LAMP平台搭建

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LAMP简介

所谓lamp，其实就是由Linux+Apache+Mysql/MariaDB+Php/Perl/Python的一组动态网站或者服务器的开源软件，除Linux外其它各部件本身都是各自独立的程序，但是因为经常被放在一起使用，拥有了越来越高的兼容度，共同组成了一个强大的Web应用程序平台。

LAMP指的是Linux（操作系统）、Apache（HTTP服务器）、MySQL（也指MariaDB，数据库软件）和PHP（有时也是指Perl或Python）的第一个字母，一般用来建立web应用平台。

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web服务器工作流程

web服务器的资源分为两种，静态资源和动态资源

• 静态资源就是指静态内容，客户端从服务器获得的资源的表现形式与原文件相同。可以简单的理解为就是直接存储于文件系统中的资源
• 动态资源则通常是程序文件，需要在服务器执行之后，将执行的结果返回给客户端

如图所示

• 阶段①显示的是httpd服务器（即apache）和php服务器通过FastCGI协议进行通信，且php作为独立的服务进程运行

• 阶段②显示的是php程序和mysql数据库间通过mysql协议进行通信。php与mysql本没有什么联系，但是由Php语言写成的程序可以与mysql进行数据交互。同理perl和python写的程序也可以与mysql数据库进行交互

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CGI和FastCGI

CGI（Common Gateway Interface，通用网关接口），CGI是外部应用程序（CGI程序）与WEB服务器之间的接口标准，是在CGI程序和Web服务器之间传递信息的过程。CGI规范允许Web服务器执行外部程序，并将它们的输出发送给Web浏览器，CGI将web的一组简单的静态超媒体文档变成一个完整的新的交互式媒体。

FastCGI（Fast Common Gateway Interface）是CGI的改良版，CGI是通过启用一个解释器进程来处理每个请求，耗时且耗资源，而FastCGI则是通过master-worker形式来处理每个请求，即启动一个master主进程，然后根据配置启动几个worker进程，当请求进来时，master会从worker进程中选择一个去处理请求，这样就避免了重复的生成和杀死进程带来的频繁cpu上下文切换而导致耗时

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httpd与php结合方式

httpd与php结合的方式有以下三种：

• modules：php将以httpd的扩展模块形式存在，需要加载动态资源时，httpd可以直接通过php模块来加工资源并返回给客户端
  • httpd prefork：libphp5.so（多进程模型的php）
  • httpd event or worker：libphp5-zts.so（线程模型的php）
• CGI：httpd需要加载动态资源时，通过CGI与php解释器联系，获得php执行的结果，此时httpd负责与php连接的建立和断开等
• FastCGI：利用php-fpm机制，启动为服务进程，php自行运行为一个服务，https通过socket与php通信

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web工作流程

当有访问请求通过http协议到达httpd服务器时，httpd进行解析

• 如果是静态资源则直接从本地文件获取资源返回给用户。
• 如果是动态资源，httpd通过FastCGI协议与php通信，通过CGI程序的master进程调度worker进程来执行程序以获得客户端请求的动态资源，并将执行的结果通过FastCGI协议返回给httpd服务器，httpd服务器收到php的执行结果后将其封装为http响应报文响应给用户，在执行程序获取动态资源时若需要获得数据库中的资源时，由php服务器通过mysql协议与MySQL/MariaDB服务器交互，获取后返回给httpd，httpd再将返回的执行结果封装成响应报文返回给用户。

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LAMP平台构建

lamp平台软件安装次序

httpd --> mysql --> php

安装httpd

yum源配置

[root@100 ~]# wget -O /etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS-Base.repo https://mirrors.aliyun.com/repo/Centos-vault-8.5.2111.repo
[root@100 ~]# sed -i -e '/mirrors.cloud.aliyuncs.com/d' -e '/mirrors.aliyuncs.com/d' /etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS-Base.repo
[root@100 ~]# yum makecache
Waiting for process with pid 2260 to finish.
CentOS-8.5.2111 - Base - mirrors.aliyun.com                                                                                                                                     30 kB/s | 3.9 kB     00:00
CentOS-8.5.2111 - Extras - mirrors.aliyun.com                                                                                                                                  105 kB/s | 1.5 kB     00:00
CentOS-8.5.2111 - AppStream - mirrors.aliyun.com                                                                                                                                37 kB/s | 4.3 kB     00:00
Metadata cache created.

