目录
playbook 剧本
playbooks 本身由以下各部分组成
定义、引用变量
指定远程主机sudo切换用户
when条件判断
迭代
Templates 模块
1.先准备一个以 .j2 为后缀的 template 模板文件,设置引用的变量
2.修改主机清单文件,使用主机变量定义一个变量名相同,而值不同的变量
3.编写 playbook
用剧本安装lnmp
Roles 模块
roles 的目录结构:
roles 内各目录含义解释
在一个 playbook 中使用 roles 的步骤:
编写httpd模块
编写mysql模块
编写php模块
编写roles示例
(1)Tasks:任务,即通过 task 调用 ansible 的模板将多个操作组织在一个 playbook 中运行
(2)Variables:变量
(3)Templates:模板
(4)Handlers:处理器,当changed状态条件满足时,(notify)触发执行的操作
(5)Roles:角色
示例:
vim test1.yaml
--- #yaml文件以---开头,以表明这是一个yaml文件,可省略
- name: first play #定义一个play的名称,可省略
gather_facts: false #设置不进行facts信息收集,这可以加快执行速度,可省略
hosts: webservers #指定要执行任务的被管理主机组,如多个主机组用冒号分隔
remote_user: root #指定被管理主机上执行任务的用户
tasks: #定义任务列表,任务列表中的各任务按次序逐个在hosts中指定的主机上执行
- name: test connection #自定义任务名称
ping: #使用 module: [options] 格式来定义一个任务
- name: disable selinux
command: '/sbin/setenforce 0' #command模块和shell模块无需使用key=value格式
ignore_errors: True #如执行命令的返回值不为0,就会报错,tasks停止,可使用ignore_errors忽略失败的任务
- name: disable firewalld
service: name=firewalld state=stopped #使用 module: options 格式来定义任务,option使用key=value格式
- name: install httpd
yum: name=httpd state=latest
- name: install configuration file for httpd
copy: src=/opt/httpd.conf dest=/etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf #这里需要一个事先准备好的/opt/httpd.conf文件
notify: "restart httpd" #如以上操作后为changed的状态时,会通过notify指定的名称触发对应名称的handlers操作
- name: start httpd service
service: enabled=true name=httpd state=started
handlers: #handlers中定义的就是任务,此处handlers中的任务使用的是service模块
- name: restart httpd #notify和handlers中任务的名称必须一致
service: name=httpd state=restarted
##Ansible在执行完某个任务之后并不会立即去执行对应的handler,而是在当前play中所有普通任务都执行完后再去执行handler,这样的好处是可以多次触发notify,但最后只执行一次对应的handler,从而避免多次重启。
- name: the first play for install apache
gather_facts: false
hosts: dbservers
remote_user: root
tasks:
- name: disable firewalld
service: name=firewalld state=stopped enabled=no
- name: disable selinux
command: '/usr/sbin/setenforce 0'
ignore_errors: true
- name: disable selinux forever
replace: path=/etc/selinux/config regexp="enforcing" replace="disabled"
- name: mount cdrom
mount: src=/dev/sr0 path=/mnt fstype=iso9660 state=mounted
- name: copy local yum configuration file
copy: src=/etc/yum.repos.d/repo.bak/local.repo dest=/etc/yum.repos.d/local.repo
- name: install apache
yum: name=httpd state=latest
- name: prepare httpd configuration file
copy: src=/etc/ansible/playbook/httpd.conf dest=/etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf
notify: "reload httpd"
- name: start apache
service: name=httpd state=started enabled=yes
handlers:
- name: reload httpd
service: name=httpd state=reloaded
运行playbook
ansible-playbook demo1.yaml
在另一台机器上就会发现apache已经安装,并暴露出端口号
netstat -lntp | grep 80
tcp6 0 0 :::80 :::* LISTEN 11454/httpd
补充参数:
-k(–ask-pass):用来交互输入ssh密码
-K(-ask-become-pass):用来交互输入sudo密码
-u:指定用户
ansible-playbook test1.yaml --syntax-check #检查yaml文件的语法是否正确
ansible-playbook test1.yaml --list-task #检查tasks任务
ansible-playbook test1.yaml --list-hosts #检查生效的主机
ansible-playbook test1.yaml --start-at-task='install httpd' #指定从某个task开始运行
- name: second play
hosts: dbservers
remote_user: root
vars: #定义变量
- groupname: mysql #格式为 key: value
- username: nginx
tasks:
- name: create group
group: name={{groupname}} system=yes gid=306 #使用 {{key}} 引用变量的值
- name: create user
user: name={{username}} uid=306 group={{groupname}}
- name: copy file
copy: content="{{ansible_default_ipv4}}" dest=/opt/vars.txt #在setup模块中可以获取facts变量信息
示例
- name: second play
hosts: dbservers
remote_user: root
become: yes
become_user: zxr
vars:
- username: ggl
- groupname: zxr
