Oracle TDE wallet
1. 钱夹密码千万不能忘记，这也是使用TDE 需要承担的风险。
2. 只要将wallet cwallet.sso 拷贝过去，加密没有意义！
钱夹的备份
正如上述，已经加密过的表列或者表空间，钱夹必须打开才能够查询到里面的数据。如果钱夹丢失，那就意味着加密数据的丢失，所以钱夹的备份是及其重要的。钱夹一开始创建就应该得到有效的备份，放在不同的磁盘上。不要和数据库文件所在磁盘相同，这可以避免数据文件和钱夹同时被盗（当然了，如果同时被盗，想通过数据库查询加密数据，不知道钱夹的密码，也是无法查询到加密数据的）。
除了钱夹需要有效的备份之外，钱夹的密码千万不能忘记。如果忘记了钱夹密码，钱夹就无法打开，加密的数据也就无法查询到，这也就意味着加密数据的丢失。 Oracle 没有提供解决钱夹密码丢失的方法 。
综上，如果使用透明加密来加密数据，要想加密数据不丢失，必须做到两点：1. 钱夹必须存在（备份的重要性）；2. 钱夹的密码不能够忘记。
这以加密表空间为例：
用户连入数据库进行数据更新或者查询时，所涉及到的对象会自动加密或自动解密；
但加密表空间里的所有数据都是以加密的格式被存储在磁盘上，磁盘或备份介质被盗时，里面的数据也不会被盗取，因为里面是乱码的。
如果使用操作系统命令 strings 直接查看文件中内容，未加密表空间的数据文件中的内容为明文，而加密过表空间对应的数据文件中的内容则为乱码。
[root@ljw jiami]# strings books01.dbf （未加密）
}|{z
WORCL
BOOKS
name,
good,
note
[root@ljw jiami]# strings secure01.dbf （加密过）
MMFJ?8E
iHa!c
jVIa9`o
y8wt0
zcnf
。
（内存中为明文，硬盘中为密文）
（注：如果文件很大，则可以使用管道 head –n 行数 指定要显示的行数）
例： [oracle@ljw orcl]$ strings books01.dbf | head -n 3
结论：导出工具 EXP 无法导出加密过的表，具体测试如下：
（钱包打开和钱包关闭时，导出加密过的表进行测试）
钱包关闭时：
SQL> select * from dba_encrypted_columns;
SQL> select * from v$encryption_wallet;
CLOSED
[oracle@ljw backup]$ exp system/oracle tables=test.tde file=tde.dmp log=tde.log
About to export specified tables via Conventional Path ...
Current user changed to TEST
EXP-00107: Feature (COLUMN ENCRYPTION) of column DATA in table TEST.TDE is not supported. The table will not be exported.
Export terminated successfully with warnings.
钱包打开时：
SQL> alter system set encryption wallet open identified by "hzmcdba123";
[oracle@ljw backup]$ exp system/oracle tables=test.tde file=tde.dmp log=tde.log
Export: Release 11.2.0.4.0 - Production on Sat Jun 24 03:58:43 2017
About to export specified tables via Conventional Path ...
Current user changed to TEST
EXP-00107: Feature (COLUMN ENCRYPTION) of column DATA in table TEST.TDE is not supported. The table will not be exported.
Export terminated successfully with warnings.
结论：expdp 1. 导出时，钱包需要打开，否则都会报错。
2. 导出后，导入时，钱包也需要打开，否则也都会报错。
3. 导出后，导入另一个数据库，如果那个数据库没有钱夹，导入失败。如果那个数据库有钱夹，并且钱夹打开（测试中另一库中新建钱夹密码与原库不一样），也会导入成功，具体测试如下：
1. 导出时，钱包需要打开，否则都会报错
钱夹关闭：
SQL> select * from v$encryption_wallet;
CLOSED
导出：
[oracle@ljw backup]$ expdp system/oracle directory=dump_file_dir dumpfile=tde.dmp tables=test.tde
ORA-28365: wallet is not open
ORA-39173: Encrypted data has been stored unencrypted in dump file set.
Master table "SYSTEM"."SYS_EXPORT_TABLE_01" successfully loaded/unloaded
2. 导出后，导入时，钱包也需要打开，否则也都会报错
钱夹打开：
SQL> alter system set encryption wallet open identified by " hzmcdba123";
. . exported "TEST"."TDE" 5.570 KB 10 rows
ORA-39173: Encrypted data has been stored unencrypted in dump file set.