[root@100 ~]# yum install -y https://mirrors.aliyun.com/epel/epel-release-latest-8.noarch.rpm
[root@100 ~]# sed -i 's|^#baseurl=https://download.example/pub|baseurl=https://mirrors.aliyun.com|' /etc/yum.repos.d/epel*
[root@100 ~]# sed -i 's|^metalink|#metalink|' /etc/yum.repos.d/epel*

[root@100 ~]# ls /etc/yum.repos.d/
CentOS-Base.repo  epel-modular.repo  epel.repo  epel-testing-modular.repo  epel-testing.repo

安装工具包

[root@100 ~]# yum groups mark install 'Development Tools'

创建apache用户

[root@100 ~]# useradd -r -M -s /sbin/nologin apache
[root@100 ~]# id apache
uid=975(apache) gid=974(apache) groups=974(apache)

安装依赖包

[root@100 ~]# yum -y install openssl-devel pcre-devel expat-devel libtool gcc gcc-c++

下载安装apr与apr-util与httpd

//安装apr
[root@100 ~]# cd /usr/src/
[root@100 src]# wget https://downloads.apache.org/apr/apr-1.6.5.tar.bz2
[root@100 src]# wget https://downloads.apache.org/apr/apr-util-1.6.1.tar.bz2
[root@100 src]# wget https://downloads.apache.org/httpd/httpd-2.4.54.tar.bz2
[root@100 src]# tar xf apr-1.6.5.tar.bz2
[root@100 src]# tar xf apr-util-1.6.1.tar.bz2
[root@100 src]# tar xf httpd-2.4.54.tar.bz2
[root@100 src]# ls
apr-1.6.5  apr-1.6.5.tar.bz2  apr-util-1.6.1  apr-util-1.6.1.tar.bz2  debug  httpd-2.4.54  httpd-2.4.54.tar.bz2  kernels
[root@100 src]# cd apr-1.6.5/
[root@100 apr-1.6.5]# vim configure
    cfgfile=${ofile}T
    trap "$RM \"$cfgfile\"; exit 1" 1 2 15
#    $RM "$cfgfile"				//将此行加上注释或者删除
[root@100 apr-1.6.5]# ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/apr
[root@100 apr-1.6.5]# make && make install

//安装apr-util
[root@100 apr-1.6.5]# cd ../apr-util-1.6.1/
[root@100 apr-util-1.6.1]# ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/apr-util --with-apr=/usr/local/apr
[root@100 apr-util-1.6.1]# make && make install

//安装httpd
[root@100 apr-util-1.6.1]# cd ../httpd-2.4.54/
[root@100 httpd-2.4.54]# ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/apache \
> --sysconfdir=/etc/httpd24 \
> --enable-so \
> --enable-ssl \
> --enable-cgi \
> --enable-rewrite \
> --with-zlib \
> --with-pcre \
> --with-apr=/usr/local/apr \
> --with-apr-util=/usr/local/apr-util/ \
> --enable-modules=most \
> --enable-mpms-shared=all \
> --with-mpm=prefork
[root@100 httpd-2.4.54]# make && make install

//配置环境变量
[root@100 httpd-2.4.54]# echo "export PATH=$PATH:/usr/local/apache/bin" > /etc/profile.d/httpd.sh
[root@100 httpd-2.4.54]# ln -s /usr/local/apache/include/ /usr/include/httpd
[root@100 httpd-2.4.54]# vim /etc/man_db.conf
MANDATORY_MANPATH                       /usr/local/apache/man
[root@100 httpd-2.4.54]# source /etc/profile.d/httpd.sh