- filename: /opt/ggl.txt
- uid: 1234
gather_facts: true
tasks:
- name: create group
group: name={{groupname}} gid=1314
- name: create user join group
user: name={{username}} uid={{uid}} groups={{groupname}}
- name: copy file
copy: content="{{ansible_default_ipv4.address}}" dest={{filename}}
- name: modify username and groupname of file
file: path={{filename}} owner={{username}} group={{groupname}}
在另一个主机上输入id ggl
id ggl
uid=1234(ggl) gid=1234(ggl) 组=1234(ggl),1314(zxr)
在外面传参
ansible-playbook test1.yaml -e "username=nginx" #在命令行里定义变量
在另一个主机上输入id nginx
id nginx
uid=1235(nginx) gid=1235(nginx) 组=1235(nginx),1314(zxr)
---
- hosts: dbservers
remote_user: zhangsan
become: yes #2.6版本以后的参数,之前是sudo,意思为切换用户运行
become_user: root #指定sudo用户为root
执行playbook时:ansible-playbook test1.yml -k -K
示例
- name: second play
hosts: dbservers
remote_user: zxr
become: yes
become_user: root
vars:
- username: ycx
- groupname: zxr
- filename: /opt/ggl.txt
- uid: 1236
gather_facts: true
tasks:
- name: create group
group: name={{groupname}} gid=1314
- name: create user join group
user: name={{username}} uid={{uid}} groups={{groupname}}
- name: copy file
copy: content="{{ansible_default_ipv4.address}}" dest={{filename}}
- name: modify username and groupname of file
file: path={{filename}} owner={{username}} group={{groupname}}
ansible-playbook demo2.yaml -k -K
SSH password:
BECOME password[defaults to SSH password]:
PLAY [second play] *************************************************************
TASK [Gathering Facts] *********************************************************
ok: [192.168.110.70]
TASK [create group] ************************************************************
ok: [192.168.110.70]
TASK [create user join group] **************************************************
changed: [192.168.110.70]
TASK [copy file] ***************************************************************
ok: [192.168.110.70]
TASK [modify username and groupname of file] ***********************************
changed: [192.168.110.70]
PLAY RECAP *********************************************************************
192.168.110.70 : ok=5 changed=2 unreachable=0 failed=0 skipped=0 rescued=0 ignored=0
注:在另一台主机上要确保用户加入到/etc/sudoers文件中,确保zxr要有root权限
在Ansible中,提供的唯一一个通用的条件判断是when指令,当when指令的值为true时,则该任务执行,否则不执行该任务。
//when一个比较常见的应用场景是实现跳过某个主机不执行任务或者只有满足条件的主机执行任务
vim demo2.yaml
---
- hosts: all
remote_user: root
tasks:
- name: shutdown host
command: /sbin/shutdown -r now
when: ansible_default_ipv4.address == "192.168.110.70" #when指令中的变量名不需要手动加上 {{}}
或
when: inventory_hostname == "<主机名>"
示例
- name: third play
hosts: all
remote_user: root
tasks:
- name: touch file
file: path=/opt/zzz.txt state=touch
#when: ansible_default_ipv4.address != "192.168.110.70"
when: inventory_hostname == "192.168.110.70"
ansible-playbook demo3.yaml
PLAY [third play] **************************************************************
TASK [Gathering Facts] *********************************************************
ok: [192.168.110.90]
ok: [192.168.110.70]
TASK [touch file] **************************************************************
skipping: [192.168.110.90]
changed: [192.168.110.70]
PLAY RECAP *********************************************************************
192.168.110.70 : ok=2 changed=1 unreachable=0 failed=0 skipped=0 rescued=0 ignored=0
192.168.110.90 : ok=1 changed=0 unreachable=0 failed=0 skipped=1 rescued=0 ignored=0
Ansible提供了很多种循环结构,一般都命名为with_items,作用等同于 loop 循环。
vim test3.yaml
---
- name: play1
hosts: dbservers
gather_facts: false
tasks:
- name: create file
file:
path: "{{item}}"
