sudo权限

su,su-,sudo,命令的区别

su 可以切换到用户 user,执行时需要输入目标用户的密码
su - 命令也是切换用户,同时环境变量也会跟着改变成目标用户的环境变量
sudo 可以以特权级别运行 cmd 命令,需要当前用户属于 sudo 组,且需要输入当前用户的密码

  • sudo命令介绍:

使用sudo命令有两个前提:一是你要知道当前登录用户的密码,二是当前用户必须在 sudo 用户组或者是sudo用户。
关键文件:/etc/sudoers

使用visudo命令配置/etc/sudoers文件;也可以在/etc/sudoers.d路径下增加文件指定sudo用户

visudo使用vi打开/etc/sudoers文件,但是在保存退出时,visudo会检查内部语法,避免用户输入错误信息

关键信息截取

[yandemin@mail ~]$ sudo cat /etc/sudoers
## Sudoers allows particular users to run various commands as
## the root user, without needing the root password.

## This file must be edited with the 'visudo' command.
root    ALL=(ALL)   ALL
%sudoer ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD: ALL

## Read drop-in files from /etc/sudoers.d (the # here does not mean a comment)
#includedir /etc/sudoers.d
  • sudo的工作过程:
    1,当用户执行sudo时,系统会主动寻找/etc/sudoers文件,判断该用户是否有执行sudo的权限
    2,确认用户具有可执行sudo的权限后,让用户输入用户自己的密码确认
    3,若密码输入成功,则开始执行sudo后续的命令
    4,root执行sudo时不需要输入密码(sudoers文件中有配置root ALL=(ALL) ALL这样一条规则)
    5,若欲切换的身份与执行者的身份相同,也不需要输入密码
  • /etc/sudoers.d/配置
    /etc/sudoers.d/shiyanlou文件,我们在 /etc/sudoers.d目录下创建了这个文件,从而给 shiyanlou 用户赋予了 sudo 权限:
查看文件/etc/sudoers.d/shiyanlou
$ sudo cat /etc/sudoers.d/shiyanlou
shiyanlou ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD:ALL
Defaults:shiyanlou !requiretty
  • 其它用户加入 sudo 用户组
    默认情况下新创建的用户是不具有 root 权限的,也不在 sudo 用户组,可以让其加入 sudo 用户组从而获取 root 权限:
    sudo usermod -G sudo username

  • 附件---/etc/sudoers
## Sudoers allows particular users to run various commands as
## the root user, without needing the root password.
## 该文件允许特定用户像root用户一样使用各种各样的命令,而不需要root用户的密码
##
## Examples are provided at the bottom of the file for collections
## of related commands, which can then be delegated out to particular
## users or groups.
## 在文件的底部提供了很多相关命令的示例以供选择,这些示例都可以被特定用户或
## 用户组所使用 
##
## This file must be edited with the 'visudo' command.
## 该文件必须使用"visudo"命令编辑

## Host Aliases
## Groups of machines. You may prefer to use hostnames (perhaps using 
## wildcards for entire domains) or IP addresses instead.
## 对于一组服务器,你可能会更喜欢使用主机名(可能是全域名的通配符)
## 、或IP地址,这时可以配置主机别名
# Host_Alias     FILESERVERS = fs1, fs2
# Host_Alias     MAILSERVERS = smtp, smtp2

## User Aliases
## These aren't often necessary, as you can use regular groups
## (ie, from files, LDAP, NIS, etc) in this file - just use %groupname 
## rather than USERALIAS
## 这并不很常用,因为你可以通过使用组来代替一组用户的别名
# User_Alias ADMINS = jsmith, mikem

## Command Aliases
## These are groups of related commands...
## 指定一系列相互关联的命令(当然可以是一个)的别名,通过赋予该别名sudo权限,
## 可以通过sudo调用所有别名包含的命令,下面是一些示例

## Networking 网络操作相关命令别名
# Cmnd_Alias NETWORKING = /sbin/route, /sbin/ifconfig, /bin/ping, /sbin/dhclient
, /usr/bin/net, /sbin/iptables, /usr/bin/rfcomm, /usr/bin/wvdial, /sbin/iwconfig
, /sbin/mii-tool

