MD5再开发过程中经常碰到的一种算法,因此感觉有必要对其原理进行更深入的了解一下。
散列函数,也称作哈希函数,消息摘要函数,单向函数或者杂凑函数。散列函数主要用于验证数据的完整性。通过散列函数,可以创建消息的“数字指纹”,消息接收方可以通过校验消息的哈希值来验证消息的完整性,防止消息被篡改。散列函数具有以下特性:
MD5常用在密码加密中,一般为了保证用户密码的安全,在数据库中存储的都是用户的密码经过MD5加密后的值,在客户端用户输入密码后,也会使用MD5进行加密,这样即使用户的网络被窃听,窃听者依然无法拿到用户的原始密码,并且即使用户数据库被盗,没有存储明文的密码对用户来说也多了一层安全保障。MD5签名技术还常用于防止信息的篡改。使用MD5可以对信息进行签名,接收者拿到信息后只要重新计算签名和原始签名进行对比,即可知道数据信息是否中途被篡改了。
假设原始消息长度是b(以bit为单位),注意这里b可以是任意长度,并不一定要是8的整数倍。计算该消息MD5值的过程如下:
在计算消息的MD5值之前,首先对原始信息进行填充,这里的信息填充分为两步。
现定义四个标准幻数如下,
T是一个常量表,T[i] = 4294967296 * abs(sin(i))的运算结果取整,其中i=1…64
T我们定义四个辅助方法。
#ifndef SRC_UTIL_MD5_H_
#define SRC_UTIL_MD5_H_
#include
#include
#include
namespace toolkit {
class MD5
{
public:
typedef unsigned int size_type; // must be 32bit
MD5();
MD5(const std::string& text);
void update(const unsigned char *buf, size_type length);
void update(const char *buf, size_type length);
MD5& finalize();
std::string hexdigest() const;
std::string rawdigest() const;
friend std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream&, MD5 md5);
private:
void init();
typedef uint8_t uint1; // 8bit
typedef uint32_t uint4; // 32bit
enum {blocksize = 64}; // VC6 won't eat a const static int here
void transform(const uint1 block[blocksize]);
static void decode(uint4 output[], const uint1 input[], size_type len);
static void encode(uint1 output[], const uint4 input[], size_type len);
bool finalized;
uint1 buffer[blocksize]; // bytes that didn't fit in last 64 byte chunk
uint4 count[2]; // 64bit counter for number of bits (lo, hi)
uint4 state[4]; // digest so far
uint1 digest[16]; // the result
// low level logic operations
static inline uint4 F(uint4 x, uint4 y, uint4 z);
static inline uint4 G(uint4 x, uint4 y, uint4 z);
static inline uint4 H(uint4 x, uint4 y, uint4 z);
static inline uint4 I(uint4 x, uint4 y, uint4 z);
static inline uint4 rotate_left(uint4 x, int n);
static inline void FF(uint4 &a, uint4 b, uint4 c, uint4 d, uint4 x, uint4 s, uint4 ac);
static inline void GG(uint4 &a, uint4 b, uint4 c, uint4 d, uint4 x, uint4 s, uint4 ac);
static inline void HH(uint4 &a, uint4 b, uint4 c, uint4 d, uint4 x, uint4 s, uint4 ac);
static inline void II(uint4 &a, uint4 b, uint4 c, uint4 d, uint4 x, uint4 s, uint4 ac);
};
} /* namespace toolkit */
#endif /* SRC_UTIL_MD5_H_ */
/* interface header */
#include "MD5.h"
/* system implementation headers */
#include
#include
namespace toolkit {
// Constants for MD5Transform routine.