state: touch
with_items: [ /opt/a, /opt/b, /opt/c, /opt/d ]
- name: play2
hosts: dbservers
gather_facts: false
vars:
test:
- /tmp/test1
- /tmp/test2
- /tmp/test3
- /tmp/test4
tasks:
- name: create directories
file:
path: "{{item}}"
state: directory
with_items: "{{test}}"
- name: play3
hosts: dbservers
gather_facts: false
tasks:
- name: add users
user: name={{item.name}} state=present groups={{item.groups}}
with_items:
- name: test1
groups: wheel
- name: test2
groups: root
或
with_items:
- {name: 'test1', groups: 'wheel'}
- {name: 'test2', groups: 'root'}
示例
- name: fouth play
hosts: dbservers
remote_user: root
vars:
myfile:
- /opt/a
- /opt/b
- /opt/c
- /opt/d
tasks:
- name: touch directory
with_items: "{{myfile}}"
file: path={{item}} state=directory
- name: touch file
with_items:
- /root/a
- /root/b
- /root/c
- /root/d
file:
path: "{{item}}"
state: touch
ansible-playbook demo4.yaml
PLAY [fouth play] **************************************************************
TASK [Gathering Facts] *********************************************************
ok: [192.168.110.70]
TASK [touch directory] *********************************************************
changed: [192.168.110.70] => (item=/opt/a)
changed: [192.168.110.70] => (item=/opt/b)
changed: [192.168.110.70] => (item=/opt/c)
changed: [192.168.110.70] => (item=/opt/d)
TASK [touch file] **************************************************************
changed: [192.168.110.70] => (item=/root/a)
changed: [192.168.110.70] => (item=/root/b)
changed: [192.168.110.70] => (item=/root/c)
changed: [192.168.110.70] => (item=/root/d)
PLAY RECAP *********************************************************************
192.168.110.70 : ok=3 changed=2 unreachable=0 failed=0 skipped=0 rescued=0 ignored=0
Jinja是基于Python的模板引擎。Template类是Jinja的一个重要组件,可以看作是一个编译过的模板文件,用来产生目标文本,传递Python的变量给模板去替换模板中的标记。
cp /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf /opt/httpd.conf.j2
vim /opt/httpd.conf.j2
Listen {{http_port}} #42行,修改
ServerName {{server_name}} #95行,修改
DocumentRoot "{{root_dir}}" #119行,修改
vim /etc/ansible/hosts
[webservers]
192.168.110.90 http_port=192.168.80.11:80 server_name=www.zxr.com:80 root_dir=/var/www/html/zxr[dbservers]
192.168.110.70 http_port=192.168.80.12:80 server_name=www.yyds.com:80 root_dir=/var/www/html/yyds
- name: sixth play
hosts: webservers
remote_user: root
vars:
- pkg: httpd
tasks:
- name: install apache
yum: name=httpd state=latest
- name: create root dir
file: state=directory path={{item}}
with_items:
- /var/www/html/zxr
- /var/www/html/yyds
- name: create index.html in www.zxr.com
copy: content="this is zxr web
" dest=/var/www/html/zxr/index.html
when: ansible_default_ipv4.address == "192.168.110.90"
- name: create index.html in www.yyds.com
copy: content="this is yyds web
" dest=/var/www/html/yyds/index.html
when: inventory_hostname == "192.168.110.70"
- name: prepare configuration file
template: src=/opt/playbook/httpd.conf.j2 dest=/etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf
notify: "reload apache"
- name: start apache
service: name={{pkg}} state=started enabled=yes
handlers:
- name: reload apache
service: name={{pkg}} state=reloaded
ansible-playbook demo6.yaml
PLAY [sixth play] **************************************************************
TASK [Gathering Facts] *********************************************************
ok: [192.168.110.90]
TASK [install apache] **********************************************************
ok: [192.168.110.90]
TASK [create root dir] *********************************************************