Master table "SYSTEM"."SYS_EXPORT_TABLE_01" successfully loaded/unloaded
******************************************************************************
Dump file set for SYSTEM.SYS_EXPORT_TABLE_01 is:
/oracle/backup/tde.dmp
Job "SYSTEM"."SYS_EXPORT_TABLE_01" completed with 1 error(s) at Sat Jun 24 04:33:44 2017 elapsed 0 00:00:06
导入同一个库：
钱夹关闭时导入：
SQL> alter system set encryption wallet close identified by "hzmcdba123";
[oracle@ljw backup]$ impdp system/oracle directory=dump_file_dir dumpfile=tde.dmp
Import: Release 11.2.0.4.0 - Production on Sat Jun 24 04:59:04 2017
ORA-28365: wallet is not open
钱夹打开导入：
SQL> alter system set encryption wallet open identified by "hzmcdba123";
System altered.
[oracle@ljw backup]$ impdp system/oracle directory=dump_file_dir dumpfile=tde.dmp
注：钱夹打开，从同一个库中导出后导入成功。
导入：（另一个库）
[oracle@ljw backup]$ impdp system/oracle directory=dump_file_dir dumpfile=tde.dmp
Starting "SYSTEM"."SYS_IMPORT_FULL_01": system/******** directory=dump_file_dir dumpfile=tde.dmp
Processing object type TABLE_EXPORT/TABLE/TABLE
ORA-39083: Object type TABLE:"TEST"."TDE" failed to create with error:
ORA-28365: wallet is not open
注：导入另一个库失败，因为没有启用透明加密钱夹。
创建钱包，导入
SQL> alter system set encryption key identified by "hzmcdba";
[oracle@ljw backup]$ impdp system/oracle directory=dump_file_dir dumpfile=tde.dmp
. . imported "TEST"."TDE" 5.570 KB 10 rows
Processing object type TABLE_EXPORT/TABLE/STATISTICS/TABLE_STATISTICS
Job "SYSTEM"."SYS_IMPORT_FULL_01" successfully completed at Sat Jun 24 05:41:37 2017 elapsed 0 00:00:04
注：导入另一库，需要有钱包，钱包打开即可。
结论：不管钱包是否打开都可以正常备份，恢复时需要打开钱包。
备份：
SQL> select table_name from user_tables where tablespace_name='ENCRYPTEDTBS';
钱夹关闭：
SQL> alter system set encryption wallet close identified by "hzmcdba123";
RMAN> backup datafile 7;
Starting Control File and SPFILE Autobackup at 24-JUN-17
piece handle=/oracle/app/product/11.2.0/db_1/dbs/c-1471212201-20170624-09 comment=NONE
Finished Control File and SPFILE Autobackup at 24-JUN-17
钱夹打开：
SQL> alter system set encryption wallet open identified by "hzmcdba123";
System altered.
RMAN> backup datafile 7;
Starting Control File and SPFILE Autobackup at 24-JUN-17
piece handle=/oracle/app/product/11.2.0/db_1/dbs/c-1471212201-20170624-0a comment=NONE
Finished Control File and SPFILE Autobackup at 24-JUN-17
恢复：
钱夹关闭：
[oracle@ljw orcl]$ rm secure01.dbf
1. 用之前关闭钱夹备份的备份集经进行恢复：
RMAN> restore datafile 7 from tag='TAG20170624T084727';
channel ORA_DISK_1: restored backup piece 1
channel ORA_DISK_1: restore complete, elapsed time: 00:00:01
Finished restore at 24-JUN-17
RMAN> recover datafile 7 from tag='TAG20170624T084727';
ORA-28365: wallet is not open
SQL> alter system set encryption wallet open identified by "hzmcdba123";
RMAN> recover datafile 7 from tag='TAG20170624T084727';
Finished recover at 24-JUN-17
2. 用打开钱夹备份的备份集经进行恢复：
RMAN> restore datafile 7 from tag='TAG20170624T084842';
Starting restore at 24-JUN-17
allocated channel: ORA_DISK_1
channel ORA_DISK_1: SID=17 device type=DISK
channel ORA_DISK_1: starting datafile backup set restore
channel ORA_DISK_1: specifying datafile(s) to restore from backup set
channel ORA_DISK_1: restoring datafile 00007 to /oracle/app/orcl/secure01.dbf
channel ORA_DISK_1: reading from backup piece /oracle/app/product/11.2.0/db_1/dbs/2vs7j77a_1_1
channel ORA_DISK_1: piece handle=/oracle/app/product/11.2.0/db_1/dbs/2vs7j77a_1_1 tag=TAG20170624T084842
channel ORA_DISK_1: restored backup piece 1
channel ORA_DISK_1: restore complete, elapsed time: 00:00:01
Finished restore at 24-JUN-17
RMAN> recover datafile 7 from tag='TAG20170624T084842';
ORA-28365: wallet is not open
SQL> alter system set encryption wallet open identified by "hzmcdba123";
System altered.