#define S11 7
#define S12 12
#define S13 17
#define S14 22
#define S21 5
#define S22 9
#define S23 14
#define S24 20
#define S31 4
#define S32 11
#define S33 16
#define S34 23
#define S41 6
#define S42 10
#define S43 15
#define S44 21
///
// F, G, H and I are basic MD5 functions.
inline MD5::uint4 MD5::F(uint4 x, uint4 y, uint4 z) {
return (x&y) | (~x&z);
}
inline MD5::uint4 MD5::G(uint4 x, uint4 y, uint4 z) {
return (x&z) | (y&~z);
}
inline MD5::uint4 MD5::H(uint4 x, uint4 y, uint4 z) {
return x^y^z;
}
inline MD5::uint4 MD5::I(uint4 x, uint4 y, uint4 z) {
return y ^ (x | ~z);
}
// rotate_left rotates x left n bits.
inline MD5::uint4 MD5::rotate_left(uint4 x, int n) {
return (x << n) | (x >> (32-n));
}
// FF, GG, HH, and II transformations for rounds 1, 2, 3, and 4.
// Rotation is separate from addition to prevent recomputation.
inline void MD5::FF(uint4 &a, uint4 b, uint4 c, uint4 d, uint4 x, uint4 s, uint4 ac) {
a = rotate_left(a+ F(b,c,d) + x + ac, s) + b;
}
inline void MD5::GG(uint4 &a, uint4 b, uint4 c, uint4 d, uint4 x, uint4 s, uint4 ac) {
a = rotate_left(a + G(b,c,d) + x + ac, s) + b;
}
inline void MD5::HH(uint4 &a, uint4 b, uint4 c, uint4 d, uint4 x, uint4 s, uint4 ac) {
a = rotate_left(a + H(b,c,d) + x + ac, s) + b;
}
inline void MD5::II(uint4 &a, uint4 b, uint4 c, uint4 d, uint4 x, uint4 s, uint4 ac) {
a = rotate_left(a + I(b,c,d) + x + ac, s) + b;
}
//
// default ctor, just initailize
MD5::MD5()
{
init();
}
//
// nifty shortcut ctor, compute MD5 for string and finalize it right away
MD5::MD5(const std::string &text)
{
init();
update(text.c_str(), text.length());
finalize();
}
//
void MD5::init()
{
finalized=false;
count[0] = 0;
count[1] = 0;
// load magic initialization constants.
state[0] = 0x67452301;
state[1] = 0xefcdab89;
state[2] = 0x98badcfe;
state[3] = 0x10325476;
}
//
// decodes input (unsigned char) into output (uint4). Assumes len is a multiple of 4.
void MD5::decode(uint4 output[], const uint1 input[], size_type len)
{
for (unsigned int i = 0, j = 0; j < len; i++, j += 4)
output[i] = ((uint4)input[j]) | (((uint4)input[j+1]) << 8) |
(((uint4)input[j+2]) << 16) | (((uint4)input[j+3]) << 24);
}
//
// encodes input (uint4) into output (unsigned char). Assumes len is
// a multiple of 4.
void MD5::encode(uint1 output[], const uint4 input[], size_type len)
{
for (size_type i = 0, j = 0; j < len; i++, j += 4) {
output[j] = input[i] & 0xff;
output[j+1] = (input[i] >> 8) & 0xff;
output[j+2] = (input[i] >> 16) & 0xff;
output[j+3] = (input[i] >> 24) & 0xff;
}
}
//
// apply MD5 algo on a block
void MD5::transform(const uint1 block[blocksize])
{
uint4 a = state[0], b = state[1], c = state[2], d = state[3], x[16];
decode (x, block, blocksize);
/* Round 1 */
FF (a, b, c, d, x[ 0], S11, 0xd76aa478); /* 1 */
FF (d, a, b, c, x[ 1], S12, 0xe8c7b756); /* 2 */
FF (c, d, a, b, x[ 2], S13, 0x242070db); /* 3 */