ok: [192.168.110.90] => (item=/var/www/html/zxr)
ok: [192.168.110.90] => (item=/var/www/html/yyds)
TASK [create index.html in www.zxr.com] ****************************************
ok: [192.168.110.90]
TASK [create index.html in www.yyds.com] ***************************************
skipping: [192.168.110.90]
TASK [prepare configuration file] **********************************************
changed: [192.168.110.90]
TASK [start apache] ************************************************************
ok: [192.168.110.90]
RUNNING HANDLER [reload apache] ************************************************
changed: [192.168.110.90]
PLAY RECAP *********************************************************************
192.168.110.90 : ok=7 changed=2 unreachable=0 failed=0 skipped=1 rescued=0 ignored=0
可以在一个playbook中为某个或某些任务定义“标签”,在执行此playbook时通过ansible-playbook命令使用--tags选项能实现仅运行指定的tasks。
playbook还提供了一个特殊的tags为always。作用就是当使用always作为tags的task时,无论执行哪一个tags时,定义有always的tags都会执行。
- name: seventh play
hosts: dbservers
remote_user: root
tasks:
- name: create abc.txt
file: path=/opt/abc.txt state=touch
tags:
- zxr
- name: create bac.txt
file: path=/opt/123.txt state=touch
tags:
- ycx
- name: create cba.txt
copy: content="ggl like dancing" dest=/opt/ggl.txt
tags:
- ggl
ansible-playbook dbhosts.yaml --tags="zxr"
分别去两台被管理主机上去查看文件创建情况
ansible-playbook demo7.yaml --tags="zxr"
PLAY [seventh play] ************************************************************
TASK [Gathering Facts] *********************************************************
ok: [192.168.110.70]
TASK [create abc.txt] **********************************************************
changed: [192.168.110.70]
PLAY RECAP *********************************************************************
192.168.110.70 : ok=2 changed=1 unreachable=0 failed=0 skipped=0 rescued=0 ignored=0
示例
- name: lnmp play
hosts: dbservers
remote_user: root
tasks:
- name: perpare condifure
copy: src=/etc/yum.repos.d/nginx.repo dest=/etc/yum.repos.d/nginx.repo
- name: install nginx
yum: name=nginx state=latest
- name: start nginx
service: name=nginx state=started enabled=yes
- name: install mysql
yum: name=mysql57-community-release-el7-10.noarch.rpm state=latest
- name: modify file
replace:
path: /etc/yum.repos.d/mysql-community.repo
regexp: 'gpgcheck=1'
replace: 'gpgcheck=0'
- name: install mysql-community-server
yum: name=mysql-community-server state=latest
- name: start mysql
service: name=mysqld state=started enabled=yes
- name: add yum file
command: 'wget -i -c http://dev.mysql.com/get/mysql57-community-release-el7-10.noarch.rpm -P /etc/yum.repos.d' - name: rpm epel
command: 'rpm -Uvh https://dl.fedoraproject.org/pub/epel/epel-release-latest-7.noarch.rpm'
- name: rpm el7
command: 'rpm -Uvh https://mirror.webtatic.com/yum/el7/webtatic-release.rpm'
- name: install php
command: 'yum install -y php72w php72w-cli php72w-common php72w-devel php72w-embedded php72w-gd php72w-mbstring php72w-pdo php72w-xml php72w-fpm php72w-mysqlnd php72w-opcache'
- name: start php-fpm
service: name=php-fpm state=started enabled=yes
- name: copy configure
copy: src=/usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf dest=/etc/nginx/conf.d/default.conf
- name: restart nginx
service: name=nginx state=started enabled=yes
roles用于层次性、结构化地组织playbook。roles能够根据层次型结构自动装载变量文件、tasks以及handlers等。要使用roles只需要在playbook中使用include指令引入即可。
简单来讲,roles就是通过分别将变量、文件、任务、模板及处理器放置于单独的目录中,并可以便捷的include它们的一种机制。roles一般用于基于主机构建服务的场景中,但也可以是用于构建守护进程等场景中。主要使用场景代码复用度较高的情况下。
假如我们现在有3个被管理主机,第一个要配置成httpd,第二个要配置成haproxy服务器,第三个要配置成MySQL(mariadb)服务器。我们如何来定义playbook?