[root@100 ~]# cd /usr/lib/systemd/system
[root@100 system]# vim httpd.service
[Unit]
Description=apache server daemon
After=network.target sshd-keygen.target

[Service]
Type=forking
ExecStart=/usr/local/apache/bin/apachectl start
ExecStop=/usr/local/apache/bin/apachectl stop
ExecReload=/bin/kill -HUP $MAINPID

[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.target

[root@100 ~]# systemctl start httpd
[root@100 ~]# systemctl enable httpd
Created symlink /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/httpd.service → /usr/lib/systemd/system/httpd.service.
[root@100 ~]# ss -antl |grep 80
LISTEN 0      128                *:80              *:*

配置防火墙规则

[root@100 ~]# firewall-cmd --permanent --zone=public --add-service=http
success
[root@100 ~]# firewall-cmd --permanent --zone=public --add-service=https
success
[root@100 ~]# firewall-cmd --reload
success

浏览器访问测试

---

安装mysql

安装依赖包

[root@100 ~]# yum -y install ncurses-devel openssl-devel openssl cmake

创建mysql用户

[root@100 ~]# useradd -r -M -s /sbin/nologin mysql
[root@100 ~]# id mysql
uid=974(mysql) gid=973(mysql) groups=973(mysql)

下载mysql二进制安装包并解压

[root@100 src]# wget https://downloads.mysql.com/archives/get/p/23/file/mysql-5.7.38-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64.tar.gz
[root@100 src]# tar xf mysql-5.7.38-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64.tar.gz -C /usr/local/
[root@100 src]# cd /usr/local/
[root@100 local]# ln -s mysql-5.7.38-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64/ mysql
[root@100 local]# chown -R mysql.mysql mysql*
[root@100 local]# ll -d mysql*
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 mysql mysql  36 Aug  2 16:28 mysql -> mysql-5.7.38-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64/
drwxr-xr-x. 9 mysql mysql 129 Aug  2 16:27 mysql-5.7.38-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64

创建数据存放目录

[root@100 mysql]# mkdir /opt/data
[root@100 mysql]# chown -R mysql.mysql /opt/data

初始化数据库

[root@100 mysql]# /usr/local/mysql/bin/mysqld --initialize --user=mysql --datadir=/opt/data/
2022-08-02T08:38:35.411890Z 0 [Warning] TIMESTAMP with implicit DEFAULT value is deprecated. Please use --explicit_defaults_for_timestamp server option (see documentation for more details).
2022-08-02T08:38:35.565117Z 0 [Warning] InnoDB: New log files created, LSN=45790
2022-08-02T08:38:35.587059Z 0 [Warning] InnoDB: Creating foreign key constraint system tables.
2022-08-02T08:38:35.641848Z 0 [Warning] No existing UUID has been found, so we assume that this is the first time that this server has been started. Generating a new UUID: 7f99e6ef-123e-11ed-87d4-000c29fb2070.
2022-08-02T08:38:35.642615Z 0 [Warning] Gtid table is not ready to be used. Table 'mysql.gtid_executed' cannot be opened.
2022-08-02T08:38:35.799655Z 0 [Warning] A deprecated TLS version TLSv1 is enabled. Please use TLSv1.2 or higher.
2022-08-02T08:38:35.799685Z 0 [Warning] A deprecated TLS version TLSv1.1 is enabled. Please use TLSv1.2 or higher.
2022-08-02T08:38:35.800059Z 0 [Warning] CA certificate ca.pem is self signed.
2022-08-02T08:38:35.858711Z 1 [Note] A temporary password is generated for root@localhost: B+#LeN5Yx,Hy
[root@100 mysql]# echo "B+#LeN5Yx,Hy" > /root/sql_passwd

