【Python入门系列】第八篇：Python中GUI编程和图形界面设计
文章目录
- 前言
- 一、Tkinter、PyQt和wxPython库简单使用
-
- 1、Tkinter简单使用
- 2、PyQt简单使用
- 3、wxPython简单使用
- 二、Tkinter、PyQt和wxPython库实现计算器
-
- 1、Tkinter实现计算器
- 2、PyQt实现计算器
- 3、wxPython实现计算器
- 三、Tkinter、PyQt和wxPython库简单QQ聊天
-
- 1、Tkinter实现QQ聊天
- 2、PyQt实现QQ聊天
- 3、wxPython实现QQ聊天
- 四、Tkinter、PyQt和wxPython库贪吃蛇游戏
-
- 1、Tkinter实现贪吃蛇游戏
- 2、PyQt实现贪吃蛇游戏
- 总结
前言
Python中的GUI编程是指使用Python语言创建图形用户界面（GUI）的过程。通过GUI，用户可以与程序进行交互，通过按钮、菜单、文本框等控件来操作程序。
Python提供了多个库和框架来实现GUI编程，其中最常用的是Tkinter、wxPython、PyQt和PyGTK等。这些库提供了丰富的控件和功能，使开发者能够轻松地创建各种类型的图形界面。
在GUI编程中，通常使用窗口（Window）作为程序的主要界面。可以在窗口中添加各种控件，如按钮、标签、文本框、复选框等，用于与用户进行交互。通过事件处理机制，可以对用户的操作进行响应，执行相应的函数或方法。
图形界面设计是指创建具有良好用户体验的界面。在设计过程中，需要考虑界面布局、颜色搭配、控件的摆放位置等因素，以确保用户能够方便地使用程序。
一、Tkinter、PyQt和wxPython库简单使用
1、Tkinter简单使用
Tkinter 是 Python 中常用的 GUI 编程库，用于创建图形用户界面。下面是 Tkinter 的简单使用说明：
- 导入 Tkinter 模块：
import tkinter as tk
- 创建主窗口：
root = tk.Tk()
- 添加控件：
可以添加各种控件，如标签、按钮、文本框等。例如，添加一个标签和一个按钮：
label = tk.Label(root, text="Hello, Tkinter!")
button = tk.Button(root, text="Click me!")
- 布局控件：
使用网格布局（grid）或包装布局（pack）来安排控件的位置。例如，使用网格布局将标签和按钮放置在窗口中：
label.grid(row=0, column=0)
button.grid(row=1, column=0)
- 运行主循环：
root.mainloop()
完整代码：
import tkinter as tk
# 创建主窗口
window = tk.Tk()
window.title("GUI编程示例")
# 创建标签
label = tk.Label(window, text="欢迎来到GUI编程！", font=("Arial", 16))
label.pack()
# 创建按钮
button = tk.Button(window, text="点击我！", command=lambda: print("你点击了按钮！"))
button.pack()
# 运行主循环
window.mainloop()
2、PyQt简单使用
PyQt 是 Python 中常用的 GUI 编程库，用于创建图形用户界面。下面是 PyQt 的简单使用说明：
- 导入 PyQt 模块：
from PyQt5 import QtWidgets
- 创建应用程序对象：
app = QtWidgets.QApplication([])
- 创建主窗口：
window = QtWidgets.QMainWindow()
- 添加控件：
可以添加各种控件，如标签、按钮、文本框等。例如，添加一个标签和一个按钮：
label = QtWidgets.QLabel("Hello, PyQt!")
button = QtWidgets.QPushButton("Click me!")
