数字笔记：构建第二个大脑 作者：Tiago Forte（书籍摘要）Digital Notetaking: Building a Second Brain by Tiago Forte

Digital Notetaking: Building a Second Brain by Tiago Forte (Book Summary) 数字笔记：构建第二个大脑 作者：Tiago Forte（书籍摘要）

About Building a Second Brain (BASB) 关于构建第二大脑 （BASB）

“When youtransform your relationship to information, you will begin to see the technology in your life not just as a storage medium but as a tool for thinking. Like a bicycle for the mind, once we learn how to use it properly, technology can enhance our cognitive abilities and
accelerate us toward our goals far faster than we could ever achieve on our own.”
“当你改变与信息的关系时，你将开始将生活中的技术不仅视为存储介质，而且视为思考的工具。就像心灵的自行车一样，一旦我们学会了如何正确使用它，技术就可以增强我们的认知能力，并加速我们实现目标的速度远远超过我们自己所能实现的速度。

What is a Second Brain?什么是第二大脑？

• “Think of your Second Brain as the world’s best personal assistant.”
  “把你的第二大脑想象成世界上最好的私人助理。
• “Think of it as the combination of a study notebook, a personal journal, and a sketchbook for new ideas. It is a multipurpose tool that can adapt to your changing needs over time.”
  “把它想象成学习笔记本、个人日记和新想法的素描本的组合。它是一种多用途工具，可以适应您随着时间的推移不断变化的需求。
• “Your Second Brain is always on, has perfect memory, and can scale to any size. The more you outsource and delegate the jobs of capturing, organizing, and distilling to technology, the more time and energy you’ll have available for the self-expression that only you can do.”
  “你的第二大脑总是开启，有完美的记忆力，可以扩展到任何大小。你越是将捕获、组织和提炼的工作外包和委托给技术，你就越有时间和精力来表达自我，而这只有你能做到。
• “Second Brain” is also known as: “Personal cloud,” “field notes,” “external brain,” “extended mind,” “digital archive,” “digital garden,” “digital commonplace book,” “Zettelkasten” (meaning “slip box” in German, coined by influential sociologist Niklas Luhmann), “Memex” (a word invented by American inventor Vannevar Bush).
  “第二大脑”也被称为：“个人云”、“田野笔记”、“外部大脑”、“扩展思维”、“数字档案”、“数字花园”、“数字普通书”、“Zettelkasten”（德语中意为“滑盒”，由有影响力的社会学家尼克拉斯·卢曼创造）、“Memex”（美国发明家范尼瓦尔·布什发明的一个词）。

The BASB system will teach you how to:BASB系统将教您如何：

• “Find anything you’ve learned, touched, or thought about in the past within seconds.”
  “在几秒钟内找到你过去学到、触摸或思考过的任何东西。”
• “Organize your knowledge and use it to move your projects and goals forward more consistently.”
  “组织你的知识，并用它来更一致地推进你的项目和目标。
• “Save your best thinking so you don’t have to do it again.”
  “把你最好的想法保存下来，这样你就不必再做一次了。”
• “Connect ideas and notice patterns across different areas of your life so you know how to live better.”
  “将你生活不同领域的想法和模式联系起来，这样你就知道如何更好地生活。
• “Adopt a reliable system that helps you share your work more confidently and with more ease.”
  “采用可靠的系统，帮助您更自信、更轻松地共享工作。”
• “Turn work ‘off’ and relax, knowing you have a trusted system keeping track of all the details.”
  “关闭工作并放松，知道您有一个值得信赖的系统来跟踪所有细节。”
• “Spend less time looking for things, and more time doing the best, most creative work you are capable of.”
  “花更少的时间寻找东西，多花点时间做你能做的最好、最有创意的工作。

Why a digital notetaking app? 为什么选择数字笔记应用程序？

• Multimedia: “Just like a paper notebook might contain drawings and sketches, quotes and ideas, and even a pasted photo or Post-it, a notes app can store a wide variety of different kinds of content in one place, so you never need to wonder where to put something.”
  多媒体：“就像纸质笔记本可能包含绘图和草图、引用和想法，甚至是粘贴的照片或便利贴一样，笔记应用程序可以在一个地方存储各种不同类型的内容，所以你永远不需要想知道把东西放在哪里。
• Informal: “Notes are inherently messy, so there’s no need for perfect spelling or polished presentation. This makes it as easy and frictionless as possible to jot things down as soon as they occur to you, which is essential to allow nascent ideas to grow.”
  非正式：“笔记本质上是凌乱的，所以不需要完美的拼写或抛光的呈现。这使得你尽可能容易和无摩擦地记下事情，一旦你想到了事情，这对于让新生的想法成长至关重要。
• Open-ended: “Taking notes is a continuous process that never really ends, and you don’t always know where it might lead. Unlike more specialized kinds of software that are designed to produce a specific kind of output (such as slide decks, spreadsheets, graphics, or videos), notes are ideal for free-form exploration before you have a goal in mind.”
  开放式：“做笔记是一个持续的过程，永远不会真正结束，你并不总是知道它会导致什么。与旨在生成特定类型输出（如幻灯片、电子表格、图形或视频）的更专业的软件不同，笔记非常适合在你确定目标之前进行自由形式的探索。
• Action-oriented: “Unlike a library or research database, personal notes don’t need to be comprehensive or precise. They are designed to help you quickly capture stray thoughts so you can remain focused on the task at hand.”
  以行动为导向：“与图书馆或研究数据库不同，个人笔记不需要全面或精确。它们旨在帮助您快速捕捉杂念，以便您可以专注于手头的任务。