添加环境变量

[root@100 mysql]# echo "export PATH=$PATH:/usr/local/mysql/bin" > /etc/profile.d/mysql.sh
[root@100 mysql]# source /etc/profile.d/mysql.sh
[root@100 mysql]# ln -s /usr/local/mysql/include/  /usr/include/mysql
[root@100 mysql]# echo "/usr/local/mysql/lib" > /etc/ld.so.conf.d/mysql.conf
[root@100 mysql]# vim /etc/man_db.conf
MANDATORY_MANPATH                       /usr/local/mysql/man
[root@100 mysql]# which mysqld
/usr/local/mysql/bin/mysqld

生成配置文件

[root@100 mysql]# vim /etc/my.cnf
[mysqld]
basedir = /usr/local/mysql
datadir = /opt/data
socket = /tmp/mysql.sock
port = 3306
pid-file = /opt/data/mysql.pid
user = mysql
skip-name-resolve

配置服务启动脚本

[root@100 mysql]# cp -a /usr/local/mysql/support-files/mysql.server /etc/init.d/mysqld
[root@100 mysql]# vim /etc/init.d/mysqld
 46 basedir=/usr/local/mysql
 47 datadir=/opt/data

[root@100 mysql]# cd /usr/lib/systemd/system
[root@100 system]# vim mysqld.service
[Unit]
Description=mysqld server daemon
After=network.target sshd-keygen.target

[Service]
Type=forking
ExecStart=/etc/init.d/mysqld start
ExecStop=/etc/init.d/mysqld stop
ExecReload=/bin/kill -HUP $MAINPID

[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.target

启动mysql

[root@100 system]# systemctl start mysqld
[root@100 system]# systemctl enable mysqld
Synchronizing state of mysqld.service with SysV service script with /usr/lib/systemd/systemd-sysv-install.
Executing: /usr/lib/systemd/systemd-sysv-install enable mysqld
Created symlink /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/mysqld.service → /usr/lib/systemd/system/mysqld.service.
[root@100 system]# ss -antl |grep 3306
LISTEN 0      80                 *:3306            *:*

进入mysql修改密码

[root@100 ~]# mysql -uroot -p'B+#LeN5Yx,Hy'
mysql: error while loading shared libraries: libncurses.so.5: cannot open shared object file: No such file or directory

//解决方法
[root@100 ~]# yum provides libncurses.so.5
Last metadata expiration check: 0:59:59 ago on Tue 02 Aug 2022 15:48:59 CST.
ncurses-compat-libs-6.1-9.20180224.el8.i686 : Ncurses compatibility libraries
Repo        : base
Matched from:
Provide    : libncurses.so.5

[root@100 ~]# yum -y install ncurses-compat-libs

//再次进入数据库修改密码
[root@100 ~]# mysql -uroot -p'B+#LeN5Yx,Hy'
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
Welcome to the MySQL monitor.  Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 2
Server version: 5.7.38

Copyright (c) 2000, 2022, Oracle and/or its affiliates.

Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.

Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.

mysql> set password = password('123456');
Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec)

mysql> quit
Bye

//使用修改后的密码登录测试
[root@100 ~]# mysql -uroot -p123456
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
Welcome to the MySQL monitor.  Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 3
Server version: 5.7.38 MySQL Community Server (GPL)

Copyright (c) 2000, 2022, Oracle and/or its affiliates.

Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.

Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.

mysql>

---

安装php

安装依赖包

[root@100 ~]# yum -y install libxml2 libxml2-devel openssl openssl-devel bzip2 bzip2-devel libcurl libcurl-devel libicu-devel libjpeg libjpeg-devel libpng libpng-devel openldap-devel  pcre-devel freetype freetype-devel gmp gmp-devel libmcrypt libmcrypt-devel readline readline-devel libxslt libxslt-devel mhash mhash-devel php-mysqlnd