- 设置布局：
使用布局管理器来安排控件的位置和大小。常用的布局管理器有 QVBoxLayout、QHBoxLayout、QGridLayout 等。例如，使用 QVBoxLayout 将标签和按钮放置在窗口中：
layout = QtWidgets.QVBoxLayout()
layout.addWidget(label)
layout.addWidget(button)
- 将布局设置给主窗口：
central_widget = QtWidgets.QWidget()
central_widget.setLayout(layout)
window.setCentralWidget(central_widget)
- 显示窗口：
window.show()
- 运行应用程序的主循环：
app.exec_()
完整代码：
from PyQt5 import QtWidgets
# 创建应用程序
app = QtWidgets.QApplication([])
# 创建主窗口
window = QtWidgets.QWidget()
window.setWindowTitle("GUI编程示例")
# 创建标签
label = QtWidgets.QLabel("欢迎来到GUI编程！")
label.setFont(QtWidgets.QFont("Arial", 16))
# 创建按钮
button = QtWidgets.QPushButton("点击我！")
button.clicked.connect(lambda: print("你点击了按钮！"))
# 创建布局
layout = QtWidgets.QVBoxLayout()
layout.addWidget(label)
layout.addWidget(button)
# 设置主窗口布局
window.setLayout(layout)
# 显示主窗口
window.show()
# 运行应用程序
app.exec_()
3、wxPython简单使用
wxPython 是 Python 中常用的 GUI 编程库，用于创建图形用户界面。下面是 wxPython 的简单使用说明：
- 导入 wxPython 模块：
import wx
- 创建应用程序对象：
app = wx.App()
- 创建顶级窗口：
frame = wx.Frame(None, title="Hello, wxPython!")
- 添加控件：
可以添加各种控件，如标签、按钮、文本框等。例如，添加一个标签和一个按钮：
panel = wx.Panel(frame)
label = wx.StaticText(panel, label="Hello, wxPython!")
button = wx.Button(panel, label="Click me!")
- 设置布局：
使用布局管理器来安排控件的位置和大小。常用的布局管理器有 BoxSizer、GridSizer、FlexGridSizer 等。例如，使用 BoxSizer 将标签和按钮放置在窗口中：
sizer = wx.BoxSizer(wx.VERTICAL)
sizer.Add(label, 0, wx.ALL, 10)
sizer.Add(button, 0, wx.ALL, 10)
panel.SetSizer(sizer)
- 显示窗口：
frame.Show()
- 运行应用程序的主循环：
app.MainLoop()
完整代码：
import wx
# 创建应用程序
app = wx.App()
# 创建主窗口
frame = wx.Frame(None, title="GUI编程示例")
# 创建面板
panel = wx.Panel(frame)
# 创建标签
label = wx.StaticText(panel, label="欢迎来到GUI编程！", pos=(50, 50))
label.SetFont(wx.Font(16, wx.FONTFAMILY_DEFAULT, wx.FONTSTYLE_NORMAL, wx.FONTWEIGHT_NORMAL))
# 创建按钮
button = wx.Button(panel, label="点击我！", pos=(50, 100))
button.Bind(wx.EVT_BUTTON, lambda event: print("你点击了按钮！"))
# 显示主窗口
frame.Show()
# 运行应用程序
app.MainLoop()
二、Tkinter、PyQt和wxPython库实现计算器
1、Tkinter实现计算器
import tkinter as tk
def calculate():
expression = entry.get()
try:
result = eval(expression)
result_label.config(text="结果： " + str(result))
except:
result_label.config(text="无效的表达式")
def clear():
entry.delete(0, tk.END)
result_label.config(text="结果：")
window = tk.Tk()
window.title("复杂计算器")
entry = tk.Entry(window, width=30)
entry.pack()
button_frame = tk.Frame(window)
button_frame.pack()
calculate_button = tk.Button(button_frame, text="计算", command=calculate)
calculate_button.grid(row=0, column=0)
clear_button = tk.Button(button_frame, text="清除", command=clear)
clear_button.grid(row=0, column=1)
result_label = tk.Label(window, text="结果：")
result_label.pack()
window.mainloop()
2、PyQt实现计算器
from PyQt5 import QtWidgets
class Calculator(QtWidgets.QWidget):
def __init__(self):
super().__init__()
self.setWindowTitle("复杂计算器")
self.layout = QtWidgets.QVBoxLayout()
self.entry = QtWidgets.QLineEdit()
self.layout.addWidget(self.entry)
button_frame = QtWidgets.QWidget()
button_layout = QtWidgets.QHBoxLayout(button_frame)
self.layout.addWidget(button_frame)
calculate_button = QtWidgets.QPushButton("计算")
calculate_button.clicked.connect(self.calculate)
button_layout.addWidget(calculate_button)
clear_button = QtWidgets.QPushButton("清除")
clear_button.clicked.connect(self.clear)
button_layout.addWidget(clear_button)