RMAN> recover datafile 7 from tag='TAG20170624T084842';
Starting recover at 24-JUN-17
using channel ORA_DISK_1
starting media recovery
media recovery complete, elapsed time: 00:00:00
Finished recover at 24-JUN-17
打开，数据能否可查测试（异地回复）
结论：数据文件可打开，加密数据可查（当然了，钱夹也拷过去，钱夹密码也知道）。
只拷贝数据文件，钱夹没有拷贝，加密数据不可查（模拟数据文件被盗）
情景一：
SQL> drop tablespace dabiao including contents and datafiles;
Tablespace dropped.
SQL> create tablespace dabiao datafile '/oracle/app/orcl/dabiao.dbf' size 100m autoextend on;
Tablespace created.
SQL> create table dabiao(id number,name varchar(10)) tablespace dabiao;
Table created.
SQL> begin
2 for i in 1 .. 10
3 loop
4 insert into dabiao values ( i, 'ljw' );
5 end loop;
6 commit;
7 end;
8 /
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.
SQL> alter table dabiao modify(name encrypt);
Table altered.
SQL> alter system set encryption wallet close identified by "hzmcdba";
System altered.
SQL> select * from dabiao;
select * from dabiao
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-28365: wallet is not open
关闭数据：
SQL> conn / as sysdba
Connected.
SQL> shutdown immediate;
Database closed.
Database dismounted.
ORACLE instance shut down.
scp -r /oracle/* [email protected]:/oracle/
另一台：
SQL> startup
ORACLE instance started.
Total System Global Area 784998400 bytes
Fixed Size 2257352 bytes
Variable Size 448794168 bytes
Database Buffers 331350016 bytes
Redo Buffers 2596864 bytes
Database mounted.
Database opened.
SQL> conn test/test;
Connected.
SQL> select * from dabiao;
select * from dabiao
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-28365: wallet is not open
SQL> alter system set encryption wallet open identified by "hzmcdba";
System altered.
SQL> select * from dabiao;
10 rows selected.
打开查询成功！
目标库：
相关文件被传过来
SQL> startup
ORACLE instance started.
Total System Global Area 784998400 bytes
Fixed Size 2257352 bytes
Variable Size 448794168 bytes
Database Buffers 331350016 bytes
Redo Buffers 2596864 bytes
Database mounted.
Database opened.
SQL> conn test/test;
Connected.
SQL> select * from tde;
select * from tde
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-28365: wallet is not open
SQL> alter system set encryption wallet open identified by "hzmcdba123";
alter system set encryption wallet open identified by "hzmcdba123"
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-28367: wallet does not exist
注：如果文件被盗，如果想通过数据库查看数据，已被加密的表是无法查询到数据的，因为有钱夹的保护。
，测试其随着表的变大，加密表空间大小和加密时间所需长短
结论： 1 . 当数据文件没有打开自动扩展，对表中列进行加密，空间不足时，加密会失败。
2 ．如下表所示（数据文件打开自动扩展）：
| 加密数据量 |
50 万行（ 8M ） |
100 万行（ 16M ） |
300 万行（ 49M ） |
| 加密前数据文件大小 |
100 |
100 |
100 |
| 加密后数据文件大小 |
100 |
119.25 |
345.5 |
| 加密前表空间 FREE 大小 |
91 |
83 |
50 |
| 加密前表大小 |
8 |
16 |
49 |
| 加密后表空间 FREE 大小 |
44 |
6.25 |
16.5 |
| 加密后表大小 |
55 |
112 |
328 |
| 加密所用时间 |
1 分钟 |
1 分 45 秒 |
5 分 35 秒 |
SQL> alter system set encryption wallet open identified by "hzmcdba";
System altered.
SQL> create tablespace dabiao datafile '/oracle/app/orcl/dabiao.dbf' size 100m;
Tablespace created.
SQL> create table dabiao(id number,name varchar(10)) tablespace dabiao;
Table created.
SQL> select tablespace_name ,sum(bytes)/1024/1024 from dba_data_files group by tablespace_name;
TABLESPACE_NAME SUM(BYTES)/1024/1024
------------------------------ --------------------
DABIAO 100
SYSAUX 600
UNDOTBS1 200
BOOKS 5
USERS 5
TEST 5
SYSTEM 700
7 rows selected.