Second Brain Stages: 大脑第二阶段：

• “The first way that people tend to use their Second Brain is as a memory aid. They use their digital notes to save facts and ideas that they would have trouble recalling otherwise: takeaways from meetings, quotes from interviews, or the details of a project, for example.”
  “人们倾向于使用第二大脑的第一种方式是作为记忆辅助。他们使用他们的数字笔记来保存他们很难回忆起来的事实和想法：例如，会议的要点、采访的引述或项目的细节。
• “The second way that people use their Second Brain is to connect ideas together. Their Second Brain evolves from being primarily a memory tool to becoming a thinking tool.”
  “人们使用第二大脑的第二种方式是将想法连接在一起。他们的第二大脑从主要的记忆工具演变成思维工具。
• “Eventually, the third and final way that people use their Second Brain is for creating new things. They realize that they have a lot of knowledge on a subject and decide to turn it into something concrete and shareable. Seeing so much supporting material ready and waiting gives them the courage to put their own ideas out there and have a positive impact on others.”
  “最终，人们使用第二大脑的第三种也是最后一种方式是创造新事物。他们意识到他们对一个主题有很多知识，并决定将其变成具体和可共享的东西。看到这么多支持材料准备就绪并等待，让他们有勇气将自己的想法付诸实践，并对他人产生积极影响。

Second Brain Superpowers: 第二种大脑超能力：

• Make our ideas concrete: “Before we do anything with our ideas, we have to ‘off-load’ them from our minds and put them into concrete form. Only when we declutter our brain of complex ideas can we think clearly and start to work with those ideas effectively … Digital notes aren’t physical, but they are visual. They turn vague concepts into tangible entities that can be observed, rearranged, edited, and combined together.”
  让我们的想法具体化：“在我们用我们的想法做任何事情之前，我们必须将它们从我们的脑海中’卸载’出来，并将它们具体化。只有当我们整理大脑中复杂的想法时，我们才能清晰地思考并开始有效地处理这些想法…数字笔记不是物理的，但它们是视觉的。它们将模糊的概念变成可以观察、重新排列、编辑和组合在一起的有形实体。
• Reveal new associations between ideas: “In its most practical form, creativity is about connecting ideas together, especially ideas that don’t seem to be connected … By keeping diverse kinds of material in one place, we facilitate this connectivity and increase the likelihood that we’ll notice an unusual association … In our Second Brain we can do the same: mix up the order of our ideas until something unexpected emerges. The more diverse and unusual the material you put into it in the first place, the more original the connections that will emerge.”
  揭示想法之间的新联系：“在最实用的形式中，创造力是将想法连接在一起，尤其是似乎没有联系的想法…通过将各种材料保存在一个地方，我们促进了这种连接，并增加了我们注意到不寻常关联的可能性…在我们的第二大脑中，我们可以做同样的事情：混合我们的想法的顺序，直到出现意想不到的事情。你首先投入的材料越多样化和不寻常，就会出现的联系就越原始。
• Incubate our ideas over time: “We tend to favor the ideas, solutions, and influences that occurred to us most recently, regardless of whether they are the best ones (recency bias). Now imagine if you were able to unshackle yourself from the limits of the present moment, and draw on weeks, months, or even years of accumulated imagination … I call this approach the ‘slow burn’—allowing bits of thought matter to slowly simmer like a delicious pot of stew brewing on the stove. It is a calmer, more sustainable approach to creativity that relies on the gradual accumulation of ideas, instead of all-out binges of manic hustle. Having a Second Brain where lots of ideas can be permanently saved for the long term turns the passage of time into your friend, instead of your enemy.”
  随着时间的推移孵化我们的想法：“我们倾向于支持最近发生在我们身上的想法、解决方案和影响，无论它们是否是最好的（新近偏见）。现在想象一下，如果你能够将自己从当下的局限中解脱出来，并利用数周、数月甚至数年积累的想象力…我称这种方法为“慢燃”——让一些思想物质像炉子上酿造的一锅美味的炖菜一样慢慢炖煮。这是一种更平静、更可持续的创造力方法，依赖于思想的逐渐积累，而不是狂躁的喧嚣。拥有第二个大脑，可以长期永久保存许多想法，将时间的流逝变成你的朋友，而不是你的敌人。
• Sharpen our unique perspectives: “Until now we’ve talked mostly about gathering the ideas of others, but the ultimate purpose of a Second Brain is to allow your own thinking to shine … When you feel stuck in your creative pursuits, it doesn’t mean that there’s something wrong with you. You haven’t lost your touch or run out of creative juice. It just means you don’t yet have enough raw material to work with. If it feels like the well of inspiration has run dry, it’s because you need a deeper well full of examples, illustrations, stories, statistics, diagrams, analogies, metaphors, photos, mindmaps, conversation notes, quotes—anything that will help you argue for your perspective or fight for a cause you believe in.”
  锐化我们独特的观点：“到目前为止，我们主要谈论的是收集他人的想法，但第二大脑的最终目的是让你自己的思想发光…当你感到被困在创造性的追求中时，这并不意味着你有什么问题。您没有失去联系或耗尽创意。这只是意味着您还没有足够的原材料可以使用。如果感觉灵感之井已经干涸，那是因为你需要一个更深的井，里面装满了例子、插图、故事、统计数据、图表、类比、隐喻、照片、思维导图、对话笔记、引述——任何可以帮助你争论你的观点或为你相信的事业而战的东西。

