前言:
NHibernate3新出了新的查询API QueryOver。本节将为您介绍这查询API QueryOver的相关内容。
QueryOver构建在NHibernate原有的ICriteria API之上,支持Lambda表达式与扩展方法。
下面我们将有实例项目来介绍:
实例项目说明
1. 项目组织结构
- MyWorkShop.Model项目:创建实体类与DTO;
- MyWorkShop.Data项目:创建数据访问接口;
- MyWorkShop.Data.NHibernate项目:定义数据访问的NHibernate实现,包含文中所列举的各查询方法;
- MyWorkShop.Data.NHibernate.Test项目:对MyWorkShop.Data.NHibernate项目中各数据访问方法进行测试。
2. 测试数据库
测试数据库名为MyWorkShop,数据库文件位于db文件夹中,附加数据库文件即可;当然也可手工创建名为MyWorkShop的数据库。
3. NHibernate配置文件
hibernate.cfg.xml位于MyWorkShop.Data.NHibernate.Test项目中的,可根据自己的运行环境进行相应的配置。
开发环境与工具
先介绍一下这个实例的开发环境与工具:
- NHibernate 3.2 Alpha2 :下载地址 http://sourceforge.net/projects/nhibernate/files/NHibernate/3.2.0Alpha2/
- Visual Studio 2010
- .NET Framework 4.0
- NUnit 2.5.10
- SQL Server 2005
实例场景
为便于理解与掌握,举个故意简化的实例:客户(Customer)与订单(Order),一个客户可以下多个订单。实体类的代码如下:
(1)实体基类: Entity
1 using System;
2 using System.Collections.Generic;
3 using System.Linq;
4 using System.Text;
5
6 namespace MyWorkShop.Model.Entities
7 {
8 public abstract class Entity<TId>
9 {
10 public virtual TId Id { get; protected set; }
11 }
12 }
(2)客户类:Customer,映射的数据表为MyWorkShop_Customer
1 using System;
2 using System.Collections.Generic;
3 using System.Linq;
4 using System.Text;
5
6 namespace MyWorkShop.Model.Entities
7 {
8 public class Customer:Entity<int>
9 {
10 public virtual string Name { get; set; }
11 public virtual string Address { get; set; }
12 public virtual string Phone { get; set; }
13 }
14 }
(3)订单类:Order,映射的数据表为MyWorkShop_Order
1 using System;
2 using System.Collections.Generic;
3 using System.Linq;
4 using System.Text;
5
6 namespace MyWorkShop.Model.Entities
7 {
8 //Guid做主键
9 public class Order : Entity<Guid>
10 {
11 //下单客户
12 public virtual Customer Customer { get; set; }
13 //下单时间
14 public virtual DateTime OrderedDateTime { get; set; }
15 //订单金额
16 public virtual Decimal? Amount { get; set; }
17 }
18 }
查询场景
1. 筛选数据(Restriction)
(1)根据客户姓名查找客户,假设客户姓名唯一
1 public Customer GetByName(string customerName)
2 {
3 Customer entity = null;
4
5 using (var session = NHibernateSession)
6 using (var transaction = session.BeginTransaction())
7 {
8
9 entity = session.QueryOver<Customer>()
10 .Where(c => c.Name == customerName)
11 .SingleOrDefault();
12
13 transaction.Commit();
14 }
15 return entity;
16 }
输出的SQL:
SELECT this_.Id as Id5_0_, this_.Name as Name5_0_, this_.Address as Address5_0_, this_.Phone as Phone5_0_ FROM MyWorkShop_Customer this_ WHERE this_.Name = @p0;@p0 = 'Name' [Type: String (50)]
代码说明:
- 筛选条件调用Where方法,使用Lambda表达式“c => c.Name == customerName”,这样就消除了ICriteria的字段名字符串硬编码的问题;
- 返回单个值调用SingleOrDefault(),若查询结果不唯一则抛出异常NHibernate.NonUniqueResultException。
(2)根据客户地址查找多个客户
1 public IEnumerable<Customer> GetByAddress(string address)
2 {
3 IEnumerable<Customer> list = null;
4
5 using (var session = NHibernateSession)
6 using (var transaction = session.BeginTransaction())
7 {
8 list = session.QueryOver<Customer>()
9 .Where(c => c.Address == address)
10 .List();
11
12 transaction.Commit();
13 }
14
15 return list;
16 }
输出的SQL:
SELECT this_.Id as Id5_0_, this_.Name as Name5_0_, this_.Address as Address5_0_, this_.Phone as Phone5_0_ FROM MyWorkShop_Customer this_ WHERE this_.Address = @p0;@p0 = 'Address' [Type: String (100)]
代码说明:
(3)根据客户姓名模糊查找客户
1 public IEnumerable<Customer> GetByLikeName(string likeName)
2 {
3 IEnumerable<Customer> list = null;
4
5 using (var session = NHibernateSession)