SQL> select tablespace_name ,sum(bytes)/1024/1024 from dba_free_space group by tablespace_name;
TABLESPACE_NAME SUM(BYTES)/1024/1024
------------------------------ --------------------
DABIAO 99
SYSAUX 475.5
UNDOTBS1 189.5625
BOOKS 3.875
USERS 3.9375
TEST 3.9375
SYSTEM 423.9375
7 rows selected.
SQL> SELECT segment_name AS TABLENAME,BYTES/1024/1024||'M' FROM user_segments WHERE segment_name='DABIAO';
no rows selected
SQL> begin
2 for i in 1 .. 3000000
3 loop
4 insert into dabiao values ( i, 'ljw' );
5 end loop;
6 commit;
7 end;
8 /
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.
SQL> select tablespace_name ,sum(bytes)/1024/1024 from dba_free_space group by tablespace_name;
TABLESPACE_NAME SUM(BYTES)/1024/1024
------------------------------ --------------------
DABIAO 50
SYSAUX 475.5
UNDOTBS1 2
BOOKS 3.875
USERS 3.9375
TEST 3.9375
SYSTEM 423.9375
7 rows selected.
SQL> SELECT segment_name AS TABLENAME,BYTES/1024/1024||'M' FROM user_segments WHERE segment_name='DABIAO';
TABLENAME
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
BYTES/1024/1024||'M'
-----------------------------------------
DABIAO
49M
为该表加密
SQL> alter table dabiao modify(name encrypt);
alter table dabiao modify(name encrypt)
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-01653: unable to extend table TEST.DABIAO by 1024 in tablespace DABIAO
SQL> select tablespace_name ,sum(bytes)/1024/1024 from dba_free_space group by tablespace_name;
TABLESPACE_NAME SUM(BYTES)/1024/1024
------------------------------ --------------------
DABIAO 3
SYSAUX 475.5
UNDOTBS1 1.625
BOOKS 3.875
USERS 3.9375
TEST 3.9375
SYSTEM 423.9375
7 rows selected.
SQL> SELECT segment_name AS TABLENAME,BYTES/1024/1024||'M' FROM user_segments WHERE segment_name='DABIAO';
TABLENAME
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
BYTES/1024/1024||'M'
-----------------------------------------
DABIAO
96M
SQL> alter system set encryption wallet close identified by "hzmcdba";
System altered.
SQL> select * from dabiao where id > 2999995;
ID NAME
---------- ----------
2999996 ljw
2999997 ljw
2999998 ljw
2999999 ljw
3000000 ljw
结论：钱夹丢失后，恢复即可重新打开钱包。（重新创建一个一模一样的钱包是不可行的，无法查询到之前已经加密过的数据）
1. 备份钱包后，删掉钱包进行测试
数据库没关掉之前，加密的数据仍然是可查的
SQL> select * from tde;
关库重启
SQL> shutdown immediate;
SQL> startup;
SQL> select * from tde;
select * from tde
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-28365: wallet is not open
SQL> alter system set encryption wallet open identified by "hzmcdba123";
alter system set encryption wallet open identified by "hzmcdba123"
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-28367: wallet does not exist
把钱包恢复
[oracle@ljw db_1]$ cp ewallet.p12.bak ewallet.p12
SQL> alter system set encryption wallet open identified by "hzmcdba123";
System altered.
SQL> select * from tde;
ID DATA
---------- --------------------------------------------------
34 JSS
35 TEST
0 SYS
5 SYSTEM
31 APPQOSSYS
9 OUTLN
14 DIP
30 DBSNMP
32 WMSYS
21 ORACLE_OCM
10 rows selected.