CODE Method 代码方法

“CODE is a map for navigating the endless streams of information we are now faced with every day. It is a modern approach to creating a commonplace book, adapted to the needs of the Information Age.”
“CODE是一张地图，用于导航我们现在每天面临的无穷无尽的信息流。这是一种现代方法，可以创建一本普通的书，以适应信息时代的需求。

1. Capture (keep what resonates) 捕捉（保留引起共鸣的内容）

“Our goal should be to ‘capture’ only the ideas and insights we think
are truly noteworthy.” “我们的目标应该是只’捕捉’我们认为真正值得注意的想法和见解。

TAKE A CURATOR’S PERSPECTIVE: 从策展人的角度出发：

• “It’s so important to take on a Curator’s Perspective—that we are the judges, editors, and interpreters of the information we choose to let into our lives. Thinking like a curator means taking charge of your own information stream, instead of just letting it wash over you.”
  “从策展人的角度出发非常重要——我们是选择让信息进入我们生活的评判者、编辑者和解释者。像策展人一样思考意味着负责你自己的信息流，而不仅仅是让它冲刷你。
• “The best curators are picky about what they allow into their collections, and you should be too.”
  “最好的策展人对他们允许进入收藏的东西很挑剔，你也应该如此。
• “When something resonates, it moves you on an intuitive level. Often, the ideas that resonate are the ones that are most unusual, counterintuitive, interesting, or potentially useful.”
  “当某件事产生共鸣时，它会在直觉层面上感动你。通常，引起共鸣的想法是最不寻常的、违反直觉的、有趣的或可能有用的。
• “Keep only what resonates in a trusted place that you control, and to leave the rest aside.”
  “只把能引起共鸣的东西放在你控制的地方，把其余的放在一边。”

EXTERNAL KNOWLEDGE ASSETS: 外部知识资产：

• Highlights: Insightful passages from books or articles you read.
  亮点：您阅读的书籍或文章中富有洞察力的段落。
• Quotes: Memorable passages from podcasts or audiobooks you listen to.
  引述：您收听的播客或有声读物中令人难忘的段落。
• Bookmarks and favorites: Links to interesting content you find on the web or favorited social media posts.
  书签和收藏夹：指向您在网络上找到的有趣内容或收藏的社交媒体帖子的链接。
• Voice memos: Clips recorded on your mobile device as “notes to self.”
  语音备忘录：在移动设备上录制为“自我笔记”的剪辑。
• Meeting notes: Notes you take about what was discussed during meetings or phone calls.
  会议记录：您对会议或电话期间讨论的内容所做的笔记。
• Images: Photos or other images that you find inspiring or interesting.
  图片：您觉得鼓舞人心或有趣的照片或其他图片。
• Takeaways: Lessons from courses, conferences, or presentations you’ve attended.
  要点：您参加过的课程、会议或演示文稿的经验教训。

INTERNAL KNOWLEDGE ASSETS:内部知识资产：

• Stories: Your favorite anecdotes, whether they happened to you or someone else.
  故事：您最喜欢的轶事，无论它们发生在您身上还是发生在其他人身上。
• Insights: The small (and big) realizations you have.
  见解：您拥有的小（和大）领悟。
• Memories: Experiences from your life that you don’t want to forget.
  回忆：你生活中你不想忘记的经历。
• Reflections: Personal thoughts and lessons written in a journal or diary.
  反思：写在日记或日记中的个人想法和教训。
• Musings: Random “shower ideas” that pop into your head.
  沉思：随机的“淋浴想法”突然出现在你的脑海中。