6 using (var transaction = session.BeginTransaction())
7 {
8 list = session.QueryOver<Customer>()
9 .WhereRestrictionOn(o => o.Name).IsLike(likeName, MatchMode.Anywhere)
10 .List();
11
12 transaction.Commit();
13 }
14
15 return list;
16 }
输出的SQL:
SELECT this_.Id as Id5_0_, this_.Name as Name5_0_, this_.Address as Address5_0_, this_.Phone as Phone5_0_ FROM MyWorkShop_Customer this_ WHERE this_.Name like @p0;@p0 = '%e%' [Type: String (50)]
代码说明:
- 对于某些SQL函数与操作符(比如like、between...and...),没有直接对应的Lambda表达式,需要先使用WhereRestrictionOn方法指定筛选条件的列,然后再调用相应的方法指定筛选条件;
- IsLike方法指定字符串匹配查找。
(4)查找金额在指定范围内的订单
2 public IEnumerable<Order> GetByAmount(decimal minAmount, decimal maxAmount)
3 {
4 IEnumerable<Order> list = null;
5
6 using (var session = NHibernateSession)
7 using (var transaction = session.BeginTransaction())
8 {
9 list = session.QueryOver<Order>()
10 .Where(o => o.Amount >= minAmount)
11 .And(o => o.Amount <= maxAmount)
12 .OrderBy(o => o.Amount).Desc
13 .List();
14
15 transaction.Commit();
16 }
17
18 return list;
19 }
输出的SQL:
SELECT this_.Id as Id8_0_, this_.CustomerId as CustomerId8_0_, this_.OrderedDateTime as OrderedD3_8_0_, this_.Amount as Amount8_0_ FROM MyWorkShop_Order this_ WHERE this_.Amount >= @p0 and this_.Amount <= @p1 ORDER BY this_.Amount desc;@p0 = 100 [Type: Decimal (0)], @p1 = 200 [Type: Decimal (0)]
代码说明:
- 多个条件可使用Where...And...逐个指定,也可以在一个Where方法中指定,比如上面的条件可以写成Where(o => o.Amount >= minAmount && o.Amount <= maxAmount);
- 排序使用OrderBy,升序降序使用Asc与Desc。
2.连接(Join)
(1)内连接:根据客户姓名查找订单
1 public IEnumerable<Order> GetByCustomerName(string customerName)
2 {
3 IEnumerable<Order> list = null;
4
5 using (var session = NHibernateSession)
6 using (var transaction = session.BeginTransaction())
7 {
8 list = session.QueryOver<Order>()
9 .OrderBy(o=>o.Amount).Desc
10 .Inner.JoinQueryOver<Customer>(o => o.Customer)
11 .Where(c => c.Name == customerName)
12 .List();
13
14 transaction.Commit();
15 }
16
17 return list;
18 }
输出的SQL:
SELECT this_.Id as Id8_1_, this_.CustomerId as CustomerId8_1_, this_.OrderedDateTime as OrderedD3_8_1_, this_.Amount as Amount8_1_, customer1_.Id as Id9_0_, customer1_.Name as Name9_0_, customer1_.Address as Address9_0_, customer1_.Phone as Phone9_0_ FROM MyWorkShop_Order this_ inner join MyWorkShop_Customer customer1_ on this_.CustomerId=customer1_.Id WHERE customer1_.Name = @p0 ORDER BY this_.Amount desc;@p0 = 'Name' [Type: String (50)]
代码说明:
- .Inner.JoinQueryOver指定内连接,如果省略Inner仅写JoinQueryOver默认就是内连接;
- .Left、.Right则分别为左外连接、右外连接
(2)使用别名进行内连接:根据客户姓名查找订单
1 public IEnumerable<Order> GetByCustomerNameViaAlias(string customerName)
2 {
3 //定义用于内连接的别名变量,该变量必须赋值为null
4 Customer customer = null;
5
6 IEnumerable<Order> list = null;
7
8 using (var session = NHibernateSession)
9 using (var transaction = session.BeginTransaction())
10 {
11 list = session.QueryOver<Order>()
12 .JoinAlias(o => o.Customer, () => customer) //指定别名customer
13 .Where(() => customer.Name == customerName)
14 .List();
15
16 transaction.Commit();
17 }
18
19 return list;
20 }
输出的SQL:
同上,略
代码说明:
- 可以通过.Inner.JoinQueryOver来显式进行内连接,也可以通过.JoinAlias创建连接别名进行连接;
- 连接别名变量在QueryOver使用之前定义,并且必须赋null值。
小结
本文通过一个简单的实例,介绍了QueryOver进行条件筛选(Restriction)、连接(Join)等常见场景的应用,在下一篇文章中将介绍投影(Projection)、把投影结果转成DTO、分页、子查询(Subquery)等。
与ICriteria API相比,个人认为QueryOver并不见得会提高代码的可读性,但QueryOver解决了
ICriteria API字符串硬编码的问题,从而减少代码输入的错误,大大提高了代码重构的能力,因此用QueryOver取代ICriteria API是值得的。