数据可查
2. 重新创建一个一模一样钱夹可行性测试
删除钱夹文件
[oracle@ljw db_1]$ rm ewallet.p12
SQL> alter system set encryption wallet close identified by "hzmcdba123"; // 钱包可关闭
SQL> alter system set encryption wallet open identified by "hzmcdba123";
alter system set encryption wallet open identified by "hzmcdba123"
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-28367: wallet does not exist
SQL> alter system set encryption key identified by "hzmcdba123";
alter system set encryption key identified by "hzmcdba123"
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-28362: master key not found
重启
SQL> alter system set encryption key identified by "hzmcdba123";
alter system set encryption key identified by "hzmcdba123"
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-28396: rekey of enc$ dictionary table failed
虽然报错，但新的 wallet 文件还是生成了，上面的 ORA-28362 意指数据库中还存在有使用老的 masterkey 加密的 encryption key ，但这个老的 masterkey 没有包含在当前新建的 wallet 文件里
-rw-r--r-- 1 oracle oinstall 2845 Jun 25 07:11 ewallet.p12
SQL> select * from v$encryption_wallet;
WRL_TYPE
--------------------
WRL_PARAMETER
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
STATUS
------------------
file
/oracle/app/product/11.2.0/db_1
OPEN
SQL> select * from test.tde;
select * from test.tde
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-28362: master key not found
（重新建钱包不可行，只能有之前的备份进行恢复） 即使密码一样
场景九：钱夹的重建测试
结论：钱夹可以重建，但是重建后的钱夹不能查询使用旧钱夹中的主密钥加密的数据，即先前加密的数据丢失。
[oracle@ljw orcl]$ mv ewallet.p12 ewallet.p12.bak
SQL> select * from v$encryption_wallet;
WRL_TYPE
--------------------
WRL_PARAMETER
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
STATUS
------------------
file
/oracle/app/wallet/$ORACLE_SID
CLOSED
SQL> alter system set encryption key identified by "hzmcdba123";
alter system set encryption key identified by "hzmcdba123"
*
ERROR at line 1: （其实就是一条告警信息）
ORA-28362: master key not found
（新的 wallet 文件会生成。提示信息，上面的 ORA-28362 意指数据库中还存在有使用老的 masterkey 加密的 encryption key ，但这个老的 masterkey 没有包含在当前新建的 wallet 文件里，这意味着用老的 masterkey 加密的 encryption key 无法被解密，之前加密的数据不可访问，即数据丢失。）
（新的钱夹生成）
SQL> conn test/test;
Connected.
SQL> select * from v$encryption_wallet;
WRL_TYPE
--------------------
WRL_PARAMETER
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
STATUS
------------------
file
/oracle/app/wallet/$ORACLE_SID
OPEN
SQL> select * from tde; （之前加密的表tde ）
select * from tde
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-28362: master key not found
（之前加密的数据丢失）
SQL> create table new_tde (id number(10),data varchar2(50) encrypt);
Table created.
SQL> insert into new_tde select user_id,username from dba_users;
10 rows created.
SQL> select * from new_tde;
10 rows selected.
SQL> alter system set encryption wallet close identified by "hzmcdba123";
System altered.
SQL> select * from tde;
select * from tde
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-28365: wallet is not open
SQL> select * from new_tde;
select * from new_tde
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-28365: wallet is not open
结论：创建一个表（加密列），默认 salt ，不能再该加密列上创建索引。如果需要创建索引，必须指定为 no salt 。
SQL> select * from v$encryption_wallet;
OPEN
SQL> create table salt (id number,name varchar(10) encrypt);
SQL> insert into salt values(1,'dba');
SQL> create index salt_name_index on salt(name);
create index salt_name_index on salt(name)
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-28338: Column(s) cannot be both indexed and encrypted with salt
SQL> alter table salt modify(name encrypt no salt);
Table altered.
SQL> create index salt_name_index on salt(name);
Index created.
SQL> alter table salt modify(name encrypt salt);
alter table salt modify(name encrypt salt)
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-28338: Column(s) cannot be both indexed and encrypted with salt
SQL> drop index salt_name_index;
Index dropped.
SQL> alter table salt modify(name encrypt salt);
Table altered.
结论：主外键列不能够被加密
SQL> conn test/test;
Connected.
SQL> create table primarykey(id number,name varchar(10),constraint pkey primary key(name));
Table created.
SQL> insert into primarykey values(1,'hzmcdba');
1 row created.
SQL> create table foreignkey(name varchar(10),score number,constraint fkey foreign key(name) references primarykey(name));
Table created.
SQL> insert into foreignkey values('hzmcdba','98');
1 row created.
SQL> select * from v$encryption_wallet;
WRL_TYPE
--------------------
WRL_PARAMETER
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
STATUS
------------------
file
/oracle/app/product/11.2.0/db_1
CLOSED
SQL> alter system set encryption wallet open identified by "hzmcdba";
System altered.
SQL> select * from v$encryption_wallet;
WRL_TYPE
--------------------
WRL_PARAMETER
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
STATUS
------------------
file
/oracle/app/product/11.2.0/db_1
OPEN
为主键加密：
SQL> alter table primarykey modify(name encrypt);
alter table primarykey modify(name encrypt)
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-28335: referenced or referencing FK constraint column cannot be encrypted
为外键加密：
SQL> alter table foreignkey modify(name encrypt);
alter table foreignkey modify(name encrypt)
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-28335: referenced or referencing FK constraint column cannot be encrypted
结论： blob 字段不能被加密
SQL> alter table table_blob modify(ph encrypt);
alter table table_blob modify(ph encrypt)
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-43856: Unsupported LOB type for SECUREFILE LOB operation
结论：不能将加密列作为分区键，这样会导致，虽然表能成功创建，但是创建出来的表不是分区表的情况。但是不作为分区键的列，可以成为加密列。
创建加密表空间：
SQL> CREATE TABLESPACE encryptedtbs02
2 DATAFILE '/oracle/app/oradata/orcl/encryptedtbs02.dbf' SIZE 100M
3 ENCRYPTION USING 'AES256'
4 DEFAULT STORAGE(ENCRYPT);
Tablespace created.