self.result_label = QtWidgets.QLabel("结果：")
self.layout.addWidget(self.result_label)
self.setLayout(self.layout)
def calculate(self):
expression = self.entry.text()
try:
result = eval(expression)
self.result_label.setText("结果： " + str(result))
except:
self.result_label.setText("无效的表达式")
def clear(self):
self.entry.clear()
self.result_label.setText("结果：")
app = QtWidgets.QApplication([])
calculator = Calculator()
calculator.show()
app.exec_()
3、wxPython实现计算器
import wx
class CalculatorFrame(wx.Frame):
def __init__(self):
super().__init__(parent=None, title="复杂计算器")
self.panel = wx.Panel(self)
self.entry = wx.TextCtrl(self.panel)
self.calculate_button = wx.Button(self.panel, label="计算")
self.clear_button = wx.Button(self.panel, label="清除")
self.result_label = wx.StaticText(self.panel, label="结果：")
self.calculate_button.Bind(wx.EVT_BUTTON, self.calculate)
self.clear_button.Bind(wx.EVT_BUTTON, self.clear)
sizer = wx.BoxSizer(wx.VERTICAL)
sizer.Add(self.entry, proportion=1, flag=wx.EXPAND)
sizer.Add(self.calculate_button, flag=wx.EXPAND)
sizer.Add(self.clear_button, flag=wx.EXPAND)
sizer.Add(self.result_label, flag=wx.EXPAND)
self.panel.SetSizer(sizer)
def calculate(self, event):
expression = self.entry.GetValue()
try:
result = eval(expression)
self.result_label.SetLabel("结果： " + str(result))
except:
self.result_label.SetLabel("无效的表达式")
def clear(self, event):
self.entry.Clear()
self.result_label.SetLabel("结果：")
app = wx.App()
frame = CalculatorFrame()
frame.Show()
app.MainLoop()
三、Tkinter、PyQt和wxPython库简单QQ聊天
1、Tkinter实现QQ聊天
import tkinter as tk
def send_message():
message = entry.get()
# 发送消息的逻辑处理
print("发送消息:", message)
entry.delete(0, tk.END)
window = tk.Tk()
window.title("QQ聊天系统")
window.geometry("400x300")
message_box = tk.Text(window)
message_box.pack(pady=10)
entry = tk.Entry(window)
entry.pack(pady=10)
send_button = tk.Button(window, text="发送", command=send_message)
send_button.pack()
window.mainloop()
2、PyQt实现QQ聊天
from PyQt5 import QtWidgets
def send_message():
message = entry.text()
# 发送消息的逻辑处理
print("发送消息:", message)
entry.clear()
app = QtWidgets.QApplication([])
window = QtWidgets.QWidget()
window.setWindowTitle("QQ聊天系统")
window.setGeometry(100, 100, 400, 300)
message_box = QtWidgets.QTextEdit(window)
message_box.setGeometry(10, 10, 380, 200)
entry = QtWidgets.QLineEdit(window)
entry.setGeometry(10, 220, 300, 30)
send_button = QtWidgets.QPushButton(window, text="发送")
send_button.setGeometry(320, 220, 60, 30)
send_button.clicked.connect(send_message)
window.show()
app.exec_()
3、wxPython实现QQ聊天
import wx
class ChatWindow(wx.Frame):
def __init__(self):
super().__init__(None, title="QQ聊天系统", size=(400, 300))
panel = wx.Panel(self)
sizer = wx.BoxSizer(wx.VERTICAL)
self.message_box = wx.TextCtrl(panel, style=wx.TE_MULTILINE)
sizer.Add(self.message_box, 1, wx.EXPAND | wx.ALL, 10)
self.entry = wx.TextCtrl(panel)
sizer.Add(self.entry, 0, wx.EXPAND | wx.ALL, 10)
send_button = wx.Button(panel, label="发送")
sizer.Add(send_button, 0, wx.ALIGN_CENTER | wx.ALL, 10)
send_button.Bind(wx.EVT_BUTTON, self.send_message)
panel.SetSizer(sizer)
self.Show()
def send_message(self, event):
message = self.entry.GetValue()
# 发送消息的逻辑处理
print("发送消息:", message)
self.entry.Clear()
app = wx.App()
ChatWindow()
app.MainLoop()
四、Tkinter、PyQt和wxPython库贪吃蛇游戏
1、Tkinter实现贪吃蛇游戏