FF (b, c, d, a, x[ 3], S14, 0xc1bdceee); /* 4 */
FF (a, b, c, d, x[ 4], S11, 0xf57c0faf); /* 5 */
FF (d, a, b, c, x[ 5], S12, 0x4787c62a); /* 6 */
FF (c, d, a, b, x[ 6], S13, 0xa8304613); /* 7 */
FF (b, c, d, a, x[ 7], S14, 0xfd469501); /* 8 */
FF (a, b, c, d, x[ 8], S11, 0x698098d8); /* 9 */
FF (d, a, b, c, x[ 9], S12, 0x8b44f7af); /* 10 */
FF (c, d, a, b, x[10], S13, 0xffff5bb1); /* 11 */
FF (b, c, d, a, x[11], S14, 0x895cd7be); /* 12 */
FF (a, b, c, d, x[12], S11, 0x6b901122); /* 13 */
FF (d, a, b, c, x[13], S12, 0xfd987193); /* 14 */
FF (c, d, a, b, x[14], S13, 0xa679438e); /* 15 */
FF (b, c, d, a, x[15], S14, 0x49b40821); /* 16 */
/* Round 2 */
GG (a, b, c, d, x[ 1], S21, 0xf61e2562); /* 17 */
GG (d, a, b, c, x[ 6], S22, 0xc040b340); /* 18 */
GG (c, d, a, b, x[11], S23, 0x265e5a51); /* 19 */
GG (b, c, d, a, x[ 0], S24, 0xe9b6c7aa); /* 20 */
GG (a, b, c, d, x[ 5], S21, 0xd62f105d); /* 21 */
GG (d, a, b, c, x[10], S22, 0x2441453); /* 22 */
GG (c, d, a, b, x[15], S23, 0xd8a1e681); /* 23 */
GG (b, c, d, a, x[ 4], S24, 0xe7d3fbc8); /* 24 */
GG (a, b, c, d, x[ 9], S21, 0x21e1cde6); /* 25 */
GG (d, a, b, c, x[14], S22, 0xc33707d6); /* 26 */
GG (c, d, a, b, x[ 3], S23, 0xf4d50d87); /* 27 */
GG (b, c, d, a, x[ 8], S24, 0x455a14ed); /* 28 */
GG (a, b, c, d, x[13], S21, 0xa9e3e905); /* 29 */
GG (d, a, b, c, x[ 2], S22, 0xfcefa3f8); /* 30 */
GG (c, d, a, b, x[ 7], S23, 0x676f02d9); /* 31 */
GG (b, c, d, a, x[12], S24, 0x8d2a4c8a); /* 32 */
/* Round 3 */
HH (a, b, c, d, x[ 5], S31, 0xfffa3942); /* 33 */
HH (d, a, b, c, x[ 8], S32, 0x8771f681); /* 34 */
HH (c, d, a, b, x[11], S33, 0x6d9d6122); /* 35 */
HH (b, c, d, a, x[14], S34, 0xfde5380c); /* 36 */
HH (a, b, c, d, x[ 1], S31, 0xa4beea44); /* 37 */
HH (d, a, b, c, x[ 4], S32, 0x4bdecfa9); /* 38 */
HH (c, d, a, b, x[ 7], S33, 0xf6bb4b60); /* 39 */
HH (b, c, d, a, x[10], S34, 0xbebfbc70); /* 40 */
HH (a, b, c, d, x[13], S31, 0x289b7ec6); /* 41 */
HH (d, a, b, c, x[ 0], S32, 0xeaa127fa); /* 42 */
HH (c, d, a, b, x[ 3], S33, 0xd4ef3085); /* 43 */
HH (b, c, d, a, x[ 6], S34, 0x4881d05); /* 44 */
HH (a, b, c, d, x[ 9], S31, 0xd9d4d039); /* 45 */
HH (d, a, b, c, x[12], S32, 0xe6db99e5); /* 46 */
HH (c, d, a, b, x[15], S33, 0x1fa27cf8); /* 47 */
HH (b, c, d, a, x[ 2], S34, 0xc4ac5665); /* 48 */
/* Round 4 */
II (a, b, c, d, x[ 0], S41, 0xf4292244); /* 49 */
II (d, a, b, c, x[ 7], S42, 0x432aff97); /* 50 */
II (c, d, a, b, x[14], S43, 0xab9423a7); /* 51 */
II (b, c, d, a, x[ 5], S44, 0xfc93a039); /* 52 */
II (a, b, c, d, x[12], S41, 0x655b59c3); /* 53 */
II (d, a, b, c, x[ 3], S42, 0x8f0ccc92); /* 54 */
II (c, d, a, b, x[10], S43, 0xffeff47d); /* 55 */
II (b, c, d, a, x[ 1], S44, 0x85845dd1); /* 56 */
II (a, b, c, d, x[ 8], S41, 0x6fa87e4f); /* 57 */
II (d, a, b, c, x[15], S42, 0xfe2ce6e0); /* 58 */
II (c, d, a, b, x[ 6], S43, 0xa3014314); /* 59 */
