网络基础管理1
文章目录
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- 1.网卡命名
- 2.网络管理常用命令
- 3.网络相关配置文件
- 4.NetworkManager管理网络
- 5.使用原生network管理网络
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1.网卡命名
如果硬件接口的物理位置信息可用
如果用户显式启动
上述均不可用时-- C
redhat7网卡命名机制
根据此索引进行命
enp2s0
可根据MAC地址进行命名
en9999
则使用传统命名机制
有的需要biosdevname程序的参与
必须安装biosdevname程序且启用它
网络接口名称组成
| 设备结构 |
|---|
| o：主板上集成的设备的设备索引号 |
| s：扩展槽的索引号 |
| x：基于MAC地址的命名 |
| ps：基于物理位置拓扑的命名。如enp2s1，表示PCI总线上第2个总线的第1个插槽的设备索引号 |
回归传统命名
//修改网卡配置文件
[root@localhost ~]# cd /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/
[root@localhost network-scripts]# mv ifcfg-ens33 ifcfg-eth0
[root@localhost network-scripts]# vim ifcfg-eth0
TYPE=Ethernet
BOOTPROTO=dhcp
DEFROUTE=yes
IPV4_FAILURE_FATAL=no
NAME=eth0 //此处要把ens33改成eht0
UUID=03be31f5-a3c1-4f8d-88b3-aea6e85c869f
DEVICE=eth0 //此处要把ens33改成eth0
ONBOOT=yes
//编辑/etc/default/grub配置文件，在以GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX开头的行内rhgb的前面加上net.ifnames=0 biosdevname=0
[root@localhost ~]# vim /etc/default/grub
GRUB_TIMEOUT=5
GRUB_DISTRIBUTOR="$(sed 's, release .*$,,g' /etc/system-release)"
GRUB_DEFAULT=saved
GRUB_DISABLE_SUBMENU=true
GRUB_TERMINAL_OUTPUT="console"
GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX="crashkernel=auto rd.lvm.lv=rhel/root rd.lvm.lv=rhel/swap net.ifnames=0 biosdevname=0 rhgb quiet"
GRUB_DISABLE_RECOVERY="true"
//为grub2生成其配置文件
[root@localhost ~]# grub2-mkconfig -o /etc/grub2.cfg
Generating grub configuration file ...
Found linux image: /boot/vmlinuz-3.10.0-693.el7.x86_64
Found initrd image: /boot/initramfs-3.10.0-693.el7.x86_64.img
Found linux image: /boot/vmlinuz-0-rescue-fd0bcf5782d24ba5b903b175c35f328e
Found initrd image: /boot/initramfs-0-rescue-fd0bcf5782d24ba5b903b175c35f328e.img
done
//重启系统
[root@localhost ~]# reboot
2.网络管理常用命令
ifconfig:查看当前处于活动状态的所有网络接口
[root@localhost ~]# ifconfig
eth0: flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST> mtu 1500
inet 172.16.12.128 netmask 255.255.255.0 broadcast 172.16.12.255
inet6 fe80::20c:29ff:fe73:110 prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x20<link>
ether 00:0c:29:73:01:10 txqueuelen 1000 (Ethernet)
RX packets 5121 bytes 424364 (414.4 KiB)
RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0
TX packets 3813 bytes 3257482 (3.1 MiB)
TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0
lo: flags=73<UP,LOOPBACK,RUNNING> mtu 65536
inet 127.0.0.1 netmask 255.0.0.0
inet6 ::1 prefixlen 128 scopeid 0x10<host>
loop txqueuelen 1 (Local Loopback)
RX packets 4 bytes 344 (344.0 B)
RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0
TX packets 4 bytes 344 (344.0 B)
TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0
ifconfig -a 查看所有网卡状态信息, 包括禁用和启用
[root@localhost ~]# ifconfig -a
eth0: flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST> mtu 1500
inet 172.16.12.128 netmask 255.255.255.0 broadcast 172.16.12.255
inet6 fe80::20c:29ff:fe73:110 prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x20<link>
ether 00:0c:29:73:01:10 txqueuelen 1000 (Ethernet)
RX packets 5177 bytes 428948 (418.8 KiB)
RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0
TX packets 3844 bytes 3262104 (3.1 MiB)
TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0
lo: flags=73<UP,LOOPBACK,RUNNING> mtu 65536
inet 127.0.0.1 netmask 255.0.0.0
inet6 ::1 prefixlen 128 scopeid 0x10<host>
loop txqueuelen 1 (Local Loopback)
RX packets 4 bytes 344 (344.0 B)
RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0
TX packets 4 bytes 344 (344.0 B)
TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0
