玄冬Wong

类型转换:static_cast、dynamic_cast、reinterpret_cast和const_cast区别

原文：http://stackoverflow.com/questions/332030/when-should-static-cast-dynamic-cast-and-reinterpret-cast-be-used
static_cast is the first cast you should attempt to use. It does things like implicit conversions between types (such as int to float, or pointer to void*), and it can also call explicit conversion functions (or implicit ones). In many cases, explicitly stating static_cast isn't necessary, but it's important to note that the T(something) syntax is equivalent to (T)something and should be avoided (more on that later). A T(something, something_else) is safe, however, and guaranteed to call the constructor.

static_cast can also cast through inheritance hierarchies. It is unnecessary when casting upwards (towards a base class), but when casting downwards it can be used as long as it doesn't cast through virtual inheritance. It does not do checking, however, and it is undefined behavior to static_cast down a hierarchy to a type that isn't actually the type of the object.

const_cast can be used to remove or add const to a variable; no other C++ cast is capable of removing it (not even reinterpret_cast). It is important to note that using it is only undefined if the orginial variable is const; if you use it to take the const off a reference to something that wasn't declared with const, it is safe. This can be useful when overloading member functions based on const, for instance. It can also be used to add const to an object, such as to call a member function overload.

const_cast also works similarly on volatile, though that's less common.

dynamic_cast is almost exclusively used for handling polymorphism. You can cast a pointer or reference to any polymorphic type to any other class type (a polymorphic type has at least one virtual function, declared or inherited). You don't have to use it to cast downwards, you can cast sideways or even up another chain. The dynamic_cast will seek out the desired object and return it if possible. If it can't, it will return NULL in the case of a pointer, or throw std::bad_cast in the case of a reference.

dynamic_cast has some limitations, though. It doesn't work if there are multiple objects of the same type in the inheritance hierarchy (the so-called 'dreaded diamond') and you aren't using virtual inheritance. It also can only go through public inheritance - it will always fail to travel through protected or private inheritance. This is rarely an issue, however, as such forms of inheritance are rare.

reinterpret_cast is the most dangerous cast, and should be used very sparingly. It turns one type directly into another - such as casting the value from one pointer to another, or storing a pointer in an int, or all sorts of other nasty things. Largely, the only guarantee you get with reinterpret_cast is that if you cast the result back to the original type, you will get the same value. There are a number of conversions that reinterpret_cast cannot do, too. It's used primarily for particularly weird conversions and bit manipulations, like turning a raw data stream into actual data, or storing data in the low bits of an aligned pointer.

C casts are casts using (type)object or type(object). A C-style cast is defined as the first of the following which succeeds:

const_cast
static_cast
static_cast, then const_cast
reinterpret_cast
reinterpret_cast, then const_cast

It can therefore be used as a replacement for other casts in some instances, but can be extremely dangerous because of the ability to devolve into a reinterpret_cast, and the latter should be preferred when explicit casting is needed, unless you are sure static_cast will succeed or reinterpret_cast will fail. Even then, consider the longer, more explicit option.

C-style casts also ignore access control when performing a static_cast, which means that they have the ability to perform an operation that no other cast can. This is mostly a kludge, though, and in my mind is just another reason to avoid C-style casts.

I hope this helps!

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原文：http://read.newbooks.com.cn/info/50236.html
C 风格（C-style）强制转型如下：

(T) exdivssion // cast exdivssion to be of type T

函数风格（Function-style）强制转型使用这样的语法：

T(exdivssion) // cast exdivssion to be of type T

这两种形式之间没有本质上的不同，它纯粹就是一个把括号放在哪的问题。我把这两种形式称为旧风格（old-style）的强制转型。

使用标准C++的类型转换符：static_cast、dynamic_cast、reinterdivt_cast、和const_cast。

3.1 static_cast
用法：static_cast < type-id > ( exdivssion )
该运算符把exdivssion转换为type-id类型，但没有运行时类型检查来保证转换的安全性。它主要有如下几种用法：
①用于类层次结构中基类和子类之间指针或引用的转换。
　　进行上行转换（把子类的指针或引用转换成基类表示）是安全的；
　　进行下行转换（把基类指针或引用转换成子类表示）时，由于没有动态类型检查，所以是不安全的。
②用于基本数据类型之间的转换，如把int转换成char，把int转换成enum。这种转换的安全性也要开发人员来保证。
③把空指针转换成目标类型的空指针。
④把任何类型的表达式转换成void类型。

注意：static_cast不能转换掉exdivssion的const、volitale、或者__unaligned属性。

3.2 dynamic_cast
用法：dynamic_cast < type-id > ( exdivssion )
该运算符把exdivssion转换成type-id类型的对象。Type-id必须是类的指针、类的引用或者void *；
如果type-id是类指针类型，那么exdivssion也必须是一个指针，如果type-id是一个引用，那么exdivssion也必须是一个引用。

dynamic_cast主要用于类层次间的上行转换和下行转换，还可以用于类之间的交叉转换。
在类层次间进行上行转换时，dynamic_cast和static_cast的效果是一样的；
在进行下行转换时，dynamic_cast具有类型检查的功能，比static_cast更安全。
class B{
public:
int m_iNum;
virtual void foo();
};

class D:public B{
public:
char *m_szName[100];
};

void func(B *pb){
D *pd1 = static_cast(pb);
D *pd2 = dynamic_cast(pb);
}

在上面的代码段中，如果pb指向一个D类型的对象，pd1和pd2是一样的，并且对这两个指针执行D类型的任何操作都是安全的；
但是，如果pb指向的是一个B类型的对象，那么pd1将是一个指向该对象的指针，对它进行D类型的操作将是不安全的（如访问m_szName），
而pd2将是一个空指针。

