mysql> select * from emp;
+--------+--------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+---------+--------+
| empno | ename | job | mgr | hiredate | sal | comm | deptno |
+--------+--------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+---------+--------+
| 007369 | SMITH | CLERK | 7902 | 1980-12-17 00:00:00 | 800.00 | NULL | 20 |
| 007499 | ALLEN | SALESMAN | 7698 | 1981-02-20 00:00:00 | 1600.00 | 300.00 | 30 |
| 007521 | WARD | SALESMAN | 7698 | 1981-02-22 00:00:00 | 1250.00 | 500.00 | 30 |
| 007566 | JONES | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-04-02 00:00:00 | 2975.00 | NULL | 20 |
| 007654 | MARTIN | SALESMAN | 7698 | 1981-09-28 00:00:00 | 1250.00 | 1400.00 | 30 |
| 007698 | BLAKE | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-05-01 00:00:00 | 2850.00 | NULL | 30 |
| 007782 | CLARK | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-06-09 00:00:00 | 2450.00 | NULL | 10 |
| 007788 | SCOTT | ANALYST | 7566 | 1987-04-19 00:00:00 | 3000.00 | NULL | 20 |
| 007839 | KING | PRESIDENT | NULL | 1981-11-17 00:00:00 | 5000.00 | NULL | 10 |
| 007844 | TURNER | SALESMAN | 7698 | 1981-09-08 00:00:00 | 1500.00 | 0.00 | 30 |
| 007876 | ADAMS | CLERK | 7788 | 1987-05-23 00:00:00 | 1100.00 | NULL | 20 |
| 007900 | JAMES | CLERK | 7698 | 1981-12-03 00:00:00 | 950.00 | NULL | 30 |
| 007902 | FORD | ANALYST | 7566 | 1981-12-03 00:00:00 | 3000.00 | NULL | 20 |
| 007934 | MILLER | CLERK | 7782 | 1982-01-23 00:00:00 | 1300.00 | NULL | 10 |
+--------+--------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+---------+--------+
14 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from emp where (sal>500 or job='MANAGER') and ename like 'J%';
+--------+-------+---------+------+---------------------+---------+------+--------+
| empno | ename | job | mgr | hiredate | sal | comm | deptno |
+--------+-------+---------+------+---------------------+---------+------+--------+
| 007566 | JONES | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-04-02 00:00:00 | 2975.00 | NULL | 20 |
| 007900 | JAMES | CLERK | 7698 | 1981-12-03 00:00:00 | 950.00 | NULL | 30 |
+--------+-------+---------+------+---------------------+---------+------+--------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from emp where (sal > 500 or job='MANAGER') and substring(ename, 1, 1)='J';
+--------+-------+---------+------+---------------------+---------+------+--------+
| empno | ename | job | mgr | hiredate | sal | comm | deptno |
+--------+-------+---------+------+---------------------+---------+------+--------+
| 007566 | JONES | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-04-02 00:00:00 | 2975.00 | NULL | 20 |
| 007900 | JAMES | CLERK | 7698 | 1981-12-03 00:00:00 | 950.00 | NULL | 30 |
+--------+-------+---------+------+---------------------+---------+------+--------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from emp order by empno ASC, sal DESC;
+--------+--------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+---------+--------+
| empno | ename | job | mgr | hiredate | sal | comm | deptno |
+--------+--------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+---------+--------+
| 007369 | SMITH | CLERK | 7902 | 1980-12-17 00:00:00 | 800.00 | NULL | 20 |
| 007499 | ALLEN | SALESMAN | 7698 | 1981-02-20 00:00:00 | 1600.00 | 300.00 | 30 |