Helpful rule of thumb: “If you’re looking for a more precise answer of
how much content to capture in your notes, I recommend no more than 10
percent of the original source, at most. Any more than that, and it
will be too difficult to wade through all the material in the future.
Conveniently, 10 percent also happens to be the limit that most ebooks
allow you to export as highlights.”
有用的经验法则：“如果你正在寻找一个更精确的答案，在你的笔记中捕获多少内容，我建议不超过原始来源的10%，最多。再多一点，将来要遍历所有材料就太难了。方便的是，10%也恰好是大多数电子书允许您导出为亮点的限制。

2. Organize (save for actionability) 组织（保存可操作性）

“Your Second Brain isn’t just a tool—it’s an environment. It is a garden of knowledge full of familiar, winding pathways, but also secret and secluded corners. Every pathway is a jumping-off point to new ideas and perspectives. Gardens are natural, but they don’t happen by accident. They require a caretaker to seed the plants, trim the weeds, and shape the paths winding through them. It’s time for us to put more intention into the digital environments where we now spend so many of our waking hours.”
“你的第二大脑不仅仅是一个工具，而是一个环境。这是一个知识花园，充满了熟悉的、蜿蜒的小路，但也有秘密和僻静的角落。每条途径都是通往新想法和新观点的起点。花园是自然的，但它们不是偶然发生的。它们需要看守人播种植物，修剪杂草，并塑造蜿蜒穿过它们的路径。现在是我们把更多的意图投入到数字环境中的时候了，我们现在把很多醒着的时间都花在了那里。

FOCUS ON ACTION: 关注行动：

• “The best way to organize your notes is to organize for action, according to the active projects you are working on right now. Consider new information in terms of its utility, asking, ‘How is this going to help me move forward one of my current projects?'”
  “组织笔记的最好方法是根据你现在正在从事的活动项目来组织行动。考虑新信息的效用，问，‘这将如何帮助我推进我当前的一个项目？’”
• “Surprisingly, when you focus on taking action, the vast amount of information out there gets radically streamlined and simplified. There are relatively few things that are actionable and relevant at any given time, which means you have a clear filter for ignoring everything else.”
  “令人惊讶的是，当你专注于采取行动时，大量的信息会得到彻底的简化和简化。在任何给定时间，可操作和相关的事情相对较少，这意味着你有一个明确的过滤器来忽略其他一切。
• “Organizing for action gives you a sense of tremendous clarity, because you know that everything you’re keeping actually has a purpose. You know that it aligns with your goals and priorities.”
  “组织行动会给你一种非常清晰的感觉，因为你知道你保留的一切实际上都是有目的的。你知道它符合你的目标和优先事项。

PARA (PROJECTS, AREAS, RESOURCES, ARCHIVES): PARA（项目、领域、资源、档案）：

• Projects (short-term efforts in your work or life that you’re working on now; most actionable because you’re working on them right now and with a concrete deadline in mind): “First, they have a beginning and an end; they take place during a specific period of time and then they finish. Second, they have a specific, clear outcome that needs to happen in order for them to be checked off as complete, such as ‘finalize,’ ‘green-light,’ ‘launch,’ or ‘publish’ … By placing a note in a project folder, you ensure you’ll see it next time you work on that project.”
  项目（你现在正在从事的工作或生活中的短期努力;最可行的是，因为你现在正在做它们，并且有一个具体的截止日期）：“首先，它们有开始和结束;它们在特定时间段内发生，然后完成。其次，他们有一个具体的、明确的结果，需要发生，以便检查它们是否完整，例如“最终确定”、“绿灯”、“启动”或“发布”…通过在项目文件夹中放置注释，可以确保下次处理该项目时会看到它。
• Areas (long-term responsibilities you want to manage over time; longer time horizon and are less immediately actionable): “While there is no goal to reach, there is a standard that you want to uphold in each of these areas. For finances, that standard may be that you always pay your bills on time and provide for your family’s basic needs. For health, it may be that you exercise a certain number of times per week and keep your cholesterol below a certain number. For family, it may be that you spend quality time with them every evening and on the weekend … By placing a note in an area folder, you’ll come across it next time you’re thinking about that area of your work or life.”
  领域（您希望随着时间的推移管理的长期责任;更长的时间范围，不太可立即采取行动）：“虽然没有要达到的目标，但您希望在这些领域中的每一个都坚持一个标准。对于财务，这个标准可能是你总是按时支付账单并满足家庭的基本需求。为了健康，可能是您每周锻炼一定次数，并将胆固醇保持在一定数量以下。对于家人来说，可能是您每天晚上和周末与他们共度美好时光…通过在区域文件夹中放置便笺，下次您考虑工作或生活的该区域时，您会遇到它。
• Resources (topics or interests that may be useful in the future; may become actionable depending on the situation): “This is basically a catchall for anything that doesn’t belong to a project or an area and could include any topic you’re interested in gathering information about. They are trends you are keeping track of, ideas related to your job or industry, hobbies and side interests, and things you’re merely curious about. These folders are like the class notebooks you probably kept in school: one for biology, another for history, another for math. Any note or file that isn’t relevant or actionable for a current project or area can be placed into resources for future reference … By placing a note in a resource folder, you’ll notice it only if and when you decide to dive into that topic and do some reading or research.”
  资源（将来可能有用的主题或兴趣;根据情况可能会变得可操作）：“这基本上是不属于项目或领域的任何内容的统称，可能包括您有兴趣收集信息的任何主题。它们是您正在跟踪的趋势，与您的工作或行业有关的想法，爱好和副兴趣，以及您只是好奇的事情。这些文件夹就像你可能保存在学校的课堂笔记本：一个用于生物学，另一个用于历史，另一个用于数学。任何与当前项目或领域不相关或不可操作的注释或文件都可以放入资源中以供将来参考…通过将笔记放在资源文件夹中，只有当您决定深入研究该主题并进行一些阅读或研究时，您才会注意到它。
• Archives (inactive items from the other three categories; remain inactive unless they are needed): “The archives are an important part of PARA because they allow you to place a folder in ‘cold storage’ so that it doesn’t clutter your workspace, while safekeeping it forever just in case you need it … By placing a note in archives, you never need to see it again unless you want to.”
  档案（其他三类中的非活动项目;除非需要，否则保持非活动状态）：“档案是 PARA 的重要组成部分，因为它们允许您将文件夹放置在’冷存储’中，这样它就不会弄乱您的工作空间，同时永久保存它，以防您需要它…通过将笔记放在档案中，除非你愿意，否则你永远不需要再看到它。