## Installation and management of software 软件安装管理相关命令别名
# Cmnd_Alias SOFTWARE = /bin/rpm, /usr/bin/up2date, /usr/bin/yum

## Services 服务相关命令别名
# Cmnd_Alias SERVICES = /sbin/service, /sbin/chkconfig

## Updating the locate database 本地数据库升级命令别名
# Cmnd_Alias LOCATE = /usr/bin/updatedb

## Storage 磁盘操作相关命令别名
# Cmnd_Alias STORAGE = /sbin/fdisk, /sbin/sfdisk, /sbin/parted, /sbin/partprobe
, /bin/mount, /bin/umount

## Delegating permissions 代理权限相关命令别名
# Cmnd_Alias DELEGATING = /usr/sbin/visudo, /bin/chown, /bin/chmod, /bin/chgrp 

## Processes 进程相关命令别名
# Cmnd_Alias PROCESSES = /bin/nice, /bin/kill, /usr/bin/kill, /usr/bin/killall

## Drivers 驱动命令别名
# Cmnd_Alias DRIVERS = /sbin/modprobe

# Defaults specification

#
# Disable "ssh hostname sudo ", because it will show the password in clear. 
#         You have to run "ssh -t hostname sudo ".
# 一些环境变量的相关配置,具体情况可见man soduers
Defaults    requiretty

Defaults    env_reset
Defaults    env_keep =  "COLORS DISPLAY HOSTNAME HISTSIZE INPUTRC KDEDIR LS_COLORS"
Defaults    env_keep += "MAIL PS1 PS2 QTDIR USERNAME LANG LC_ADDRESS LC_CTYPE"
Defaults    env_keep += "LC_COLLATE LC_IDENTIFICATION LC_MEASUREMENT LC_MESSAGES"
Defaults    env_keep += "LC_MONETARY LC_NAME LC_NUMERIC LC_PAPER LC_TELEPHONE"
Defaults    env_keep += "LC_TIME LC_ALL LANGUAGE LINGUAS _XKB_CHARSET XAUTHORITY"

Defaults    secure_path = /sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin

## Next comes the main part: which users can run what software on 
## which machines (the sudoers file can be shared between multiple
## systems).
## 下面是规则配置:什么用户在哪台服务器上可以执行哪些命令(sudoers文件可以在多个系统上共享)
## Syntax(语法):
##
##  user    MACHINE=COMMANDS 用户 登录的主机=(可以变换的身份) 可以执行的命令
##
## The COMMANDS section may have other options added to it.
## 命令部分可以附带一些其它的选项
##
## Allow root to run any commands anywhere 
## 允许root用户执行任意路径下的任意命令
root    ALL=(ALL)   ALL

## Allows members of the 'sys' group to run networking, software, 
## service management apps and more.
## 允许sys中户组中的用户使用NETWORKING等所有别名中配置的命令
# %sys ALL = NETWORKING, SOFTWARE, SERVICES, STORAGE, DELEGATING, PROCESSES, LOCATE
, DRIVERS

## Allows people in group wheel to run all commands
## 允许wheel用户组中的用户执行所有命令
%wheel  ALL=(ALL)   ALL

## Same thing without a password
## 允许wheel用户组中的用户在不输入该用户的密码的情况下使用所有命令
# %wheel    ALL=(ALL)   NOPASSWD: ALL

## Allows members of the users group to mount and unmount the 
## cdrom as root
## 允许users用户组中的用户像root用户一样使用mount、unmount、chrom命令
# %users  ALL=/sbin/mount /mnt/cdrom, /sbin/umount /mnt/cdrom

## Allows members of the users group to shutdown this system
## 允许users用户组中的用户关闭localhost这台服务器
# %users  localhost=/sbin/shutdown -h now

## Read drop-in files from /etc/sudoers.d (the # here does not mean a comment)
## 读取放置在/etc/sudoers.d/文件夹中的文件(此处的#不意味着这是一个声明)
#includedir /etc/sudoers.d

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