II (b, c, d, a, x[13], S44, 0x4e0811a1); /* 60 */
II (a, b, c, d, x[ 4], S41, 0xf7537e82); /* 61 */
II (d, a, b, c, x[11], S42, 0xbd3af235); /* 62 */
II (c, d, a, b, x[ 2], S43, 0x2ad7d2bb); /* 63 */
II (b, c, d, a, x[ 9], S44, 0xeb86d391); /* 64 */
state[0] += a;
state[1] += b;
state[2] += c;
state[3] += d;
// Zeroize sensitive information.
memset(x, 0, sizeof x);
}
//
// MD5 block update operation. Continues an MD5 message-digest
// operation, processing another message block
void MD5::update(const unsigned char input[], size_type length)
{
// compute number of bytes mod 64
size_type index = count[0] / 8 % blocksize;
// Update number of bits
if ((count[0] += (length << 3)) < (length << 3))
count[1]++;
count[1] += (length >> 29);
// number of bytes we need to fill in buffer
size_type firstpart = 64 - index;
size_type i;
// transform as many times as possible.
if (length >= firstpart)
{
// fill buffer first, transform
memcpy(&buffer[index], input, firstpart);
transform(buffer);
// transform chunks of blocksize (64 bytes)
for (i = firstpart; i + blocksize <= length; i += blocksize)
transform(&input[i]);
index = 0;
}
else
i = 0;
// buffer remaining input
memcpy(&buffer[index], &input[i], length-i);
}
//
// for convenience provide a verson with signed char
void MD5::update(const char input[], size_type length)
{
update((const unsigned char*)input, length);
}
//
// MD5 finalization. Ends an MD5 message-digest operation, writing the
// the message digest and zeroizing the context.
MD5& MD5::finalize()
{
static unsigned char padding[64] = {
0x80, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0
};
if (!finalized) {
// Save number of bits
unsigned char bits[8];
encode(bits, count, 8);
// pad out to 56 mod 64.
size_type index = count[0] / 8 % 64;
size_type padLen = (index < 56) ? (56 - index) : (120 - index);
update(padding, padLen);
// Append length (before padding)
update(bits, 8);
// Store state in digest
encode(digest, state, 16);
// Zeroize sensitive information.
memset(buffer, 0, sizeof buffer);
memset(count, 0, sizeof count);
finalized=true;
}
return *this;
}
//
// return hex representation of digest as string
std::string MD5::hexdigest() const
{
if (!finalized)
return "";
char buf[33];
for (int i=0; i<16; i++)
sprintf(buf+i*2, "%02x", digest[i]);
buf[32]=0;
return std::string(buf);
}
std::string MD5::rawdigest() const{
return std::string((char *)digest, sizeof(digest));
}
//
std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& out, MD5 md5)
{
return out << md5.hexdigest();
}
//
std::string md5(const std::string str)
{
MD5 md5 = MD5(str);
return md5.hexdigest();
}
} /* namespace toolkit */
参考资料
MD5加密原理解析及OC版原理实现:https://developer.aliyun.com/article/790494
MD5算法原理及实现:https://www.jianshu.com/p/93a8ab5bfeb9
一文读懂 MD5 算法:https://segmentfault.com/a/1190000021691476