3. Distill (find the essence).蒸馏（找到精华）

“Every idea has an ‘essence’: the heart and soul of what it is trying to communicate. It might take hundreds of pages and thousands of words to fully explain a complex insight, but there is always a way to convey the core message in just a sentence or two.”
“每个想法都有一个’本质’：它试图传达的东西的核心和灵魂。可能需要数百页和数千字才能完全解释一个复杂的见解，但总有一种方法可以用一两句话传达核心信息。

DISCOVERABILITY: 可发现性：

• “The most important factor in whether your notes can survive that journey into the future is their discoverability—how easy it is to discover what they contain and access the specific points that are most immediately useful. Discoverability is an idea from information science that refers to ‘the degree to which a piece of content or information can be found in a search of a file, database, or other information system.'”
  “你的笔记能否在未来的旅程中幸存下来的最重要因素是它们的可发现性——发现它们包含的内容和访问最直接有用的特定点是多么容易。可发现性是信息科学的一个概念，指的是“在搜索文件、数据库或其他信息系统时可以找到一段内容或信息的程度”。
• “To enhance the discoverability of your notes, we can turn to a simple habit you probably remember from school: highlighting the most important points.”
  “为了提高笔记的可发现性，我们可以转向你可能记得的一个简单的习惯：突出最重要的点。
• “The technique (Progressive Summarization) is simple: you highlight the main points of a note, and then highlight the main points of those highlights, and so on, distilling the essence of a note in several ‘layers.’ Each of these layers uses a different kind of formatting so you can easily tell them apart.”
  “技巧（渐进式总结）很简单：你突出一个音符的要点，然后突出这些要点的要点，依此类推，将一个音符的本质提炼成几个’层次’。这些图层中的每一个都使用不同类型的格式，因此您可以轻松区分它们。