import tkinter as tk
import random
WIDTH = 400
HEIGHT = 400
DELAY = 100
DOT_SIZE = 20
class SnakeGame(tk.Canvas):
def __init__(self, master):
super().__init__(master, width=WIDTH, height=HEIGHT, background="black")
self.snake = [(100, 100), (80, 100), (60, 100)]
self.direction = "Right"
self.food = self.create_food()
self.score = 0
self.bind_all("" , self.on_key_press)
self.pack()
self.after(DELAY, self.move_snake)
def create_food(self):
x = random.randint(1, (WIDTH-DOT_SIZE) / DOT_SIZE) * DOT_SIZE
y = random.randint(1, (HEIGHT-DOT_SIZE) / DOT_SIZE) * DOT_SIZE
return self.create_oval(x, y, x+DOT_SIZE, y+DOT_SIZE, fill="white")
def move_snake(self):
head_x, head_y = self.snake[0]
if self.direction == "Right":
new_head = (head_x + DOT_SIZE, head_y)
elif self.direction == "Left":
new_head = (head_x - DOT_SIZE, head_y)
elif self.direction == "Up":
new_head = (head_x, head_y - DOT_SIZE)
else:
new_head = (head_x, head_y + DOT_SIZE)
self.snake.insert(0, new_head)
if self.check_collision():
self.game_over()
else:
self.delete(self.snake[-1])
if self.snake[0] == self.food:
self.score += 1
self.create_food()
else:
self.snake.pop()
for x, y in self.snake:
self.create_rectangle(x, y, x+DOT_SIZE, y+DOT_SIZE, fill="green")
self.after(DELAY, self.move_snake)
def check_collision(self):
head_x, head_y = self.snake[0]
return (
head_x < 0 or
head_x >= WIDTH or
head_y < 0 or
head_y >= HEIGHT or
(head_x, head_y) in self.snake[1:]
)
def game_over(self):
self.delete(tk.ALL)
self.create_text(
WIDTH/2, HEIGHT/2,
text=f"Game Over! Score: {self.score}",
fill="white",
font=("Arial", 20),
)
def on_key_press(self, event):
key = event.keysym
if key == "Right" and self.direction != "Left":
self.direction = "Right"
elif key == "Left" and self.direction != "Right":
self.direction = "Left"
elif key == "Up" and self.direction != "Down":
self.direction = "Up"
elif key == "Down" and self.direction != "Up":
self.direction = "Down"
root = tk.Tk()
root.title("Snake Game")
snake_game = SnakeGame(root)
root.mainloop()
2、PyQt实现贪吃蛇游戏
from PyQt5 import QtWidgets, QtCore, QtGui
import random
WIDTH = 400
HEIGHT = 400
DELAY = 100
DOT_SIZE = 20
class SnakeGame(QtWidgets.QWidget):
def __init__(self):
super().__init__()
self.snake = [(100, 100), (80, 100), (60, 100)]
self.direction = "Right"
self.food = self.create_food()
self.score = 0
self.timer = QtCore.QTimer(self)
self.timer.timeout.connect(self.move_snake)
self.timer.start(DELAY)
self.setWindowTitle("贪吃蛇游戏")
self.setGeometry(100, 100, WIDTH, HEIGHT)
self.show()
def paintEvent(self, event):
qp = QtGui.QPainter()
qp.begin(self)
self.draw_snake(qp)
self.draw_food(qp)
qp.end()
def draw_snake(self, qp):
qp.setBrush(QtGui.QColor(0, 255, 0))
for x, y in self.snake:
qp.drawRect(x, y, DOT_SIZE, DOT_SIZE)
def draw_food(self, qp):
qp.setBrush(QtGui.QColor(255, 255, 255))
qp.drawEllipse(*self.food, DOT_SIZE, DOT_SIZE)
def create_food(self):
x = random.randint(1, (WIDTH-DOT_SIZE) / DOT_SIZE) * DOT_SIZE
y = random.randint(1, (HEIGHT-DOT_SIZE) / DOT_SIZE) * DOT_SIZE
return (x, y)
def move_snake(self):
head_x, head_y = self.snake[0]
if self.direction == "Right":
new_head = (head_x + DOT_SIZE, head_y)
elif self.direction == "Left":
new_head = (head_x - DOT_SIZE, head_y)
elif self.direction == "Up":
new_head = (head_x, head_y - DOT_SIZE)
else:
new_head = (head_x, head_y + DOT_SIZE)
self.snake.insert(0, new_head)
if self.check_collision():
self.game_over()
else:
self.snake.pop()
if self.snake[0] == self.food:
self.score += 1
self.create_food()
self.update()
def check_collision(self):
head_x, head_y = self.snake[0]
return (
head_x < 0 or
head_x >= WIDTH or
head_y < 0 or
head_y >= HEIGHT or
(head_x, head_y) in self.snake[1:]
)
def game_over(self):
self.timer.stop()
QtWidgets.QMessageBox.information(self, "游戏结束", f"游戏结束！得分: {self.score}")
def keyPressEvent(self, event):
key = event.key()
if key == QtCore.Qt.Key_Right and self.direction != "Left":
self.direction = "Right"
elif key == QtCore.Qt.Key_Left and self.direction != "Right":
self.direction = "Left"
elif key == QtCore.Qt.Key_Up and self.direction != "Down":
self.direction = "Up"
elif key == QtCore.Qt.Key_Down and self.direction != "Up":
self.direction = "Down"
app = QtWidgets.QApplication([])
snake_game = SnakeGame()
app.exec_()```
## 3、wxPython实现贪吃蛇游戏
```csharp
import wx
import random
WIDTH = 400
HEIGHT = 400
DELAY = 100
DOT_SIZE = 20
class SnakeGame(wx.Frame):
def __init__(self):
super().__init__(None, title="贪吃蛇游戏", size=(WIDTH, HEIGHT))
self.snake = [(100, 100), (80, 100), (60, 100)]
self.direction = "Right"
self.food = self.create_food()
self.score = 0
self.timer = wx.Timer(self)
self.Bind(wx.EVT_TIMER, self.move_snake, self.timer)
self.timer.Start(DELAY)
self.Bind(wx.EVT_PAINT, self.on_paint)
self.Bind(wx.EVT_KEY_DOWN, self.on_key_down)
self.Centre()
self.Show()
def on_paint(self, event):
dc = wx.PaintDC(self)
self.draw_snake(dc)
self.draw_food(dc)
def draw_snake(self, dc):
dc.SetBrush(wx.Brush(wx.Colour(0, 255, 0)))
for x, y in self.snake:
dc.DrawRectangle(x, y, DOT_SIZE, DOT_SIZE)
def draw_food(self, dc):
dc.SetBrush(wx.Brush(wx.Colour(255, 255, 255)))
dc.DrawCircle(*self.food, DOT_SIZE//2)
def create_food(self):
x = random.randint(1, (WIDTH-DOT_SIZE) // DOT_SIZE) * DOT_SIZE
y = random.randint(1, (HEIGHT-DOT_SIZE) // DOT_SIZE) * DOT_SIZE
return (x, y)
def move_snake(self, event):
head_x, head_y = self.snake[0]
if self.direction == "Right":
new_head = (head_x + DOT_SIZE, head_y)
elif self.direction == "Left":
new_head = (head_x - DOT_SIZE, head_y)
elif self.direction == "Up":
new_head = (head_x, head_y - DOT_SIZE)
else:
new_head = (head_x, head_y + DOT_SIZE)
self.snake.insert(0, new_head)
if self.check_collision():
self.game_over()
else:
self.snake.pop()
if self.snake[0] == self.food:
self.score += 1
self.food = self.create_food()
self.Refresh()
def check_collision(self):
head_x, head_y = self.snake[0]
return (
head_x < 0 or
head_x >= WIDTH or
head_y < 0 or
head_y >= HEIGHT or
(head_x, head_y) in self.snake[1:]
)
def game_over(self):
self.timer.Stop()
wx.MessageBox(f"游戏结束！得分: {self.score}", "游戏结束")
self.Close()
def on_key_down(self, event):
key_code = event.GetKeyCode()
if key_code == wx.WXK_RIGHT and self.direction != "Left":
self.direction = "Right"
elif key_code == wx.WXK_LEFT and self.direction != "Right":
self.direction = "Left"
elif key_code == wx.WXK_UP and self.direction != "Down":
self.direction = "Up"
elif key_code == wx.WXK_DOWN and self.direction != "Up":
self.direction = "Down"
app = wx.App()
SnakeGame()
app.MainLoop()
总结
Python的GUI编程和图形界面设计相对简单易学，适用于各种应用程序的开发，包括桌面应用、游戏、数据可视化等。通过使用Python的GUI编程，开发者可以快速地创建功能强大、用户友好的图形界面应用程序。