第一个play用到第一个主机上,用来构建httpd,第二个play用到第二个主机上,用来构建haproxy。这些个play定义在playbook中比较麻烦,将来也不利于模块化调用,不利于多次调用。比如说后来又加进来一个主机,这第3个主机既是httpd服务器,又是haproxy服务器,我们只能写第3个play,上面写上安装httpd和haproxy。这样playbook中的代码就重复了。
为了避免代码重复,可以定义一个角色叫httpd,第二个角色叫haproxy,并使用roles实现代码重复被调用。
cd /etc/ansible/
tree roles/
roles/
├── web/ #相当于 playbook 中的 每一个 play 主题
│ ├── files/
│ ├── templates/
│ ├── tasks/
│ ├── handlers/
│ ├── vars/
│ ├── defaults/
│ └── meta/
└── db/
├── files/
├── templates/
├── tasks/
├── handlers/
├── vars/
├── defaults/
└── meta/
●files
用来存放由 copy 模块或 script 模块调用的文件。
●templates
用来存放 jinjia2 模板,template 模块会自动在此目录中寻找 jinjia2 模板文件。
●tasks
此目录应当包含一个 main.yml 文件,用于定义此角色的任务列表,此文件可以使用 include 包含其它的位于此目录的 task 文件。
●handlers
此目录应当包含一个 main.yml 文件,用于定义此角色中触发条件时执行的动作。
●vars
此目录应当包含一个 main.yml 文件,用于定义此角色用到的变量。
●defaults
此目录应当包含一个 main.yml 文件,用于为当前角色设定默认变量。 这些变量具有所有可用变量中最低的优先级,并且可以很容易地被任何其他变量覆盖。所以生产中我们一般不在这里定义变量
●meta
此目录应当包含一个 main.yml 文件,用于定义此角色的元数据信息及其依赖关系。
(1)创建以 roles 命名的目录
mkdir /etc/ansible/roles/ -p #yum装完默认就有
(2)创建全局变量目录(可选)
mkdir /etc/ansible/group_vars/ -p
touch /etc/ansible/group_vars/all #文件名自己定义,引用的时候注意
(3)在 roles 目录中分别创建以各角色名称命名的目录,如 httpd、mysql
mkdir /etc/ansible/roles/httpd
mkdir /etc/ansible/roles/mysql
(4)在每个角色命名的目录中分别创建files、handlers、tasks、templates、meta、defaults和vars目录,用不到的目录可以创建为空目录,也可以不创建
mkdir /etc/ansible/roles/httpd/{files,templates,tasks,handlers,vars,defaults,meta}
mkdir /etc/ansible/roles/mysql/{files,templates,tasks,handlers,vars,defaults,meta}
(5)在每个角色的 handlers、tasks、meta、defaults、vars 目录下创建 main.yml 文件,千万不能自定义文件名
touch /etc/ansible/roles/httpd/{defaults,vars,tasks,meta,handlers}/main.yml
touch /etc/ansible/roles/mysql/{defaults,vars,tasks,meta,handlers}/main.yml
(6)修改 site.yml 文件,针对不同主机去调用不同的角色
vim /etc/ansible/site.yml
---
- hosts: webservers
remote_user: root
roles:
- httpd
- hosts: dbservers
remote_user: root
roles:
- mysql
(7)运行 ansible-playbook
cd /etc/ansible
ansible-playbook site.yml
示例:
mkdir /etc/ansible/roles/httpd/{files,templates,tasks,handlers,vars,defaults,meta} -p
mkdir /etc/ansible/roles/mysql/{files,templates,tasks,handlers,vars,defaults,meta} -p
mkdir /etc/ansible/roles/php/{files,templates,tasks,handlers,vars,defaults,meta} -p
touch /etc/ansible/roles/httpd/{defaults,vars,tasks,meta,handlers}/main.yml
touch /etc/ansible/roles/mysql/{defaults,vars,tasks,meta,handlers}/main.yml
touch /etc/ansible/roles/php/{defaults,vars,tasks,meta,handlers}/main.yml
写一个简单的tasks/main.yml
vim /etc/ansible/roles/httpd/tasks/main.yml
- name: install apache
yum: name={{pkg}} state=latest
- name: start apache
service: enabled=true name={{svc}} state=started
定义变量:可以定义在全局变量中,也可以定义在roles角色变量中,一般定义在角色变量中
vim /etc/ansible/roles/httpd/vars/main.yml
pkg: httpd
svc: httpd
vim /etc/ansible/roles/mysql/tasks/main.yml
- name: install mysql
yum: name={{pkg}} state=latest
- name: start mysql
service: enabled=true name={{svc}} state=started
vim /etc/ansible/roles/mysql/vars/main.yml
pkg:
- mariadb
- mariadb-server
svc: mariadb
vim /etc/ansible/roles/php/tasks/main.yml
- name: install php
yum: name={{pkg}} state=latest
- name: start php-fpm
service: enabled=true name={{svc}} state=started
vim /etc/ansible/roles/php/vars/main.yml
pkg:
- php
- php-fpm
svc: php-fpm
vim /etc/ansible/site.yml
---
- hosts: webservers
remote_user: root
roles:
- httpd
- mysql
- php
cd /etc/ansible
ansible-playbook site.yml