最佳实践是一套既定的准则,可以提高代码质量、可读性和可靠性。它们确保遵循行业标准,鼓励一致性,并促进开发人员之间的合作。通过遵循最佳实践,代码变得更容易理解、修改和调试,从而提高整体软件质量。
原文 https://ducafecat.com/blog/flutter-best-practices-and-coding-guidelines
https://dart.dev/effective-dart/style
有许多准则和实践可以采用来提高代码质量和应用性能。
Naming convention 命名规范
# Good
class ClassName {}
extension ExtensionName on String {}
enum EnumName {}
mixin MixinName{}
typedef FunctionName = void Function();
# Bad
class Classname {
}
extension Extensionname on String {
}
enum Enumname {
}
mixin Mixinname{}
typedef Functionname = void Function();
# Good
my_package
└─ lib
└─ bottom_nav.dart
# Bad
mypackage
└─ lib
└─ bottom-nav.dart
# Good
import 'package:dio/dio.dart' as dio;
#Bad
import 'package:dio/dio.dart' as Dio;
# Good
int phoneNumber;
const pieValue=3.14;
// parametrs
double calculateBMI(int weightInKg, int heightInMeter) {
return weightInKg / (heightInMeter * heightInMeter);
}
//named parametrs
double calculateBMI({int? weightInKg, int? heightInMeter}) {
if(weightInKg !=null && heightInMeter !=null){
return weightInKg / (heightInMeter * heightInMeter);
}
}
# Bad
int phone_number;
const pie_value=3.14;
// parametrs
double calculateBMI(int weight_in_kg, int height_in_meter) {
return weight_in_kg / (height_in_meter * height_in_meter);
}
//named parametrs
double calculateBMI({int? weight_in_kg, int? height_in_meter}) {
return weight_in_kg / (height_in_meter * height_in_meter);
}
# Good
Color backgroundColor;
int calculateAge(Date dob);
# Bad
Color bg;
int age(Date date);
class ClassName {
// private variable
String _variableName;
}
在处理条件表达式时,建议使用 ??
(如果为null)和 ?.
(null aware)运算符,而不是显式的null检查。 ??
(如果为空)运算符:
# Bad
String? name;
name= name==null ? "unknown": name;
# Good
String? name;
name= name ?? "unknown";
?.
(空值安全)运算符:
# Bad
String? name;
name= name==null? null: name.length.toString();
# Good
String? name;
name=name?.length.toString();
为了避免潜在的异常情况,在Flutter中建议使用 is
运算符而不是 as
强制转换运算符。 is
运算符允许更安全地进行类型检查,如果转换不可能,也不会抛出异常。
# Bad
(person as Person).name="Ashish";
# Good
if(person is Person){
person.name="Ashish";
}
Lambda 函数(也称为匿名函数或闭包)是一种无需声明函数名称即可定义的函数。它是一种简洁、灵活的函数编写方式,通常用于需要传递函数作为参数或以函数作为返回值的语言特性中。
在 Dart 和许多其他编程语言中,Lambda 函数可以使用箭头语法或
() {}
语法来定义。例如,在 Dart 中,下面的代码演示了如何使用箭头语法定义一个 lambda 函数:在可以使用 tear-off 的情况下,避免不必要地创建 lambda 函数。如果一个函数只是简单地调用一个带有相同参数的方法,就没有必要手动将调用包装在 lambda 函数中。
# Bad
void main(){
List<int> oddNumber=[1,3,4,5,6,7,9,11];
oddNumber.forEach((number){
print(number);
});
}
# Good
void main(){
List<int> oddNumber=[1,3,4,5,6,7,9,11];
oddNumber.forEach(print);
}
# Bad
List<int> firstFiveOddNumber=[1,3,5,7,9];
List<int> secondFiveOddNumber=[11,13,15,17,19];
firstFiveOddNumber.addAll(secondFiveOddNumber);
# Good
List<int> secondFiveOddNumber=[11,13,15,17,19];
List<int> firstFiveOddNumber=[1,3,5,7,9,...secondFiveOddNumber];
class Person {
String? name;
int? age;
Person({
this.name,
this.age,
});
@override
String toString() {
return "name: $name age $age";
}
}
# Bad
void main(){
final person=Person();
person.name="Ashish";
person.age=25;
print(person.toString());
}
# Good
void main(){
final person=Person();
person
..name="Ashish"
..age=25;
print(person.toString());
}
# Bad
Column(
children: [
isLoggedIn
? ElevatedButton(
onPressed: () {},
child: const Text("Go to Login page"),
)
: const SizedBox(),
],
),
# Good
Column(
children: [
if(isLoggedIn)
ElevatedButton(
onPressed: () {},
child: const Text("Go to Login page"),
)
],
),
() =>
箭头函数。 # Bad
double calculateBMI(int weight_in_kg, int height_in_meter) {
return weight_in_kg / (height_in_meter * height_in_meter);
}
# Good
double calculateBMI(int weight_in_kg, int height_in_meter) =>