PROGRESSIVE SUMMARIZATION: 渐进式总结：

• Layer 1 (“soil”—an excerpt from a source or my own thinking I initially capture into my notes that are like the ground on which my understanding will be built): “Start by saving only the best excerpts from that piece of content in a new note, either using copy-paste or a capture tool. This is layer one, the initial excerpts you save in your Second Brain … The chunks of text initially captured in my notes. Notice that I didn’t save the entire article—only a few key excerpts.”
  第 1 层（“土壤”——摘自来源或我自己的想法，我最初捕捉到我的笔记中，就像我的理解将建立在地面上）：“首先，使用复制粘贴或捕获工具，仅将该内容的最佳摘录保存在新笔记中。这是第一层，你保存在第二大脑中的初始摘录…最初在我的笔记中捕获的文本块。请注意，我没有保存整篇文章，只有几段关键摘录。
• Layer 2 (“oil”—as in “I’ve struck oil!” conveniently represented by black, bolded text): “Next, read through the excerpts, bolding the main points and most important takeaways. Don’t make it an analytical decision—listen for a feeling of resonance and let that be your guide for what to bold. These bolded passages are layer two … All I have to do is bold the main points within the note. This could include keywords that provide hints of what this text is about, phrases that capture what the original author was trying to say, or sentences that especially resonated with me even if I can’t explain why.”
  第 2 层（“油”——如“我打了油！”，用黑色粗体文本方便地表示）：“接下来，通读摘录，将要点和最重要的要点加粗。不要把它当作一个分析性的决定——倾听一种共鸣的感觉，让它成为你大胆的指南。这些粗体段落是第二层…我所要做的就是将笔记中的要点加粗。这可能包括提供文本内容提示的关键字，捕捉原作者试图表达的内容的短语，或者即使我无法解释原因，也特别引起我共鸣的句子。
• Layer 3 (“gold”—which is even more valuable, and shines in highlighter yellow in many apps): “Now read through only the bolded passages, and highlight (or, if your notes app doesn’t have a highlighting feature, underline) the best of the best passages. The key here is to be very picky: the entire note may have only a few highlighted sentences, or even just one. Not only is that fine, it represents a highly distilled and discoverable note. These highlights are layer three, which is distilled enough for most use cases … I advise using the ‘highlighting’ feature offered by most notes apps, which paints passages in bright yellow just like the fluorescent highlighters we used in school (which appear in light gray below). If your notes app doesn’t have a highlighting feature, you can use underlining or another kind of formatting instead. Look only at the bolded passages you identified in layer two and highlight only the most interesting and surprising of those points. This will often amount to just one or two sentences that encapsulate the message of the original source.”
  第 3 层（“金色”——更值钱，在许多应用程序中以高光黄色发光）：“现在只通读粗体段落，并突出显示（或者，如果您的笔记应用程序没有突出显示功能，请加下划线）最好的段落。这里的关键是非常挑剔：整个笔记可能只有几个突出显示的句子，甚至只有一个。这不仅很好，而且代表了一种高度提炼和可发现的音符。这些亮点是第三层，对于大多数用例来说已经足够提炼…我建议使用大多数笔记应用程序提供的“突出显示”功能，该功能将段落绘制为亮黄色，就像我们在学校使用的荧光笔一样（下面显示为浅灰色）。如果您的备忘录 App 没有突出显示功能，您可以改用下划线或其他格式。只看你在第二层中确定的粗体段落，只突出其中最有趣和最令人惊讶的段落。这通常只相当于一两句话，概括了原始来源的信息。
• Layer 4 (“gems”—the most rare and illuminating finds that I’ve distilled in my own words as an executive summary): “There is one more layer we can add, though it is quite rarely needed. For only the very few sources that are truly unique and valuable, I’ll add an ‘executive summary’ at the top of the note with a few bullet points summarizing the article in my own words. The best sign that a fourth layer is needed is when I find myself visiting a note again and again, clearly indicating that it is one of the cornerstones of my thinking.”
  第 4 层（“宝石”——我用自己的话提炼的最罕见和最有启发性的发现作为执行摘要）：“我们可以再添加一层，尽管很少需要。对于真正独特和有价值的极少数来源，我将在注释的顶部添加一个“执行摘要”，并用我自己的话总结文章的几个要点。需要第四层的最好迹象是，当我发现自己一次又一次地访问笔记时，清楚地表明它是我思想的基石之一。
  Helpful rule of thumb: Each layer of highlighting should include no more than 10–20 percent of the previous layer.
  有用的经验法则：每层突出显示不应超过前一层的 10-20%。

· If you save a series of excerpts from a book amounting to 500 words…
· 如果你保存一本书的一系列摘录，总计 500 字…
· The bolded second layer should include no more than 100 words ·加粗的第二层应不超过 100 个字
· The highlighted third layer no more than 20 words. ·突出显示的第三层不超过20个字。

4. Express (show your work) 快递（展示您的作品）

“All the previous steps—capturing, organizing, and distilling—are geared toward one ultimate purpose: sharing your own ideas, your own
story, and your own knowledge with others. What is the point of knowledge if it doesn’t help anyone or produce anything?”
“前面的所有步骤——捕捉、组织和提炼——都是为了一个最终目的：与他人分享你自己的想法、你自己的故事和你自己的知识。如果知识对任何人都没有帮助或产生任何东西，那么它的意义何在？

INTERMEDIATE PACKETS (IP):中间数据包 （IP）：

• “It’s not enough to simply divide tasks into smaller pieces—you then need a system for managing those pieces. Otherwise, you’re just creating a lot of extra work for yourself trying to keep track of them. That system is your Second Brain, and the small pieces of work-in-process it contains I call ‘Intermediate Packets.’ Intermediate Packets are the concrete, individual building blocks that make up your work.”
  “仅仅将任务划分为更小的部分是不够的，你需要一个系统来管理这些部分。否则，您只是在为自己创建大量额外的工作，试图跟踪它们。这个系统是你的第二大脑，它包含的小块工作，我称之为“中间包”。中间包是构成您工作的具体、单独的构建块。
• “Intermediate Packets are abbreviated as IPs, a lucky coincidence that is appropriate, because they are absolutely your Intellectual Property. You created them, you own them, and you have the right to use them again and again in any future project.”
  “中间数据包缩写为IP，这是一个幸运的巧合，因为它们绝对是您的知识产权。你创造了它们，你拥有了它们，你有权在未来的任何项目中一次又一次地使用它们。
• “Reusing Intermediate Packets of work frees up our attention for higher-order, more creative thinking. Thinking small is the best way to elevate your horizons and expand your ambitions.”
  “重用中间包的工作可以解放我们的注意力，让他们专注于更高层次、更具创造性的思维。从小处着眼是提升视野和扩大抱负的最佳方式。