SQL> CREATE TABLESPACE encryptedtbs03
2 DATAFILE '/oracle/app/oradata/orcl/encryptedtbs03.dbf' SIZE 100M
3 ENCRYPTION USING 'AES256'
4 DEFAULT STORAGE(ENCRYPT);
创建加密表：
CREATE TABLE test (
first_name VARCHAR2(128),
empID NUMBER ENCRYPT 'NOMAC' NO SALT ,
salary NUMBER(6)
)
partition by hash(empID)
(
partition part_01 tablespace encryptedtbs02,
partition part_02 tablespace encryptedtbs03
);
Table created.
虽然表是创建成功，但是有一个错误提示：
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-28346: an encrypted column cannot serve as a partitioning column
ora - 28346: 一个加密列不能作为分区列
那么我们去查询表的加密信息及分区信息：
SQL> select table_name,column_name from DBA_ENCRYPTED_COLUMNS;
TABLE_NAME COLUMN_NAME
------------------------------ ------------------------------
EMPLOYEE ID
TEST EMPID
SQL> select * from USER_TAB_PARTITIONS;
no rows selected
可以看到该表虽然创建成功，但是并没有分区成功 ，作为对比，我们创建另外一个分区列不是加密列的表：
CREATE TABLE test01 (
first_name VARCHAR2(128),
empID NUMBER ENCRYPT 'NOMAC' NO SALT ,
salary NUMBER(6)
)
partition by hash(first_name)
(
partition part_01 tablespace encryptedtbs02,
partition part_02 tablespace encryptedtbs03
);
Table created.
同样查询信息：
SQL> select table_name,column_name from DBA_ENCRYPTED_COLUMNS;
TABLE_NAME COLUMN_NAME
------------------------------ ------------------------------
EMPLOYEE ID
TEST EMPID
TEST01 EMPID
SQL> select table_name,partition_name,tablespace_name from USER_TAB_PARTITIONS where table_name='TEST01';
TABLE_NAME PARTITION_NAME TABLESPACE_NAME
------------------------------ ------------------------------ ------------------------------
TEST01 PART_01 ENCRYPTEDTBS02
TEST01 PART_02 ENCRYPTEDTBS03
结论：如果一台服务器上有多个数据库，创建一个钱夹即可使用于多个数据库。（钱夹的配置只需在 sqlnet.ora 中指定钱夹存放位置，然后 alter system set encryption wallet open identified by "hzmcdba" 创建钱夹，此时只有记住这个密码，这个钱夹 copy 到哪个数据库中都可以使用）但是不建议这样做， oracle 建议还是一个钱夹对一个库，具体测试看情节二。
情景一：
[oracle@ljw ~]$ export ORACLE_SID=test;
[oracle@ljw ~]$ echo $ORACLE_SID
test
[oracle@ljw ~]$ sqlplus / as sysdba;
SQL> show parameter db_name;
NAME TYPE VALUE
------------------------------------ ----------- ------------------------------
db_name string test
SQL> select * from v$encryption_wallet;
CLOSED
SQL> show user;
USER is "SYS"
SQL> alter system set encryption wallet open identified by "hzmcdba";
SQL> select * from v$encryption_wallet;
OPEN
SQL> create user test identified by "test";
User created.
SQL> grant dba to test;
Grant succeeded.
SQL> conn test/test;
Connected.
SQL> create table jiami(id number,name varchar(10) encrypt);
Table created.
SQL> insert into jiami values(1,'hzmcdba');
1 row created.
SQL> select * from jiami;
ID NAME
---------- ----------
1 hzmcdba
SQL> alter system set encryption wallet close identified by "hzmcdba";
System altered.
SQL> select * from jiami;
select * from jiami
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-28365: wallet is not open
情景二：
[oracle@ljw admin]$ vi sqlnet.ora
ENCRYPTION_WALLET_LOCATION=
(SOURCE=(METHOD=FILE)(METHOD_DATA=(DIRECTORY=/oracle/app/wallet/$ORACLE_SID)))
test 库：
SQL> exit
Disconnected from Oracle Database 11g Enterprise Edition Release 11.2.0.4.0 - 64bit Production
With the Partitioning, OLAP, Data Mining and Real Application Testing options
[oracle@ljw ~]$ sqlplus / as sysdba;
SQL*Plus: Release 11.2.0.4.0 Production on Fri Jun 30 08:29:37 2017
Copyright (c) 1982, 2013, Oracle. All rights reserved.