下载php并解压

[root@100 ~]# cd /usr/src/
[root@100 src]# wget https://www.php.net/distributions/php-7.4.30.tar.xz
[root@100 src]# tar xf php-7.4.30.tar.xz
[root@100 src]# cd php-7.4.30/

编译安装php

[root@100 php-7.4.30]# ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/php7  \
> --with-config-file-path=/etc \
> --enable-fpm \
> --enable-inline-optimization \
> --disable-debug \
> --disable-rpath \
> --enable-shared \
> --enable-soap \
> --with-openssl \
> --enable-bcmath \
> --with-iconv \
> --with-bz2 \
> --enable-calendar \
> --with-curl \
> --enable-exif  \
> --enable-ftp \
> --enable-gd \
> --with-jpeg \
> --with-zlib-dir \
> --with-freetype \
> --with-gettext \
> --enable-json \
> --enable-mbstring \
> --enable-pdo \
> --with-mysqli=mysqlnd \
> --with-pdo-mysql=mysqlnd \
> --with-readline \
> --enable-shmop \
> --enable-simplexml \
> --enable-sockets \
> --with-zip \
> --enable-mysqlnd-compression-support \
> --with-pear \
> --enable-pcntl \
> --enable-posix

遇到以下问题的解决方法

configure: error: Package requirements (libxml-2.0 >= 2.7.6) were not met:
Package ‘libxml-2.0’, required by ‘virtual:world’, not found

[root@100 php-7.4.30]# yum install libxml2-devel -y

configure: error: Package requirements (sqlite3 > 3.7.4) were not met:
Package ‘sqlite3’, required by ‘virtual:world’, not found

[root@100 php-7.4.30]# yum -y install sqlite-devel

configure: error: Package requirements (oniguruma) were not met:
Package ‘oniguruma’, required by ‘virtual:world’, not found

[root@100 php-7.4.30]# yum -y install http://mirror.centos.org/centos/8-stream/PowerTools/x86_64/os/Packages/oniguruma-devel-6.8.2-2.el8.x86_64.rpm

configure: error: Package requirements (libzip >= 0.11 libzip != 1.3.1 libzip != 1.7.0) were not met:
Package ‘libzip’, required by ‘virtual:world’, not found
Package ‘libzip’, required by ‘virtual:world’, not found
Package ‘libzip’, required by ‘virtual:world’, not found

[root@100 php-7.4.30]# yum -y install libzip-devel

继续编译安装

[root@100 php-7.4.30]# make && make install

配置环境变量

[root@100 php7]# echo "export PATH=$PATH:/usr/local/php7/bin" > /etc/profile.d/php.sh
[root@100 php7]# source /etc/profile.d/php.sh
[root@100 php7]# ln -s /usr/local/php7/include/ /usr/include/php
[root@100 php7]# echo "/usr/local/php7/lib" > /etc/ld.so.conf.d/php.conf
[root@100 php7]# which php
/usr/local/php7/bin/php
[root@100 php7]# php -v
PHP 7.4.30 (cli) (built: Aug  2 2022 17:22:46) ( NTS )
Copyright (c) The PHP Group
Zend Engine v3.4.0, Copyright (c) Zend Technologies

配置php-fpm

[root@100 php-7.4.30]# cp sapi/fpm/init.d.php-fpm /etc/init.d/php-fpm
[root@100 php-7.4.30]# chmod +x /etc/init.d/php-fpm
[root@100 php-7.4.30]# cp /usr/local/php7/etc/php-fpm.conf.default /usr/local/php7/etc/php-fpm.conf
[root@100 php-7.4.30]# cp /usr/local/php7/etc/php-fpm.d/www.conf.default /usr/local/php7/etc/php-fpm.d/www.conf

[root@100 ~]# cd /usr/lib/systemd/system
[root@100 system]# vim php-fpm.service
[Unit]
Description=php-fpm server daemon
After=network.target sshd-keygen.target

[Service]
Type=forking
ExecStart=/etc/init.d/php-fpm start
ExecStop=/etc/init.d/php-fpm stop
ExecReload=/bin/kill -HUP $MAINPID

