Netty writeAndFlush解析

概述

Netty底层数据传输基于JDK NIO,调用writeAndFlush方法写出数据时,首先会通过编码器将Java对象编码为ByteBuf,然后会将ByteBuf转化为JDK NIO ByteBuffer,最后通过NioSocketChannel将数据写入到socket缓冲区。当socket缓冲区空间不足时会注册OP_WRITE事件,等到缓冲区的数据发送成功后有空闲空间时,会触发OP_WRITE事件,继续写出数据。

事件传播机制

Netty事件分为入站事件与出站事件,可以通过ChannelPipline或者ChannelHandlerContext进行事件传播。通过ChannelPipline传播入站事件,它将被从ChannelPipeline的头部开始一直被传播到ChannelPipeline的尾端,出站事件则从尾端开始传递到头部。通过ChannelHandlerContext传播入站事件,它将被从下一个ChannelHandler开始直至传递到尾端,出站事件则从下一个ChannelHandler直至传递到头部。

                                                   I/O Request
                                              via Channel or
                                          ChannelHandlerContext
                                                        |
    +---------------------------------------------------+---------------+
    |                           ChannelPipeline         |               |
    |                                                  \|/              |
    |    +---------------------+            +-----------+----------+    |
    |    | Inbound Handler  N  |            | Outbound Handler  1  |    |
    |    +----------+----------+            +-----------+----------+    |
    |              /|\                                  |               |
    |               |                                  \|/              |
    |    +----------+----------+            +-----------+----------+    |
    |    | Inbound Handler N-1 |            | Outbound Handler  2  |    |
    |    +----------+----------+            +-----------+----------+    |
    |              /|\                                  .               |
    |               .                                   .               |
    | ChannelHandlerContext.fireIN_EVT() ChannelHandlerContext.OUT_EVT()|
    |        [ method call]                       [method call]         |
    |               .                                   .               |
    |               .                                  \|/              |
    |    +----------+----------+            +-----------+----------+    |
    |    | Inbound Handler  2  |            | Outbound Handler M-1 |    |
    |    +----------+----------+            +-----------+----------+    |
    |              /|\                                  |               |
    |               |                                  \|/              |
    |    +----------+----------+            +-----------+----------+    |
    |    | Inbound Handler  1  |            | Outbound Handler  M  |    |
    |    +----------+----------+            +-----------+----------+    |
    |              /|\                                  |               |
    +---------------+-----------------------------------+---------------+
                    |                                  \|/
    +---------------+-----------------------------------+---------------+
    |               |                                   |               |
    |       [ Socket.read() ]                    [ Socket.write() ]     |
    |                                                                   |
    |  Netty Internal I/O Threads (Transport Implementation)            |
    +-------------------------------------------------------------------+

Netty缓冲区

Netty为了提高传输数据的效率,在写出数据时,会先将数据(ByteBuf)缓存到ChannelOutboundBuffer中,等到调用flush方法时才会将ChannelOutboundBuffer中的数据写入到socket缓冲区。

ChannelOutboundBuffer中有三个重要属性:

## 链表中已刷新的开始节点
private Entry flushedEntry;
## 链表中第一个未刷新的节点
private Entry unflushedEntry;
## 链表中最后一个节点
private Entry tailEntry;

从其属性可以看出,ChannelOutboundBuffer内部是一个链表结构,里面有三个指针:

Entry(flushedEntry) --> ... Entry(unflushedEntry) --> ... Entry(tailEntry)

ChannelOutboundBuffer中有两个比较重要的方法,addMessage:将数据以链表形式缓存下来,addFlush:移动链表指针,将缓存的数据标记为已刷新,注意此时并没有将数据写入到socket缓冲区。接下来我们看下两个方法的实现:

addMessage

我们进入其addMessage方法分析下它是怎么缓存数据的:

public void addMessage(Object msg, int size, ChannelPromise promise) {
    Entry entry = Entry.newInstance(msg, size, total(msg), promise);
    if (tailEntry == null) {
        flushedEntry = null;
        tailEntry = entry;
    } else {
        Entry tail = tailEntry;
        tail.next = entry;
        tailEntry = entry;
    }
    if (unflushedEntry == null) {
        unflushedEntry = entry;
    }

    incrementPendingOutboundBytes(size, false);
}

当第一次添加数据数,会将数据封装为Entry,此时tailEntry、unflushedEntry指针指向这个Entry,flushedEntry指针此时为null。每次添加数据都会生成新的Entry,并将tailEntry指针指向该Entry,而unflushedEntry指针则一直指向最初添加的Entry,我们通过画图展示下:

第一次添加:

第N次添加:


为了防止缓存数据过大,Netty对缓存数据的大小做了限制:

private void incrementPendingOutboundBytes(long size, boolean invokeLater) {
    if (size == 0) {
        return;
    }

    long newWriteBufferSize = TOTAL_PENDING_SIZE_UPDATER.addAndGet(this, size);
    if (newWriteBufferSize > channel.config().getWriteBufferHighWaterMark()) {
        setUnwritable(invokeLater);
    }
}

addMessage方法最后会调用incrementPendingOutboundBytes方法记录已缓存的数据大小(totalPendingSize),如果该大小超过了写缓冲区高水位阈值(默认64K),则更新不可写标志(unwritable),并传播Channel可写状态发生变化事件:fireChannelWritabilityChanged:

private void setUnwritable(boolean invokeLater) {
    for (;;) {
        final int oldValue = unwritable;
        final int newValue = oldValue | 1;
        if (UNWRITABLE_UPDATER.compareAndSet(this, oldValue, newValue)) {
            if (oldValue == 0 && newValue != 0) {
                fireChannelWritabilityChanged(invokeLater);
            }
            break;
        }
    }
}

addFlush

移动链表指针,将缓存的数据标记为已刷新,并设置每个数据节点状态为不可取消:

public void addFlush() {
    Entry entry = unflushedEntry;
    if (entry != null) {
        if (flushedEntry == null) {
            // there is no flushedEntry yet, so start with the entry
            flushedEntry = entry;
        }
        do {
            flushed ++;
            // 设置为不能取消,如果设置失败则说明该ByteBuf已经被取消,需要释放内存并更新totalPendingSize大小
            // 如果totalPendingSize小于缓冲区低水位阈值(默认32K)则更新不可写标志(unwritable),
            // 并传播Channel可写状态发生变化事件
            if (!entry.promise.setUncancellable()) {
                // Was cancelled so make sure we free up memory and notify about the freed bytes
                int pending = entry.cancel();
                decrementPendingOutboundBytes(pending, false, true);
            }
            entry = entry.next;
        } while (entry != null);

        // All flushed so reset unflushedEntry
        unflushedEntry = null;
    }
}

执行完addFlush方法后,链表图示如下:

数据传输

通过ChannelHandlerContext#writeAndFlush方法来分析下Netty是如何将数据通过网络进行传输的:

ctx.writeAndFlush("just test it");

ChannelHandlerContext#writeAndFlush方法最终会调用其子类AbstractChannelHandlerContext的writeAndFlush方法:

#AbstractChannelHandlerContext
@Override
public ChannelFuture writeAndFlush(Object msg, ChannelPromise promise) {
    if (msg == null) {
        throw new NullPointerException("msg");
    }
  
    if (!validatePromise(promise, true)) {
        ReferenceCountUtil.release(msg);
        // cancelled
        return promise;
    }
        
    write(msg, true, promise);

    return promise;
}

主要逻辑在write方法中:

#AbstractChannelHandlerContext
private void write(Object msg, boolean flush, ChannelPromise promise) {
    // 找到下一个ChannelHandlerContext
    AbstractChannelHandlerContext next = findContextOutbound();
    final Object m = pipeline.touch(msg, next);
    EventExecutor executor = next.executor();
    // 判断是否在IO线程中执行
    if (executor.inEventLoop()) {
        if (flush) {
            // 调用下一个ChannelHandlerContext的writeAndFlush方法
            next.invokeWriteAndFlush(m, promise);
        } else {
            next.invokeWrite(m, promise);
        }
    } else {
        AbstractWriteTask task;
        if (flush) {
            task = WriteAndFlushTask.newInstance(next, m, promise);
        }  else {
            task = WriteTask.newInstance(next, m, promise);
        }
        safeExecute(executor, task, promise, m);
    }
}

write方法主要做了两件事,一是:找到下一个ChannelHandlerContext。二是:调用下一个ChannelHandlerContext的w riteAndFlush方法传播事件。writeAndFlush方法是一个出站事件,前面我们也讲过对于出站事件,通过ChannelHandlerContext进行事件传播,事件是从pipline链中找到当前ChannelHandlerContext的下一个ChannelHandlerContext进行传播直至头部(HeadContext),在这期间我们需要自定义编码器对传输的Java对象进行编码,转换为ByteBuf对象,最终事件会传递到HeadContext进行处理。

#AbstractChannelHandlerContext
private void invokeWriteAndFlush(Object msg, ChannelPromise promise) {
    if (invokeHandler()) {
        invokeWrite0(msg, promise);
        invokeFlush0();
    } else {
        writeAndFlush(msg, promise);
    }
}

invokeWriteAndFlush方法主要做了两件事,一是:调用invokeWrite0方法将数据放入Netty缓冲区中(ChannelOutboundBuffer),二是:调用invokeFlush0方法将缓冲区数据通过NioSocketChannel写入到socket缓冲区。