weight_in_kg / (height_in_meter * height_in_meter);
在 Flutter 中,使用
- 输出的信息可能难以区分:在 Flutter 应用程序中,输出的信息可能会与应用程序本身的输出混杂在一起,这可能会导致输出的信息难以区分。
- 输出的信息可能不可靠:
- 输出的信息可能会影响应用程序性能:在某些情况下,输出的信息可能会大量占用应用程序的资源,影响应用程序的性能。
因此,Flutter 推荐使用专门的日志记录库,如
logger
或flutter_bloc
中的BlocObserver
,以便在应用程序中输出可靠、易于区分和可控制的日志。这些库允许您定义输出的日志级别、输出到不同的目标(如控制台或文件)以及格式化日志消息等。例如,使用logger
库,您可以按以下方式输出日志消息:
# Bad
# production mode
// commented message---main method
void main(){
print("print statement");
//..rest of code
}
void unusedFunction(){
}
# Good
# production mode
void main(){
//..rest of code
}
project/
lib/
providers/
auth_provider.dart
models/
user.dart
screens/
home_screen.dart
login_screen.dart
utils.dart
constants.dart
services.dart
main.dart
include: package:flutter_lints/flutter.yaml
analyzer:
errors:
require_trailing_commas: error
linter:
rules:
require_trailing_commas: true
prefer_relative_imports: true
# utils.dart
import 'package:intl/intl.dart';
String formatDateTime(DateTime dateTime) {
final formatter = DateFormat('yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss');
return formatter.format(dateTime);
}
# text_input.dart
import 'package:flutter/material.dart';
class TextInput extends StatelessWidget {
final String? label;
final String? hintText;
final TextEditingController? controller;
final TextInputType keyboardType;
final bool obscureText;
final String? Function(String?)? validator;
final Widget? suffix;
const TextInput({
this.label,
this.hintText,
this.suffix,
this.controller,
this.validator,
this.obscureText = false,
this.keyboardType = TextInputType.text,
});
@override
Widget build(BuildContext context) {
return TextFormField(
decoration: InputDecoration(
labelText: label,
hintText:hintText
suffixIcon:suffix,
),
controller: controller,
obscureText: obscureText,
validator:validator
keyboardType: keyboardType,
);
}
}
# Good
# validators/
common_validator.dart
mixin CommonValidator{
String? emptyValidator(String value) {
if (value.isEmpty) {
return 'Please enter';
} else {
return null;
}
}
}
#config/themes
colors.dart
class AppColors{
static const white=Color(0xffffffff);
static const black=Color(0xff000000);
}
class LoginPage extends StatelessWidget with CommonValidator {
const LoginPage({super.key});
@override
Widget build(BuildContext context) {
return Scaffold(
appBar: AppBar(
backgroundColor: AppColors.black, // good
title: const Text("Login page"),
),
body: Column(
children: [
TextInput(
label: "email",
hintText: "email address",
validator: emptyValidator, // good
)
],
),
);
}
}
#Bad
class LoginPage extends StatelessWidget {
const LoginPage({super.key});
@override
Widget build(BuildContext context) {
return Scaffold(
appBar: AppBar(
backgroundColor: const Color(0xff000000), // bad
title: const Text("Login page"),
),
body: Column(
children: [
TextInput(
label: "email",
hintText: "email address",
validator: (value) { // bad
if (value!.isEmpty) {
return 'Please enter';
} else {
return null;
}
},
)
],
),
);
}
}
# Bad
class LoginPage extends StatefulWidget {
const LoginPage({super.key});
@override
State createState() => _LoginPageState();
}
class _LoginPageState extends State<LoginPage> {
bool _secureText = true;
@override
Widget build(BuildContext context) {
return Scaffold(
appBar: AppBar(
title: const Text("Login page"),
),
body: Column(
children: [
const TextInput(
label: "Email",
hintText: "Email address",
),
TextInput(
label: "Password",
hintText: "Password",
obscureText: _secureText,
suffix: IconButton(
onPressed: () {
setState(() {
_secureText = !_secureText;
});
},
icon: Icon(
_secureText ?
