python字典(dictionary)

字典

字典组成

字典由键(key)和值(value)组成;字典元素由{}括在一起

dic = {key1 : value1, key2 : value2 }

key是字典中的键,value是该键对应的值;key : value称之为键值对

字典的创建

  • 直接按照定义创建
# 直接按照定义创建
d = {"name":"zhangsan", "age":18, "sex":"man"}
print(d)
{'name': 'zhangsan', 'age': 18, 'sex': 'man'}
  • dict()
# 使用dict()方法
d = dict(name = "zhangsan", age = 18, sex = "man")
print(d)
{'name': 'zhangsan', 'age': 18, 'sex': 'man'}
# 使用dict()方法 ,将一个元组列表转换为字典
l = [("name" , "zhangsan"), ("age" , 18), ("sex" ,"man")]
d = dict(l)
print(d)
{'name': 'zhangsan', 'age': 18, 'sex': 'man'}
# 使用dict()方法 ,将一个打包后的元组转换为字典
key = ("name", "age", "sex")
value = ("zhangsan", 18, "man")
d = dict(zip(key,value))
print(d)
{'name': 'zhangsan', 'age': 18, 'sex': 'man'}
  • 使用推导式
dn = {a:a ** 2 for a in range(5)}
print(dn)
{0: 0, 1: 1, 2: 4, 3: 9, 4: 16}
  • 使用zip()将两个序列绑定
l = ["name","age","sex"]
l1 = ["lisi",18,"man"]

d = dict(zip(l,l1))
print(d)
{'name': 'lisi', 'age': 18, 'sex': 'man'}

字典访问

不同于列表元素只能用整数下标访问,字典的key值可以是整数、字符串、元组等,但是不可以用列表,因为列表的值可以是可以改变的。

print(d["name"])
zhangsan

字典的key值是唯一的,但是其对应的值是可修改的

# 通过key访问修改其对应的值value
d["name"] = "lisi"
print(d)
{'name': 'lisi', 'age': 18, 'sex': 'man'}
# 删除字典的键值对
del d["age"]
print(d)
{'name': 'zhangsan', 'sex': 'man'}
# 遍历字典
for key in d:
    print('**key:{}'.format(key))
for value in d:
    print('##value:{}'.format(value))
for itme in d.items():
    print('$$itme:{}'.format(itme))
for key,value in d.items():
    print('&&key:{},value:{}'.format(key,value))
**key:name
**key:sex
##value:name
##value:sex
$$itme:('name', 'zhangsan')
$$itme:('sex', 'man')
&&key:name,value:zhangsan
&&key:sex,value:man

字典的方法

  • 字典的长度(键值对个数)
# len()
print(len(d))
2
  • 将字典传换为字符串输出
# str()
s = str(d)
print(s)
print(type(s))
{'name': 'zhangsan', 'sex': 'man'}

  • 字典拷贝
# copy()
d1 = d.copy()
print(d1)
d["name"] = "lisi" # d的修改不会影响到d1
print(d)
print(d1)
{'name': 'zhangsan', 'sex': 'man'}
{'name': 'zhangsan', 'sex': 'man'}
  • 给指定的key值创建出字典
# fromkeys()
keys = ['name','age','sex']
# 不指定value,就是None
d = dict.fromkeys(keys)
print(d)
# 指定默认value
d = dict.fromkeys(keys,"zhangsan")
print(d)

{'name': None, 'age': None, 'sex': None}
{'name': 'zhangsan', 'age': 'zhangsan', 'sex': 'zhangsan'}
  • 获取指定key对应的value
# get()
d = dict(name = "zhangsan", age = 18, sex = "man")
print(d.get("name"))
# 没有对应的值时,返回None
print(d.get("addr"))
# 可以返回指定的值
print(d.get("addr","xian"))
print(d)
zhangsan
None
xian
{'name': 'zhangsan', 'age': 18, 'sex': 'man'}
  • 设置默认键值
# setdefault()
# 和get()类似,在key的值不存在时,可设置默认值,不同的是setdefault()会将设置的默认键值对添加到字典中
d.setdefault("name","lisi")
print(d)
d.setdefault("addr","Xian")
print(d)
{'name': 'zhangsan', 'age': 18}
{'name': 'zhangsan', 'age': 18, 'addr': 'Xian'}
  • 获取字典中的键值对
# items()
items = d.items()
print(items)
print(type(items))
# 可通过list()将其转换为列表
l = list(items)
print(l)
print(type(l))
# 可用于遍历字典
for item in d.items():
    print(item)
dict_items([('name', 'zhangsan'), ('age', 'zhangsan'), ('sex', 'zhangsan')])

[('name', 'zhangsan'), ('age', 'zhangsan'), ('sex', 'zhangsan')]

('name', 'zhangsan')
('age', 'zhangsan')
('sex', 'zhangsan')
  • 删除字典最后一个键值对
# popitem()
print(d)
print("del item is ",d.popitem())
print(d)
{'name': 'zhangsan', 'age': 18, 'addr': 'Xian'}
del item is  ('addr', 'Xian')
{'name': 'zhangsan', 'age': 18}
  • 删除指定key对应的键值对
# pop()
d = dict(name = "zhangsan", age = 18, sex = "man")
print(d)
# key值不存在会报 KeyError
print("del key is age value is ",d.pop("age"))
print(d)
{'name': 'zhangsan', 'age': 18, 'sex': 'man'}
del key is age value is  18
{'name': 'zhangsan', 'sex': 'man'}
  • 更新字典
# update()
# 键值对存在就更新,不存在则添加
print(d)
d.update({"name":"lisi"})
print(d)
d1 = {"name":"zhangsan", "addr":"xian"}
d.update(d1)
print(d)
{'name': 'zhangsan', 'sex': 'man', 'addr': 'xian'}
{'name': 'lisi', 'sex': 'man', 'addr': 'xian'}
{'name': 'zhangsan', 'sex': 'man', 'addr': 'xian'}

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