Five kinds of Intermediate Packets you can create and reuse in your work: 您可以在工作中创建和重用五种中间数据包：

• Distilled notes: Books or articles you’ve read and distilled so it’s easy to get the gist of what they contain (using the Progressive Summarization technique you learned in the previous chapter, for example).
  提炼笔记：您阅读和提炼过的书籍或文章，因此很容易获得它们所包含内容的要点（例如，使用您在上一章中学到的渐进式摘要技术）。
• Outtakes: The material or ideas that didn’t make it into a past project but could be used in future ones.
  输出：没有进入过去项目但可以在未来项目中使用的材料或想法。
  -Work-in-process: The documents, graphics, agendas, or plans you produced during past projects.
  处理中：您在过去项目中生成的文档、图形、议程或计划。
• Final deliverables: Concrete pieces of work you’ve delivered as part of past projects, which could become components of something new.
  最终可交付成果：您在过去项目中交付的具体工作，这些工作可能成为新事物的组成部分。
• Documents created by others: Knowledge assets created by people on your team, contractors or consultants, or even clients or customers, that you can reference and incorporate into your work.
  其他人创建的文档：由团队中的人员、承包商或顾问，甚至客户或客户创建的知识资产，您可以参考这些知识资产并将其合并到您的工作中。

FOUR RETRIEVAL METHODS: 四种检索方法：

• Search: “Search should be the first retrieval method you turn to. It is most useful when you already know more or less what you’re looking for, when you don’t have notes saved in a preexisting folder, or when you’re looking for text.”
  搜索：“搜索应该是您转向的第一种检索方法。当您已经或多或少知道要查找的内容时，当您没有将笔记保存在预先存在的文件夹中时，或者当您正在寻找文本时，它最有用。
• Browsing: “Manual navigation gives people control over how they navigate, with folders and file names providing small contextual clues about where to look next.6 Browsing allows us to gradually home in on the information we are looking for, starting with the general and getting more and more specific.”
  浏览：“手动导航使人们能够控制自己的导航方式，文件夹和文件名提供了有关下一步查找位置的小上下文线索.6 浏览使我们能够逐渐了解我们正在寻找的信息，从一般信息开始，变得越来越具体。
• Tags: “Tags are like small labels you can apply to certain notes regardless of where they are located. Once they are tagged, you can perform a search and see all those notes together in one place. The main weakness of folders is that ideas can get siloed from each other, making it hard to spark interesting connections. Tags can overcome this limitation by infusing your Second Brain with connections, making it easier to see cross-disciplinary themes and patterns that defy simple categorization.”
  标签：“标签就像小标签，您可以应用于某些笔记，无论它们位于何处。标记它们后，您可以执行搜索并在一个位置查看所有这些注释。文件夹的主要弱点是想法可能会相互孤立，因此很难激发有趣的联系。标签可以通过为您的第二大脑注入连接来克服这一限制，从而更容易看到无视简单分类的跨学科主题和模式。
• Serendipity: “Serendipity takes a few different forms when it comes to retrieval. First, while using the previous retrieval methods, it is a good idea to keep your focus a little broad. Don’t begin and end your search with only the specific folder that matches your criteria. Make sure to look through related categories, such as similar projects, relevant areas, and different kinds of resources. Second, serendipity is amplified by visual patterns. This is why I strongly suggest saving not only text notes but images as well (which is difficult to do in other kinds of software such as word processors). Our brains are naturally attuned to visuals. We intuitively absorb colors and shapes in the blink of an eye, using far less energy than it takes to read words. Some digital notes apps allow you to display only the images saved in your notes, which is a powerful way of activating the more intuitive, visual parts of your brain. Third, sharing our ideas with others introduces a major element of serendipity. When you present an idea to another person, their reaction is inherently unpredictable. They will often be completely uninterested in an aspect you think is utterly fascinating; they aren’t necessarily right or wrong, but you can use that feedback either way. The reverse can also happen.”
  偶然性：“在检索方面，偶然性有几种不同的形式。首先，在使用以前的检索方法时，最好保持注意力分散。不要仅使用符合条件的特定文件夹开始和结束搜索。确保查看相关类别，例如类似项目、相关领域和不同类型的资源。其次，偶然性被视觉模式放大。这就是为什么我强烈建议不仅保存文本注释，还保存图像（这在其他类型的软件（如文字处理器）中很难做到）。我们的大脑自然而然地适应视觉效果。我们凭直觉在眨眼间吸收颜色和形状，使用的能量远远少于阅读单词所需的能量。一些数字笔记应用程序允许您仅显示保存在笔记中的图像，这是激活大脑中更直观、更直观的部分的有效方法。第三，与他人分享我们的想法引入了一个主要的偶然性因素。当你向另一个人提出一个想法时，他们的反应本质上是不可预测的。他们通常对你认为完全迷人的方面完全不感兴趣;它们不一定是对或错，但你可以以任何一种方式使用该反馈。反之亦然。