| 网卡配置信息含义如下: |
|---|
| UP: 网卡处于活动状态 |
| BROADCAST: 支持广播 |
| RUNNING: 网线已接入 |
| MULTICAST: 支持组播 |
| MTU: 最大传输单元(字节),即此接口一次所能传输的最大封包 |
| inet: 显示IPv4地址行 |
| inet6: 显示IPv6地址行 |
| link/enther: 指设备硬件(MAC)地址 |
| txqueuelen: 传输缓存区长度大小 |
| RX packets: 接收的数据包 |
| vTX packets: 发送的数据包 |
| errors: 总的收包的错误数量 |
| dropped: 由于各种原因, 导致拷贝在内存过程中被丢弃 |
| collisions: 网络信号冲突情况, 值不为0则可能存在网络故障 |
ip
link：网络接口属性
addr：协议地址
route：路由
ip link show:查看网络接口所有地址
[root@localhost ~]# ip link show
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN mode DEFAULT qlen 1
link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
2: eth0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP mode DEFAULT qlen 1000
link/ether 00:0c:29:73:01:10 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
ip -s link show:显示报文统计信息
[root@localhost ~]# ip -s link show
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN mode DEFAULT qlen 1
link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
RX: bytes packets errors dropped overrun mcast
0 0 0 0 0 0
TX: bytes packets errors dropped carrier collsns
0 0 0 0 0 0
2: eth0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP mode DEFAULT qlen 1000
link/ether 00:0c:29:73:01:10 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
RX: bytes packets errors dropped overrun mcast
23826 255 0 0 0 0
TX: bytes packets errors dropped carrier collsns
21275 157 0 0 0 0
ip link set DEV {up|down}:启用或禁用网络接口
[root@localhost ~]# ip link set lo down
[root@localhost ~]# ip link set lo up
ip addr add ADDRESS dev DEV：添加IP地址
1.先查看eth0网卡信息
[root@localhost ~]# ip addr show eth0
eth0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state
UP qlen 1000
link/ether 00:0c:29:73:01:10 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
inet 172.16.12.128/24 brd 172.16.12.255 scope global dynamic eth0
valid_lft 1683sec preferred_lft 1683sec
inet6 fe80::20c:29ff:fe73:110/64 scope link
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
2.添加网段
[root@localhost ~]# ip addr add 192.168.1.1/24 dev eth0
3.查看[root@localhost ~]# ip addr show eth0
eth0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP qlen 1000
link/ether 00:0c:29:73:01:10 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
inet 172.16.12.128/24 brd 172.16.12.255 scope global dynamic eth0
valid_lft 1657sec preferred_lft 1657sec
inet 192.168.1.1/24 scope global eth0
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
inet6 fe80::20c:29ff:fe73:110/64 scope link
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
ip addr del ADDRESS dev DEV：删除IP地址
1.查看eth0网卡[root@localhost ~]# ip addr show eth0
eth0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state
UP qlen 1000
link/ether 00:0c:29:73:01:10 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
inet 172.16.12.128/24 brd 172.16.12.255 scope global dynamic eth0
valid_lft 1603sec preferred_lft 1603sec
inet 192.168.1.1/24 scope global eth0
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
inet6 fe80::20c:29ff:fe73:110/64 scope link
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
2.删除IP地址[root@localhost ~]# ip addr del 192.168.1.1/24 dev eth0
[root@localhost ~]# ip addr show eth0
eth0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP qlen 1000
link/ether 00:0c:29:73:01:10 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
inet 172.16.12.128/24 brd 172.16.12.255 scope global dynamic eth0
valid_lft 1580sec preferred_lft 1580sec
inet6 fe80::20c:29ff:fe73:110/64 scope link
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