Icons.visibility_off
: Icons.visibility)),
),
ElevatedButton(
onPressed: () {},
child: const Text("Login"))
],
),
);
}
}
# Good
class LoginPage extends StatelessWidget {
const LoginPage({super.key});
@override
Widget build(BuildContext context) {
return Scaffold(
appBar: AppBar(
title: const Text("Login page"),
),
body: Column(
children: [
const TextInput(
label: "Email",
hintText: "Email address",
),
const TextInput(
label: "Password",
hintText: "Password",
obscureText: true,
),
ElevatedButton(
onPressed: () {},
child: const Text("Login"))
],
),
);
}
}
//separate TextFormField Component
class TextInput extends StatefulWidget {
final String? label;
final TextEditingController? controller;
final String? hintText;
final TextInputType keyboardType;
final String? Function(String?)? validator;
final bool obscureText;
const TextInput({
super.key,
this.label,
this.hintText,
this.validator,
this.obscureText = false,
this.controller,
this.keyboardType = TextInputType.text,
});
@override
State createState() => _TextInputState();
}
class _TextInputState extends State<TextInput> {
bool _secureText = false;
@override
void initState() {
_secureText = widget.obscureText;
super.initState();
}
@override
Widget build(BuildContext context) {
return TextFormField(
decoration: InputDecoration(
labelText: widget.label,
hintText: widget.hintText,
suffixIcon: widget.obscureText
? IconButton(
onPressed: () {
setState(() {
_secureText = !_secureText;
});
},
icon: Icon(
_secureText ? Icons.visibility_off : Icons.visibility,
color: Colors.grey,
),
)
: null),
controller: widget.controller,
validator: widget.validator,
obscureText: _secureText,
keyboardType: widget.keyboardType,
);
}
}
# Bad
import 'widgets/text_input.dart';
import 'widgets/button.dart'
import '../widgets/custom_tile.dart';
# Good
import 'package:coding_guidelines/widgets/text_input.dart';
import 'package:coding_guidelines/widgets/button.dart'
import 'package:coding_guidelines/widgets/custom_tile.dart';
# Bad
void f(int x) {
print('debug: $x');
...