写入Netty缓冲区

invokeWrite0方法内部会调用ChannelOutboundHandler#write方法:

private void invokeWrite0(Object msg, ChannelPromise promise) {
    try {
        ((ChannelOutboundHandler) handler()).write(this, msg, promise);
    } catch (Throwable t) {
        notifyOutboundHandlerException(t, promise);
    }
}

前面说过,出站事件最终会传播到HeadContext,在传播到HeadContext之前我们需要自定义编码器对Java对象进行编码,将Java对象编码为ByteBuf,关于编码器本章节暂不进行解析。我们进入HeadContext的write方法:

#DefaultChannelPipeline#HeadContext
public void write(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, Object msg, ChannelPromise promise) throws Exception {
    unsafe.write(msg, promise);
}

HeadContext#write方法中会调用AbstractChannelUnsafe#write方法:

public final void write(Object msg, ChannelPromise promise) {
    assertEventLoop();

    ChannelOutboundBuffer outboundBuffer = this.outboundBuffer;
    if (outboundBuffer == null) {
        safeSetFailure(promise, WRITE_CLOSED_CHANNEL_EXCEPTION);
        // release message now to prevent resource-leak
        ReferenceCountUtil.release(msg);
        return;
    }

    int size;
    try {
        // 对数据进行过滤转换
        msg = filterOutboundMessage(msg);
        // 估测数据大小
        size = pipeline.estimatorHandle().size(msg);
        if (size < 0) {
            size = 0;
        }
    } catch (Throwable t) {
        safeSetFailure(promise, t);
        ReferenceCountUtil.release(msg);
        return;
    }
        // 缓存数据
    outboundBuffer.addMessage(msg, size, promise);
}

该方法主要做了三件事情,一:对数据进行过滤转换,二:估测数据大小,三:缓存数据。我们先看下filterOutboundMessage方法:

#AbstractNioByteChannel
protected final Object filterOutboundMessage(Object msg) {
    if (msg instanceof ByteBuf) {
        ByteBuf buf = (ByteBuf) msg;
        if (buf.isDirect()) {
            return msg;
        }

        return newDirectBuffer(buf);
    }

    if (msg instanceof FileRegion) {
        return msg;
    }

    throw new UnsupportedOperationException(
            "unsupported message type: " + StringUtil.simpleClassName(msg) + EXPECTED_TYPES);
}

一、对数据进行过滤转换:

filterOutboundMessage方法首先会对数据进行过滤,如果数据不是ByteBuf或者FileRegion类型,则直接抛出异常。如果数据是ByteBuf类型,则判断数据是否为直接直接内存,如果不是则转换为直接内存以提升性能。

二、估测数据大小:

public int size(Object msg) {
        if (msg instanceof ByteBuf) {
            return ((ByteBuf) msg).readableBytes();
        }
        if (msg instanceof ByteBufHolder) {
            return ((ByteBufHolder) msg).content().readableBytes();
        }
        if (msg instanceof FileRegion) {
            return 0;
        }
        return unknownSize;
    }
}

三、缓存数据:

最后会调用ChannelOutboundBuffer#addMessage方法将数据缓存到链表中,关于addMessage方法可以回顾下文章中的Netty缓冲区部分。

写入Socket缓冲区

回到AbstractChannelHandlerContext#invokeWriteAndFlush方法,方法内部在调用完invokeWrite0方法将数据放入到缓存后,会调用invokeFlush0方法,将缓存中的数据写入到socket缓冲区。invokeFlush0方法内部会调用ChannelOutboundHandler#flush方法:

private void invokeFlush0() {
    try {
        ((ChannelOutboundHandler) handler()).flush(this);
    } catch (Throwable t) {
        notifyHandlerException(t);
    }
}

flush方法最终会将事件传播到HeadContext的flush方法:

#DefaultChannelPipeline#HeadContext
public void flush(ChannelHandlerContext ctx) throws Exception {
    unsafe.flush();
}

HeadContext#flush方法中会调用AbstractChannelUnsafe#flush方法:

public final void flush() {
    assertEventLoop();

    ChannelOutboundBuffer outboundBuffer = this.outboundBuffer;
    if (outboundBuffer == null) {
        return;
    }

    outboundBuffer.addFlush();
    flush0();
}

方法主要做了两件事,一:调用ChannelOutboundBuffer#addFlush方法,移动链表指针,将缓存的数据标记为已刷新。二:调用flush0方法将缓存中数据写入到socket缓冲区。关于addFlush方法可以看文中Netty缓冲区部分,我们直接进入flush0方法:

#AbstractNioChannel#AbstractNioUnsafe
protected final void flush0() {
    // Flush immediately only when there's no pending flush.
    // If there's a pending flush operation, event loop will call forceFlush() later,
    // and thus there's no need to call it now.
    if (isFlushPending()) {
        return;
    }
    super.flush0();
}

flush0方法主要做了两件事,一:判断是否有挂起的刷新。二:调用父类flush0方法。

一、判断是否有挂起的刷新

文中提到写入数据时,当socket缓冲区没有可用空间时会设置不可写状态,并注册OP_WRITE事件,等待socket缓冲区有空闲空间时会触发forceFlush,我们进入到isFlushPending方法看下方法是如何判断的:

private boolean isFlushPending() {
    SelectionKey selectionKey = selectionKey();
    return selectionKey.isValid() && (selectionKey.interestOps() & SelectionKey.OP_WRITE) != 0;
}

二、调用父类flush0方法

写入socket缓冲区的具体逻辑在AbstractNioChannel#AbstractNioUnsafe父类AbstractChannel#AbstractUnsafe中:

protected void flush0() {
    // ...

    final ChannelOutboundBuffer outboundBuffer = this.outboundBuffer;
    if (outboundBuffer == null || outboundBuffer.isEmpty()) {
        return;
    }

    // ...

    try {
        doWrite(outboundBuffer);
    } catch (Throwable t) {// ...} finally {
        // ...
    }
}

核心逻辑在doWrite方法中,我们进入到AbstractChannel子类NioSocketChannel的doWrite方法看下具体实现:

protected void doWrite(ChannelOutboundBuffer in) throws Exception {
    for (;;) {
        int size = in.size();
        if (size == 0) {
            // 所有数据已写完,清除OP_WRITE事件
            clearOpWrite();
            break;
        }
        long writtenBytes = 0;
        boolean done = false;
        boolean setOpWrite = false;

        // 将缓存中flushed指针对应的的ByteBuf链表转换为ByteBuffer数组
        ByteBuffer[] nioBuffers = in.nioBuffers();
        // ByteBuffer数量
        int nioBufferCnt = in.nioBufferCount();
        // ByteBuffer数组中写入的字节数
        long expectedWrittenBytes = in.nioBufferSize();
        // 获取Java NIO底层的NioSocketChannel
        SocketChannel ch = javaChannel();

        // 根据ByteBuffer数量执行不同的写逻辑
        switch (nioBufferCnt) {
            // 0表示需要写入的数据为FileRegion类型
            case 0:
                super.doWrite(in);
                return;
            // 如果只有一个ByteBuf则调用非聚集写
            case 1:
                ByteBuffer nioBuffer = nioBuffers[0];
                    // 写自旋次数,默认为16
                for (int i = config().getWriteSpinCount() - 1; i >= 0; i --) {
                    final int localWrittenBytes = ch.write(nioBuffer);
                    // 如果已写字节为0,则表示socket缓冲区已满,需要注册OP_WRITE事件
                    if (localWrittenBytes == 0) {
                        setOpWrite = true;
                        break;
                    }
                    expectedWrittenBytes -= localWrittenBytes;
                    writtenBytes += localWrittenBytes;
                    if (expectedWrittenBytes == 0) {
                        done = true;
                        break;
                    }
                }
                break;
            default:
                for (int i = config().getWriteSpinCount() - 1; i >= 0; i --) {
                    final long localWrittenBytes = ch.write(nioBuffers, 0, nioBufferCnt);
                    if (localWrittenBytes == 0) {
                        setOpWrite = true;
                        break;
                    }
                    expectedWrittenBytes -= localWrittenBytes;
                    writtenBytes += localWrittenBytes;
                    if (expectedWrittenBytes == 0) {
                        done = true;
                        break;
                    }
                }
                break;
        }

        // 释放完全写入的缓冲区,并更新部分写入的缓冲区的索引
        in.removeBytes(writtenBytes);

        if (!done) {
            // Did not write all buffers completely.
            incompleteWrite(setOpWrite);
            break;
        }
    }
}

NioSocketChannel#doWrite方法根据nioBufferCnt大小执行不同的写逻辑,如果为0则调用AbstractNioByteChannel#doWrite方法。如果nioBufferCnt为1或者大于1,则调用NioSocketChannel不同的重载方法进行处理。注意,写数据时自旋次数默认为16,也就是说如果执行16次write后仍有数据未写完,则调用incompleteWrite方法将flush操作封装为一个任务,放入到队列中,目的是不阻塞其他任务。另外,如果调用NioSocketChannel#write方法后,返回的localWrittenBytes为0,则表示socket缓冲区空间不足,则注册OP_WRITE事件,等待有可用空间时会触发该事件,然后调用forceFlush方法继续写入数据。

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