Connected to:
Oracle Database 11g Enterprise Edition Release 11.2.0.4.0 - 64bit Production
With the Partitioning, OLAP, Data Mining and Real Application Testing options
SQL> select * from v$encryption_wallet;
CLOSED
SQL> alter system set encryption key identified by "hzmcdba123";
alter system set encryption key identified by "hzmcdba123"
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-28362: master key not found （ 因为之前已经配置，钱包照样生成）
SQL> alter system set encryption wallet close identified by "hzmcdba123";
System altered.
SQL> alter system set encryption wallet open identified by "hzmcdba123";
System altered.
SQL> select * from v$encryption_wallet;
WRL_TYPE
--------------------
WRL_PARAMETER
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
STATUS
------------------
file
/oracle/app/wallet/$ORACLE_SID
OPEN
场景十五：数据库文件和自动打开钱夹文件被拷到另一台数据库上打开测试
结论：相关数据文件被拷贝到其他数据库进行打开，如果自动打开钱夹也被拷过去，能查询到被加密的数据。
[oracle@ljw orcl]$ orapki wallet create -wallet /oracle/app/wallet/orcl/ -auto_login_local
Oracle PKI Tool : Version 11.2.0.4.0 - Production
Copyright (c) 2004, 2013, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Enter wallet password:
SQL> shutdown immediate;
Database closed.
Database dismounted.
ORACLE instance shut down.
SQL> startup;
ORACLE instance started.
Total System Global Area 784998400 bytes
Fixed Size 2257352 bytes
Variable Size 448794168 bytes
Database Buffers 331350016 bytes
Redo Buffers 2596864 bytes
Database mounted.
Database opened.
SQL> select * from v$encryption_wallet;
WRL_TYPE
--------------------
WRL_PARAMETER
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
STATUS
------------------
file
/oracle/app/wallet/$ORACLE_SID
OPEN
SQL> shutdown immediate;
Database closed.
Database dismounted.
ORACLE instance shut down.
[oracle@ljw orcl]$ ls -rtl
total 8
-rw-r--r-- 1 oracle oinstall 2845 Jun 24 05:40 ewallet.p12
-rw------- 1 oracle oinstall 2923 Jul 4 01:15 cwallet.sso
[oracle@ljw orcl]$ scp * [email protected]:/oracle/app/orcl/
[email protected]'s password:
Permission denied, please try again.
[email protected]'s password:
books01.dbf 100% 5128KB 5.0MB/s 00:00
control01.ctl 100% 9840KB 9.6MB/s 00:00
control02.ctl 100% 9840KB 9.6MB/s 00:00
redo01.log 100% 50MB 50.0MB/s 00:01
redo02.log 100% 50MB 50.0MB/s 00:01
redo03.log 100% 50MB 50.0MB/s 00:00
sysaux01.dbf 100% 600MB 26.1MB/s 00:23
system01.dbf 100% 700MB 31.8MB/s 00:22
temp01.dbf 100% 20MB 20.0MB/s 00:00
test.dbf 100% 5128KB 5.0MB/s 00:00
test_tde 100% 5128KB 5.0MB/s 00:01
undotbs01.dbf 100% 1710MB 30.0MB/s 00:57
users01.dbf 100% 5128KB 5.0MB/s 00:00
[oracle@ljw dbs]$ scp * [email protected]:/oracle/app/product/11.2.0/db_1/dbs/
[email protected]'s password:
25s4jm22_1_1 100% 307MB 43.9MB/s 00:07
27s4k331_1_1 100% 279MB 23.3MB/s 00:12
arch1_152_944363414.dbf 100% 50MB 49.9MB/s 00:01
c-1471212201-20170519-00 100% 9664KB 9.4MB/s 00:00
c-1471212201-20170519-05 100% 9664KB 9.4MB/s 00:00
c-1471212201-20170519-06 100% 9664KB 9.4MB/s 00:00
c-1471212201-20170617-00 100% 9664KB 9.4MB/s 00:01
c-1471212201-20170617-01 100% 9664KB 9.4MB/s 00:01
c-1471212201-20170617-02 100% 9664KB 9.4MB/s 00:00
c-1471212201-20170617-03 100% 9664KB 9.4MB/s 00:00
c-1471212201-20170617-04 100% 9664KB 9.4MB/s 00:00
c-1471212201-20170617-05 100% 9664KB 9.4MB/s 00:01