route
查看当前路由表
[root@localhost ~]# route
Kernel IP routing table
Destination Gateway Genmask Flags Metric Ref Use Iface
default gateway 0.0.0.0 UG 100 0 0 ens33
172.16.12.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 U 100 0 0 ens33
增加网段路由
[root@localhost ~]# route add -net 172.16.128.0/24 gw 172.16.12.2 dev eth1
[root@localhost ~]# route add -net 0.0.0.0/0 gw 172.16.12.2 dev eth1
增加主机路由
[root@localhost ~]# route add -host 172.16.12.128 gw 172.16.12.2
删除路由
[root@localhost ~]# route del -net 172.16.128.0/24
[root@localhost ~]# route del -net 0.0.0.0/0 gw 172.16.12.2
hostname与hostnamectl
公有云: 地区-项目-业务-服务-节点-地址
wh-shop-register-nginx-node1-192.168.56.13
wh-med-pay-mysql-master01-192.168.56.11
wh-med-pay-mysql-slave01-192.168.56.11
hostname临时修改主机名
[root@localhost ~]# hostname clq0917
修改主机名后需要重新登录用户才会显示效果
设定永久名称
[root@localhost ~]# hostnamectl set-hostname clq0917
[root@localhost ~]# cat /etc/hostname
clq0917
查看主机信息
[root@clq0917 ~]# hostnamectl
Static hostname: clq0917
Icon name: computer
Chassis: n/a
Machine ID: 1445ec8f1b5842fabc3388bbe149ccf3
Boot ID: f51b74810b51408881a3be0a39da4b7a
Virtualization: vmware
Operating System: Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server 7.0 (Maipo)
CPE OS Name: cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:7.0:GA:server
Kernel: Linux 3.10.0-123.el7.x86_64
Architecture: x86_64
3.网络相关配置文件
网络配置文件
//网络配置文件：/etc/sysconfig/network
NETWORKING={yes|no}：设定整个系统是否启用网络功能，若设为no，则不论网卡如何设置都不能使用网络功能。
HOSTNAME：设置主机名
网络接口配置文件
网络接口即网卡，其配置文件的路径是/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-INTERFACE_NAME
[root@localhost ~]# vi /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth1
TYPE=Ethernet
BOOTPROTO=static
NAME=eth1
UUID=03be31f5-a3c1-4f8d-88b3-aea6e85c869f
DEVICE=eth1
ONBOOT=yes
IPADDR=172.16.12.130
NETMASK=255.255.255.0
GATEWAY=172.16.12.2
DNS1=172.16.12.2
//网卡配置说明
//参数 说明
BOOTPROTO=none //引导协议，可选值有｛static｜none｜dhcp｜bootp｝。如果要使用静态地址，使用static或none都可以
NM_CONTROLLED //NM是NetworkManager的简写，NM是由RHEL研发的在RHEL6中取代network脚本来实现网络管理、配置的服务脚本
//可选值有{ yes ｜ no }
//此项是设定此网卡是否接受NM控制。CentOS6建议设为“no”
| TYPE | //接口类型。常见的接口类型有：Ethernet，Bridge |
|---|---|
| UUID | //设备的惟一标识 |
| HWADDR | //硬件地址，要与硬件中的地址保持一致，可省 |
| IPADDR=172.16.12.130 | //固定IP地址 |
| PREFIX=24 | //子网掩码 |
| NETMASK=255.255.255.0 | //子网掩码 |
| GATEWAY=172.16.12.2 | //默认网关 |
| DNS1=172.16.12.2 | //第一个DNS服务器指向 |
| DNS2 | //第二个DNS服务器指向 |
| DNS3 | //第三个DNS服务器指向 |
| DEVICE=eth1 | //关联的设备名称，要与文件名的后半部"INTERFACE_NAME"保持一致 |
| NAME=“eth1” | //连接名称 |
| ONBOOT=yes | //在系统引导时是否自动激活此网络接口，可选值有{ yes ｜ no } |
| DEFROUTE=yes | //将接口设定为默认路由[yes/no] |
| USERCTL={yes/no} | //是否允许普通用户控制此接口的启用与禁用 |
| PEERDNS={yes/no} | //是否在BOOTPROTO为dhcp时接受由dhcp服务器指定的DNS地址，此项设为yes时获得的DNS地址将直接覆盖至/etc/resolv.conf文件中 |
路由配置文件
路由配置文件的路径是/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/route-INTERFACE_NAME
//添加格式一：DEST via NEXTHOP
[root@localhost ~]# vi /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/route-ens33
172.16.12.0/24 via 172.16.12.2
//添加格式二：
[root@clq0917 ~]# vi /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/route-ens33
ADDRESS0=172.16.12.0
NETMASK0=255.255.255.0
GATEWAY0=172.16.12.2
DNS配置文件
DNS配置文件的路径是/etc/resolv.conf
[root@clq0917 ~]# vi /etc/resolv.conf
nameserver DNS_IP_1
nameserver DNS_IP_2
nameserver DNS_IP_3
4.NetworkManager管理网络
NetworkManager来提供网络服务，这是一种动态管理网络配置的守护进程，能够让网络设备保持连接状态。
使用nmcli命令查看设备以及连接情况
1.//查看设备状态
[root@clq0917 ~]# nmcli device
设备 类型 状态 CONNECTION
eno16777736 ethernet 连接的 eno16777736
lo loopback 未管理 --
2.//查看指定设备的详细状态