The Art of Creative Execution 创造性执行的艺术

“By the time you sit down to make progress on something, all the work to gather and organize the source material needs to already be done. We can’t expect ourselves to instantly come up with brilliant ideas ondemand. I learned that innovation and problem-solving depend on a routine that systematically brings interesting ideas to the surface of our awareness. All the steps of the CODE Method are designed to do one thing: to help you put your digital tools to work for you so that your human, fallible, endlessly creative first brain can do what it does best. Imagine. Invent. Innovate. Create. Building a Second Brain is really about standardizing the way we work, because we only really improve when we standardize the way we do something.”
“当你坐下来在某件事上取得进展时，收集和组织源材料的所有工作都需要已经完成。我们不能指望自己立即按需提出绝妙的想法。我了解到，创新和解决问题取决于一种例行程序，这种例行程序系统地将有趣的想法带到我们意识的表面。CODE方法的所有步骤都旨在做一件事：帮助您将数字工具为您工作，以便您的人类，易犯错，无休止的创造力的第一大脑可以做它最擅长的事情。想象。发明。创新。创造。建立第二大脑实际上是关于标准化我们的工作方式，因为只有当我们标准化我们做事的方式时，我们才会真正进步。

Convergence & Divergence: 收敛与发散：

• “If you look at the process of creating anything, it follows the same simple pattern, alternating back and forth between divergence and convergence.”
  “如果你看看创造任何东西的过程，它遵循相同的简单模式，在发散和收敛之间来回交替。
• “A creative endeavor begins with an act of divergence. You open the space of possibilities and consider as many options as possible.”
  “创造性的努力始于分歧行为。你打开了可能性的空间，并考虑尽可能多的选择。
• “The purpose of divergence is to generate new ideas, so the process is necessarily spontaneous, chaotic, and messy.”
  “分歧的目的是产生新的想法，所以这个过程必然是自发的、混乱的、混乱的。
• “Convergence forces us to eliminate options, make trade-offs, and decide what is truly essential. It is about narrowing the range of possibilities so that you can make forward progress and end up with a final result you are proud of. Convergence allows our work to take on a life of its own and become something separate from ourselves.”
  “趋同迫使我们消除选项，做出权衡，并决定什么是真正必要的。这是关于缩小可能性的范围，以便您可以向前迈进并最终获得您引以为豪的最终结果。融合使我们的工作具有自己的生命力，并成为与我们自己分开的东西。
• “The first two steps of CODE, Capture and Organize, make up divergence. They are about gathering seeds of imagination carried on the wind and storing them in a secure place. This is where you research, explore, and add ideas. The final two steps, Distill and Express, are about convergence. They help us shut the door to new ideas and begin constructing something new out of the knowledge building blocks we’ve assembled.”
  “CODE的前两个步骤，捕获和组织，弥补了分歧。它们是关于收集随风携带的想象力种子并将它们存放在一个安全的地方。这是您研究、探索和添加想法的地方。最后两个步骤，Distill和Express，是关于融合的。他们帮助我们关闭新想法的大门，并开始从我们收集的知识构建块中构建新的东西。

Archipelago of Ideas: 思想群岛：

• “To create an Archipelago of Ideas, you divergently gather a group of ideas, sources, or points that will form the backbone of your essay, presentation, or deliverable. Once you have a critical mass of ideas to work with, you switch decisively into convergence mode and link them together in an order that makes sense.”
  “为了创建一个思想群岛，你发散地收集一组想法、来源或观点，这些想法、来源或观点将构成你的论文、演示文稿或可交付成果的支柱。一旦你有足够数量的想法可以使用，你就会果断地切换到融合模式，并按照有意义的顺序将它们链接在一起。
• “An Archipelago of Ideas separates the two activities your brain has the most difficulty performing at the same time: choosing ideas (known as selection) and arranging them into a logical flow (known as sequencing). The reason it is so difficult to perform these activities simultaneously is they require different modes: selection is divergent, requiring an open state of mind that is willing to consider any possibility. Sequencing is convergent, requiring a more closed state of mind focused only on the material you already have in front of you.”
  “思想群岛将大脑最难同时执行的两项活动分开：选择想法（称为选择）并将它们排列成逻辑流（称为排序）。同时进行这些活动如此困难的原因是它们需要不同的模式：选择是发散的，需要一种愿意考虑任何可能性的开放心态。排序是收敛的，需要一种更封闭的心态，只关注你面前已经拥有的材料。