}
		cout << endl;
	}
}
template
bool bintree::linkstack_search_path(temp target, binnode*& r, linkstack>& stk)
{
	if (r == NULL)
		return false;
	stk.push(*r);
	if (r->data == target)
		return true;
	else if (linkstack_search_path(target, r->leftchild, stk))
		return true;
	else if (linkstack_search_path(target, r->rightchild, stk))
		return true;
	stk.pop();
	return false;
}

二.完整代码:

2.1使用STL栈实现:

#include
#include
using namespace std;

class student
{
private:
	int ID;
	string name;
public:
	int existence;
	student()
	{
		this->ID = 0;
		this->name = "unknown name";
		this->existence = 0;
	}
	student(int ID, string name)
	{
		this->ID = ID;
		this->name = name;
		this->existence = 1;
	}
	bool operator == (student& s)
	{
		return ((this->ID == s.ID) && (this->name == s.name)) ? true : false;
	}
	friend ostream& operator<<(ostream& output, student& s)
	{
		output << "\"" << s.ID << " " << s.name << "\"";
		return output;
	}
};

template
struct binnode
{
	temp data;
	binnode* leftchild;
	binnode* rightchild;
};

template
class bintree
{
private:
	void create(binnode*& r, temp data[], int i, int n);
	void release(binnode* r);
public:
	binnode* root;
	bintree(temp data[], int n);
	void stl_node_root_path(temp target);
	bool stl_search_path(temp target, binnode*& r, stack >& stk);
	~bintree();
};

template
void bintree::create(binnode*& r, temp data[], int i, int n)
{
	if (i <= n && data[i - 1].existence != 0)
	{
		r = new binnode;
		r->data = data[i - 1];
		r->leftchild = NULL;
		r->rightchild = NULL;
		create(r->leftchild, data, 2 * i, n);
		create(r->rightchild, data, 2 * i + 1, n);

	}
}

template
bintree::bintree(temp data[], int n)
{
	create(this->root, data, 1, n);
}

template
void bintree::release(binnode* r)
{
	if (r != NULL)
	{
		release(r->leftchild);
		release(r->rightchild);
		delete r;
	}
}

template
bintree::~bintree()
{
	release(this->root);
}

template
void bintree::stl_node_root_path(temp target)
{
	stack>stk;
	stl_search_path(target, this->root, stk);
	if (stk.empty())
		cout << target << "未能找到目标" << endl;
	else
	{
		cout << target << "结点到根节点的路径为:" << endl;
		binnodeout;
		while (!stk.empty())
		{
			out = stk.top();
			if (stk.size() == 1)
				cout << out.data;
			else
				cout << out.data << "->";
			stk.pop();
		}
		cout << endl;
	}
}

template
bool bintree::stl_search_path(temp target, binnode*& r, stack >& stk)
{
	if (r == NULL)
		return false;
	stk.push(*r);
	if (r->data == target)
		return true;
	else if (stl_search_path(target, r->leftchild, stk))
		return true;
	else if (stl_search_path(target, r->rightchild, stk))
		return true;
	stk.pop();
	return false;
}

int main()
{
	system("color 0A");
	student stu[5] = { {1,"zhang"},{2,"wang"},{3,"li"},{4,"zhao"},{5,"liu"} };
	bintreetree(stu, 5);

	student stu1(1, "zhang"), stu2(5, "liu"), stu3(6, "cao");
	tree.stl_node_root_path(stu1);
	tree.stl_node_root_path(stu2);
	tree.stl_node_root_path(stu3);

	return 0;
}

2.2使用模板类定义的栈实现:

#include
using namespace std;

class student
{
private:
	int ID;
	string name;
public:
	int existence;
	student()
	{
		this->ID = 0;
		this->name = "unknown name";
		this->existence = 0;
	}
	student(int ID, string name)
	{
		this->ID = ID;
		this->name = name;
		this->existence = 1;
	}
	bool operator == (student& s)
	{
		return ((this->ID == s.ID) && (this->name == s.name)) ? true : false;
	}
	friend ostream& operator<<(ostream& output, student& s)
	{
		output << "\"" << s.ID << " " << s.name << "\"";
		return output;
	}
};
//二叉树声明部分
template
struct binnode;
//栈
template 
struct node
{
	temp data;
	node* next;
};

template 
class linkstack
{
public:
	binnode* r;
	int tag;
	linkstack() { top = NULL; }
	~linkstack();
	void push(temp x);
	temp pop();
	temp gettop();
	int getsize();
	bool empty()
	{
		return top == NULL ? true : false;
	}
private:
	node* top;
};

template 
void linkstack::push(temp x)
{
	node* p = new node;
	p->data = x;
	p->next = this->top;
	this->top = p;
}

template
temp linkstack::pop()
{
	if (empty())throw "下溢";
	temp x = this->top->data;
	node* p = this->top;
	this->top = this->top->next;
	delete p;
	return x;
}

template
linkstack::~linkstack()
{
	while (this->top != NULL)
	{
		node* p = this->top;
		this->top = this->top->next;
		delete p;
	}
}

template
temp linkstack::gettop()
{
	if (empty())throw"下溢";
	return this->top->data;
}

template
int linkstack::getsize()
{
	int num = 0;
	node* p = this->top;
	while (p != NULL)
	{
		num++;
		p = p->next;
	}
	return num;
}


template
struct binnode
{
	temp data;
	binnode* leftchild;
	binnode* rightchild;
};

template
class bintree
{
private:
	void create(binnode*& r, temp data[], int i, int n);
	void release(binnode* r);
public:
	binnode* root;
	bintree(temp data[], int n);
	void linkstack_node_root_path(temp target);
	bool linkstack_search_path(temp target, binnode*& r, linkstack>& stk);
	~bintree();
};

template
void bintree::create(binnode*& r, temp data[], int i, int n)
{
	if (i <= n && data[i - 1].existence != 0)
	{
		r = new binnode;
		r->data = data[i - 1];
		r->leftchild = NULL;
		r->rightchild = NULL;
		create(r->leftchild, data, 2 * i, n);
		create(r->rightchild, data, 2 * i + 1, n);

	}
}

template
bintree::bintree(temp data[], int n)
{
	create(this->root, data, 1, n);
}

template
void bintree::release(binnode* r)
{
	if (r != NULL)
	{
		release(r->leftchild);
		release(r->rightchild);
		delete r;
	}
}

template
bintree::~bintree()
{
	release(this->root);
}

template
void bintree::linkstack_node_root_path(temp target)
{
	linkstack>stk;
	linkstack_search_path(target, this->root, stk);
	if (stk.empty())
		cout << target << "未能找到目标" << endl;
	else
	{
		cout << target << "结点到根节点的路径为:" << endl;
		binnodeout;
		while (!stk.empty())
		{
			out = stk.gettop();
			if (stk.getsize() == 1)
				cout << out.data;
			else
				cout << out.data << "->";
			stk.pop();
		}
		cout << endl;
	}
}

template
bool bintree::linkstack_search_path(temp target, binnode*& r, linkstack>& stk)
{
	if (r == NULL)
		return false;
	stk.push(*r);
	if (r->data == target)
		return true;
	else if (linkstack_search_path(target, r->leftchild, stk))
		return true;
	else if (linkstack_search_path(target, r->rightchild, stk))
		return true;
	stk.pop();
	return false;
}

int main()
{
	system("color 0A");
	student stu[5] = { {1,"zhang"},{2,"wang"},{3,"li"},{4,"zhao"},{5,"liu"} };
	bintreetree(stu, 5);

	student stu1(1, "zhang"), stu2(5, "liu"), stu3(6, "cao");

	tree.linkstack_node_root_path(stu1);
	tree.linkstack_node_root_path(stu2);
	tree.linkstack_node_root_path(stu3);
	return 0;
}

2.3运行效果:

北邮22信通:二叉树显示路径的两种方法 递归函数保存现场返回现场的实例_第3张图片

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