[root@clq0917 ~]# nmcli device show eno16777736
GENERAL.设备: eno16777736
GENERAL.类型: ethernet
GENERAL.硬盘: 00:0C:29:0E:B2:9C
GENERAL.MTU: 1500
GENERAL.状态: 100 (连接的)
GENERAL.CONNECTION: eno16777736
GENERAL.CON-PATH: /org/freedesktop/NetworkManager/ActiveConnection/0
WIRED-PROPERTIES.容器: 开
IP4.地址[1]: ip = 192.168.174.130/24, gw = 192.168.174.2
IP4.DNS[1]: 192.168.174.2
IP4.DOMAIN[1]: localdomain
IP6.地址[1]: ip = fe80::20c:29ff:fe0e:b29c/64, gw = ::
3.//查看连接设备
[root@clq0917 ~]# nmcli connection
名称 UUID 类型 设备
eno16777736 fce2b2c3-1a21-4d04-a37e-aeb3d16b3b93 802-3-ethernet eno16777736
4.//查看指定设备连接的详细情况
[root@localhost ~]# nmcli connection show eno16777736
connection.id: eno16777736
connection.uuid: fce2b2c3-1a21-4d04-a37e-aeb3d16b3b93
connection.interface-name: --
connection.type: 802-3-ethernet
connection.autoconnect: yes
connection.timestamp: 1605629656
connection.read-only: no
connection.permissions:
connection.zone: --
connection.master: --
connection.slave-type: --
connection.secondaries:
connection.gateway-ping-timeout: 0
802-3-ethernet.port: --
802-3-ethernet.speed: 0
802-3-ethernet.duplex: --
802-3-ethernet.auto-negotiate: yes
802-3-ethernet.mac-address: 00:0C:29:0E:B2:9C
802-3-ethernet.cloned-mac-address: --
802-3-ethernet.mac-address-blacklist:
802-3-ethernet.mtu: 自动
802-3-ethernet.s390-subchannels:
802-3-ethernet.s390-nettype: --
802-3-ethernet.s390-options:
ipv4.method: auto
ipv4.dns:
ipv4.dns-search:
ipv4.addresses:
ipv4.routes:
ipv4.ignore-auto-routes: no
ipv4.ignore-auto-dns: no
ipv4.dhcp-client-id: --
ipv4.dhcp-send-hostname: yes
ipv4.dhcp-hostname: --
ipv4.never-default: no
ipv4.may-fail: yes
ipv6.method: auto
ipv6.dns:
ipv6.dns-search:
ipv6.addresses:
ipv6.routes:
ipv6.ignore-auto-routes: no
ipv6.ignore-auto-dns: no
ipv6.never-default: no
ipv6.may-fail: yes
ipv6.ip6-privacy: -1 (未知)
ipv6.dhcp-hostname: --
GENERAL.名称: eno16777736
GENERAL.UUID: fce2b2c3-1a21-4d04-a37e-aeb3d16b3b93
GENERAL.设备: eno16777736
GENERAL.状态: 已激活
GENERAL.默认: 是
GENERAL.DEFAULT6: 否
GENERAL.VPN: 否
GENERAL.ZONE: --
GENERAL.DBUS-PATH: /org/freedesktop/NetworkManager/ActiveConnection/0
GENERAL.CON-PATH: /org/freedesktop/NetworkManager/Settings/0
GENERAL.SPEC 对象: --
GENERAL.MASTER-PATH: --
IP4.地址[1]: ip = 192.168.174.130/24, gw = 192.168.174.2
IP4.DNS[1]: 192.168.174.2
IP4.DOMAIN[1]: localdomain
DHCP4.OPTION[1]: requested_domain_search = 1
DHCP4.OPTION[2]: dhcp_message_type = 5
DHCP4.OPTION[3]: requested_time_offset = 1
DHCP4.OPTION[4]: requested_domain_name = 1
DHCP4.OPTION[5]: requested_rfc3442_classless_static_routes = 1
DHCP4.OPTION[6]: requested_broadcast_address = 1
DHCP4.OPTION[7]:
，，，，，
5.使用原生network管理网络
CentOS/RHEL的网络配置文件默认目录为 /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts
默认第一块物理网卡配置文件为ifcfg-eth0, 如果有第二块物理网卡, 配置文件则为ifcfg-eth1以此类推。 注意: 如果新增物理网卡没有配置文件，可选择复制系统默认的进行修改。
//设置NetworkManger开机不启动, 同时停止NetworkManger服务
[root@localhost ~]# systemctl disable NetworkManager
[root@localhost ~]# systemctl stop NetworkManager
//添加一块物理网卡, 然后新增网络连接配置文件
//复制配置eth0配置文件为eth1
[root@localhost ~]# cp /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/{ifcfg-eth0,ifcfg-eth1}
//编辑网卡配置文件
[root@localhost ~]# vi /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth1
TYPE=Ethernet
BOOTPROTO=static
NAME=eth1
UUID=03be31f5-a3c1-4f8d-88b3-aea6e85c869f
DEVICE=eth1
NM_CONTROLLED=no
ONBOOT=yes
IPADDR=172.16.12.130
NETMASK=255.255.255.0
GATEWAY=172.16.12.2
DNS1=172.16.12.2
//重启network网络服务加载网络并设置开机启动
[root@localhost ~]# systemctl restart network
[root@localhost ~]# systemctl enable network