[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.target

启动php-fpm

[root@100 system]# systemctl enable --now php-fpm.service
Synchronizing state of php-fpm.service with SysV service script with /usr/lib/systemd/systemd-sysv-install.
Executing: /usr/lib/systemd/systemd-sysv-install enable php-fpm
Created symlink /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/php-fpm.service → /usr/lib/systemd/system/php-fpm.service.
[root@100 ~]# ss -antl |grep 9000
LISTEN 0      128        127.0.0.1:9000      0.0.0.0:*

---

配置apache

启用代理模块

在apache httpd 2.4以后已经专门有一个模块针对FastCGI的实现，此模块为mod_proxy_fcgi.so，它其实是作为mod_proxy.so模块的扩展，因此，这两个模块都要加载，编辑httpd.conf文件，取消以下两行内容的注释:

• LoadModule proxy_module modules/mod_proxy.so
• LoadModule proxy_fcgi_module modules/mod_proxy_fcgi.so

[root@100 ~]# vim /etc/httpd24/httpd.conf
LoadModule proxy_module modules/mod_proxy.so
LoadModule proxy_fcgi_module modules/mod_proxy_fcgi.so

配置虚拟主机

在需要使用fcgi的虚拟主机中添加类似如下两行：

ProxyRequests Off       //关闭正向代理
ProxyPassMatch ^/(.*\.php)$ fcgi://127.0.0.1:9000/PATH/TO/DOCUMENT_ROOT/$1

例如

ProxyPassMatch ^/(.*\.php)$ fcgi://127.0.0.1:9000/var/www/html/idfsoft.com/$1

以上设置表示把以.php结尾的文件请求发送到php-fpm进程，php-fpm至少需要知道运行的目录和URI，所以这里直接在fcgi://127.0.0.1:9000后指明了这两个参数，其它参数的传递已经被mod_proxy_fcgi.so进行了封装，不需要手动指定。

注意：

这里写的/var/www/html/是yum源安装方式生成的网页存放目录，这里必须改成你编译安装指定的网页存放路径
这里的idfsoft.com是域名，你必须改成你所使用的域名
这里的$1表示匹配所有以.php结尾的http请求

创建虚拟主机目录并生成php测试页面

[root@100 ~]# mkdir /usr/local/apache/htdocs/keven.com
[root@100 ~]# vim /usr/local/apache/htdocs/keven.com/index.php

[root@100 ~]# chown -R apache.apache /usr/local/apache/htdocs/
[root@100 ~]# ll -d /usr/local/apache/htdocs/
drwxr-xr-x. 3 apache apache 41 Aug  2 17:58 /usr/local/apache/htdocs/
[root@100 ~]# vim /etc/httpd24/extra/httpd-vhosts.conf

    DocumentRoot "/usr/local/apache/htdocs/keven.com"
    ServerName www.keven233.com
    ProxyRequests Off
    ProxyPassMatch ^/(.*\.php)$ fcgi://127.0.0.1:9000/usr/local/apache/htdocs/keven.com/$1
    
        Options none
        AllowOverride none
        Require all granted
    


[root@100 ~]# vim /etc/httpd24/httpd.conf
399     AddType application/x-httpd-php .php	//添加这两行
400     AddType application/x-httpd-php-source .phps
261     DirectoryIndex index.php index.html		//在这行添加index.php
488 Include /etc/httpd24/extra/httpd-vhosts.conf	//将这行注释取消

[root@100 ~]# systemctl restart httpd

测试

在/etc/hosts文件里添加IP和域名

[root@100 ~]# vim /etc/hosts
192.168.159.100 www.keven233.com

在浏览器使用域名访问

windows系统修改hosts

将C:\Windows\System32\drivers\etc\hosts拖到桌面用记事本打开添加IP和域名
保存后再将hosts文件拖回C:\Windows\System32\drivers\etc\下