}
# Good
void f(int x) {
debugPrint('debug: $x');
}
linter:
rules:
- avoid_empty_else
- always_use_package_imports
- avoid_print
# Bad
class CounterScreen extends StatefulWidget {
const CounterScreen({
super.key,
});
@override
State createState() => _CounterScreenState();
}
class _CounterScreenState extends State<CounterScreen> {
int _counter = 0;
void _incrementCounter() {
setState(() {
_counter++;
});
}
@override
Widget build(BuildContext context) {
return Scaffold(
appBar: AppBar(
backgroundColor: Theme.of(context).colorScheme.inversePrimary,
title: const Text("Counter APP"),
),
body: Center(
child: Column(
mainAxisAlignment: MainAxisAlignment.center,
children: [
const Text(
'You have pushed the button this many times:',
),
Text(
'$_counter',
style: Theme.of(context).textTheme.headlineMedium,
),
],
),
),
floatingActionButton: FloatingActionButton(
onPressed: _incrementCounter,
tooltip: 'Increment',
child: const Icon(Icons.add),
),
);
}
}
# Good
// separte logic from UI
// provider state management
class CounterProvider with ChangeNotifier {
int _counter = 0;
int get counter => _counter;
void incrementCounter() {
_counter++;
notifyListeners();
}
void decrementCounter() {
_counter--;
notifyListeners();
}
}
// UI
class CounterScreen extends StatelessWidget {
const CounterScreen({
super.key,
});
@override
Widget build(BuildContext context) {
return Scaffold(
appBar: AppBar(
backgroundColor: Theme.of(context).colorScheme.inversePrimary,
title: const Text("Counter APP"),
),
body: Center(
child: Column(
mainAxisAlignment: MainAxisAlignment.center,
children: [
const Text(
'You have pushed the button this many times:',
),
Consumer(
builder: (context, counter, child) {
return Text(
counter.counter.toString(),
style: Theme.of(context).textTheme.headlineMedium,
);
},
),
],
),
),
floatingActionButton: FloatingActionButton(
onPressed: () => context.read().incrementCounter(),
tooltip: 'Increment',
child: const Icon(Icons.add),
),
);
}
}
pretty_dio_logger
或 dio_logger
这样的日志记录库来记录重要事件或错误。 # Good
final dio = Dio()
..interceptors.add(PrettyDioLogger(
requestHeader: true,
requestBody: true,
responseBody: true,
responseHeader: false,
compact: false,
));
Future<dynamic> fetchNetworkData() async{
try {
// Simulating an asynchronous network call
final data= await dio.get('endpoint');
return data;
} catch (e, stackTrace) {
print('An exception occurred: $e');
print('Stack trace: $stackTrace');
return e;
// Perform additional error handling actions
}
}
# Bad
final dio = Dio();
Future<dynamic> fetchNetworkData() {
dio.get('endpoint').then((data){
return data;
)}.catchError((e) {
log.error(e);
return e;
});
}
flutter_test
这样的测试框架来编写和运行测试。 # Good
// counter app integartion testing
void main() {
IntegrationTestWidgetsFlutterBinding.ensureInitialized();
group('end-to-end test', () {
testWidgets('tap on the floating action button, verify counter',
(tester) async {
app.main();
await tester.pumpAndSettle();
// Verify the counter starts at 0.
expect(find.text('0'), findsOneWidget);
// Finds the floating action button to tap on.
final Finder fab = find.byTooltip('Increment');
// Emulate a tap on the floating action button.
await tester.tap(fab);
// Trigger a frame.
await tester.pumpAndSettle();
// Verify the counter increments by 1.
expect(find.text('1'), findsOneWidget);
});
});
}
The commit type can include the following:
feat – a new feature is introduced with the changes
fix – a bug fix has occurred
chore – changes that do not relate to a fix or feature and don't modify src or test files (for example updating dependencies)
refactor – refactored code that neither fixes a bug nor adds a feature
docs – updates to documentation such as a the README or other markdown files
style – changes that do not affect the meaning of the code, likely related to code formatting such as white-space, missing semi-colons, and so on.
test – including new or correcting previous tests
perf – performance improvements
ci – continuous integration related
build – changes that affect the build system or external dependencies
revert – reverts a previous commit
# Good
feat: button component
chore: change login translation
# Bad
fixed bug on login page
Changed button style
empty commit messages
以上的编码准则可以帮助您提高编码标准,增强应用性能,并让您更好地理解最佳实践。通过遵循这些准则,您可以编写更清晰、更易维护的代码,优化应用性能,并避免常见的陷阱。
感谢阅读本文
如果我有什么错?请在评论中让我知道。我很乐意改进。
© 猫哥 ducafecat.com
end
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