另外要注意：B要有虚函数，否则会编译出错；static_cast则没有这个限制。
这是由于运行时类型检查需要运行时类型信息，而这个信息存储在类的虚函数表（
关于虚函数表的概念，详细可见）中，只有定义了虚函数的类才有虚函数表，
没有定义虚函数的类是没有虚函数表的。

另外，dynamic_cast还支持交叉转换（cross cast）。如下代码所示。
class A{
public:
int m_iNum;
virtual void f(){}
};

class B:public A{
};

class D:public A{
};

void foo(){
B *pb = new B;
pb->m_iNum = 100;

D *pd1 = static_cast(pb); //compile error
D *pd2 = dynamic_cast(pb); //pd2 is NULL
delete pb;
}

在函数foo中，使用static_cast进行转换是不被允许的，将在编译时出错；而使用 dynamic_cast的转换则是允许的，结果是空指针。

3.3 reindivter_cast
用法：reindivter_cast (exdivssion)
type-id必须是一个指针、引用、算术类型、函数指针或者成员指针。
它可以把一个指针转换成一个整数，也可以把一个整数转换成一个指针（先把一个指针转换成一个整数，
在把该整数转换成原类型的指针，还可以得到原先的指针值）。

该运算符的用法比较多。

3.4 const_cast
用法：const_cast (exdivssion)
该运算符用来修改类型的const或volatile属性。除了const 或volatile修饰之外， type_id和exdivssion的类型是一样的。
常量指针被转化成非常量指针，并且仍然指向原来的对象；
常量引用被转换成非常量引用，并且仍然指向原来的对象；常量对象被转换成非常量对象。

Voiatile和const类试。举如下一例：
class B{
public:
int m_iNum;
}
void foo(){
const B b1;
b1.m_iNum = 100; //comile error
B b2 = const_cast(b1);
b2. m_iNum = 200; //fine
}
上面的代码编译时会报错，因为b1是一个常量对象，不能对它进行改变；
使用const_cast把它转换成一个常量对象，就可以对它的数据成员任意改变。注意：b1和b2是两个不同的对象。

== ===========================================

== dynamic_cast .vs. static_cast
== ===========================================

class B { ... };
class D : public B { ... };

void f(B* pb)
{

D* pd1 = dynamic_cast(pb);

D* pd2 = static_cast(pb);
}

If pb really points to an object of type D, then pd1 and pd2 will get the same value. They will also get the same value if pb == 0.

If pb points to an object of type B and not to the complete D class, then dynamic_cast will know enough to return zero. However, static_cast relies on the programmer’s assertion that pb points to an object of type D and simply returns a pointer to that supposed D object.

即dynamic_cast可用于继承体系中的向下转型，即将基类指针转换为派生类指针，比static_cast更严格更安全。dynamic_cast在执行效率上比static_cast要差一些，但static_cast在更宽上范围内可以完成映射，这种不加限制的映射伴随着不安全性。static_cast覆盖的变换类型除类层次的静态导航以外，还包括无映射变换、窄化变换(这种变换会导致对象切片,丢失信息)、用VOID*的强制变换、隐式类型变换等...

== ===========================================
== static_cast .vs. reinterdivt_cast
== ================================================

reinterdivt_cast是为了映射到一个完全不同类型的意思，这个关键词在我们需要把类型映射回原有类型时用到它。我们映射到的类型仅仅是为了故弄玄虚和其他目的，这是所有映射中最危险的。(这句话是C++编程思想中的原话)

static_cast 和 reinterdivt_cast 操作符修改了操作数类型。它们不是互逆的； static_cast 在编译时使用类型信息执行转换，在转换执行必要的检测(诸如指针越界计算, 类型检查). 其操作数相对是安全的。另一方面；reinterdivt_cast 仅仅是重新解释了给出的对象的比特模型而没有进行二进制转换，例子如下：

int n=9; double d=static_cast < double > (n);

上面的例子中, 我们将一个变量从 int 转换到 double。这些类型的二进制表达式是不同的。要将整数 9 转换到双精度整数 9，static_cast 需要正确地为双精度整数 d 补足比特位。其结果为 9.0。而reinterdivt_cast 的行为却不同:

int n=9;

double d=reinterdivt_cast (n);

这次, 结果有所不同. 在进行计算以后, d 包含无用值. 这是因为 reinterdivt_cast 仅仅是复制 n 的比特位到 d, 没有进行必要的分析.

因此, 你需要谨慎使用 reinterdivt_cast.

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类型转换:static_cast、dynamic_cast、reinterpret_cast和const_cast区别

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