c-1471212201-20170627-00 100% 9728KB 9.5MB/s 00:00
c-1471212201-20170627-01 100% 9792KB 9.6MB/s 00:01
c-1471212201-20170627-02 100% 9792KB 9.6MB/s 00:00
c-1471212201-20170627-03 100% 9920KB 9.7MB/s 00:00
c-1471212201-20170630-00 100% 9920KB 4.8MB/s 00:02
c-1471212201-20170630-01 100% 9920KB 9.7MB/s 00:00
hc_orcl.dat 100% 1544 1.5KB/s 00:00
hc_test.dat 100% 1544 1.5KB/s 00:00
init.ora 100% 2851 2.8KB/s 00:00
initTEST.ora 100% 705 0.7KB/s 00:00
lkORCL 100% 24 0.0KB/s 00:00
lkTEST 100% 24 0.0KB/s 00:00
orapworcl 100% 1536 1.5KB/s 00:00
orapwtest 100% 1536 1.5KB/s 00:00
snapcf_orcl.f 100% 9840KB 9.6MB/s 00:00
spfileorcl.ora 100% 2560 2.5KB/s 00:00
spfiletest.ora 100% 2560 2.5KB/s 00:00
[oracle@ljw orcl]$ scp cwallet.sso [email protected]:/oracle/app/wallet/orcl/
[email protected]'s password:
cwallet.sso 100% 2923 2.9KB/s 00:00
192.168.142.11 ：
[oracle@ljw admin]$ vi sqlnet.ora
ENCRYPTION_WALLET_LOCATION=
(SOURCE=(METHOD=FILE)(METHOD_DATA=(DIRECTORY=/oracle/app/wallet/orcl)))
SQL> startup
ORACLE instance started.
Total System Global Area 784998400 bytes
Fixed Size 2257352 bytes
Variable Size 448794168 bytes
Database Buffers 331350016 bytes
Redo Buffers 2596864 bytes
Database mounted.
Database opened.
SQL> select * from v$encryption_wallet;
WRL_TYPE
--------------------
WRL_PARAMETER
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
STATUS
------------------
file
/oracle/app/wallet/orcl
OPEN
SQL> select * from test.tde;
ID DATA
---------- --------------------------------------------------
34 JSS
35 TEST
0 SYS
5 SYSTEM
31 APPQOSSYS
9 OUTLN
14 DIP
30 DBSNMP
32 WMSYS
21 ORACLE_OCM
10 rows selected.
场景十六：对一张现有的表进行加密，是否影响其触发器测试
结论：对一张已有表进行加密，不会对其触发器产生影响
SQL> create table clean (id number(10),data varchar2(50));
Table created.
SQL> insert into clean select user_id,username from dba_users;
10 rows created.
SQL> create table del_clean (id number(10),data varchar2(50));
Table created.
SQL> create or replace trigger tr_del_clean
2 before delete
3 on clean
4 for each row
5 begin
6 insert into del_clean(id,data) values(:old.id,:old.data);
7 end;
8 /
Trigger created.
SQL> select * from clean;
ID DATA
---------- --------------------------------------------------
34 JSS
35 TEST
14 DIP
21 ORACLE_OCM
31 APPQOSSYS
30 DBSNMP
32 WMSYS
0 SYS
5 SYSTEM
9 OUTLN
10 rows selected.
SQL> delete clean where id=0;
1 row deleted.
SQL> select * from del_clean;
ID DATA
---------- --------------------------------------------------
0 SYS
SQL> select * from clean;
ID DATA
---------- --------------------------------------------------
34 JSS
35 TEST
14 DIP
21 ORACLE_OCM
31 APPQOSSYS
30 DBSNMP
32 WMSYS
5 SYSTEM
9 OUTLN
9 rows selected.
对表clean 进行加密：
SQL> alter table clean modify(data encrypt);
Table altered.
SQL> delete clean where id=5;
1 row deleted.
SQL> select * from clean;
ID DATA
---------- --------------------------------------------------
34 JSS
35 TEST
14 DIP
21 ORACLE_OCM
31 APPQOSSYS
30 DBSNMP
32 WMSYS
9 OUTLN
8 rows selected.
SQL> select * from del_clean;
ID DATA
---------- --------------------------------------------------
0 SYS
5 SYSTEM
1. 现有表空间是否能够直接加密？？？
验证结果：现有表空间 不能直接加密，但可以建个加密表空间，然后将该表空间中表move 到加密表空间中。
2. 钱夹密码忘记了怎么办，是否有恢复方法？？？
Oracle 没有提供解决钱夹密码丢失的方法。所以，钱夹密码千万不能忘记，这也是使用TDE 需要承担的风险。