| 007521 | WARD | SALESMAN | 7698 | 1981-02-22 00:00:00 | 1250.00 | 500.00 | 30 |
| 007566 | JONES | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-04-02 00:00:00 | 2975.00 | NULL | 20 |
| 007654 | MARTIN | SALESMAN | 7698 | 1981-09-28 00:00:00 | 1250.00 | 1400.00 | 30 |
| 007698 | BLAKE | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-05-01 00:00:00 | 2850.00 | NULL | 30 |
| 007782 | CLARK | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-06-09 00:00:00 | 2450.00 | NULL | 10 |
| 007788 | SCOTT | ANALYST | 7566 | 1987-04-19 00:00:00 | 3000.00 | NULL | 20 |
| 007839 | KING | PRESIDENT | NULL | 1981-11-17 00:00:00 | 5000.00 | NULL | 10 |
| 007844 | TURNER | SALESMAN | 7698 | 1981-09-08 00:00:00 | 1500.00 | 0.00 | 30 |
| 007876 | ADAMS | CLERK | 7788 | 1987-05-23 00:00:00 | 1100.00 | NULL | 20 |
| 007900 | JAMES | CLERK | 7698 | 1981-12-03 00:00:00 | 950.00 | NULL | 30 |
| 007902 | FORD | ANALYST | 7566 | 1981-12-03 00:00:00 | 3000.00 | NULL | 20 |
| 007934 | MILLER | CLERK | 7782 | 1982-01-23 00:00:00 | 1300.00 | NULL | 10 |
+--------+--------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+---------+--------+
14 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select ename, empno, sal from emp order by empno, sal DESC;
+--------+--------+---------+
| ename | empno | sal |
+--------+--------+---------+
| SMITH | 007369 | 800.00 |
| ALLEN | 007499 | 1600.00 |
| WARD | 007521 | 1250.00 |
| JONES | 007566 | 2975.00 |
| MARTIN | 007654 | 1250.00 |
| BLAKE | 007698 | 2850.00 |
| CLARK | 007782 | 2450.00 |
| SCOTT | 007788 | 3000.00 |
| KING | 007839 | 5000.00 |
| TURNER | 007844 | 1500.00 |
| ADAMS | 007876 | 1100.00 |
| JAMES | 007900 | 950.00 |
| FORD | 007902 | 3000.00 |
| MILLER | 007934 | 1300.00 |
+--------+--------+---------+
14 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select ename, sal, comm from emp order by (sal*12 + ifnull(comm, 0)) DESC;
+--------+---------+---------+
| ename | sal | comm |
+--------+---------+---------+
| KING | 5000.00 | NULL |
| SCOTT | 3000.00 | NULL |
| FORD | 3000.00 | NULL |
| JONES | 2975.00 | NULL |
| BLAKE | 2850.00 | NULL |
| CLARK | 2450.00 | NULL |
| ALLEN | 1600.00 | 300.00 |
| TURNER | 1500.00 | 0.00 |
| MARTIN | 1250.00 | 1400.00 |
| MILLER | 1300.00 | NULL |
| WARD | 1250.00 | 500.00 |
| ADAMS | 1100.00 | NULL |
| JAMES | 950.00 | NULL |
| SMITH | 800.00 | NULL |
+--------+---------+---------+
14 rows in set (0.00 sec)
# 把年薪显示出来
mysql> select ename, sal, comm, (sal * 12 + ifnull(comm, 0)) as 年薪 from emp order by 年薪
DESC;
+--------+---------+---------+----------+
| ename | sal | comm | 年薪 |
+--------+---------+---------+----------+
| KING | 5000.00 | NULL | 60000.00 |
| SCOTT | 3000.00 | NULL | 36000.00 |
| FORD | 3000.00 | NULL | 36000.00 |
| JONES | 2975.00 | NULL | 35700.00 |
| BLAKE | 2850.00 | NULL | 34200.00 |
| CLARK | 2450.00 | NULL | 29400.00 |
| ALLEN | 1600.00 | 300.00 | 19500.00 |
| TURNER | 1500.00 | 0.00 | 18000.00 |
| MARTIN | 1250.00 | 1400.00 | 16400.00 |
| MILLER | 1300.00 | NULL | 15600.00 |
| WARD | 1250.00 | 500.00 | 15500.00 |
| ADAMS | 1100.00 | NULL | 13200.00 |
| JAMES | 950.00 | NULL | 11400.00 |
| SMITH | 800.00 | NULL | 9600.00 |
+--------+---------+---------+----------+
14 rows in set (0.00 sec)
可以在SQL语句内部进行子查询,先执行内部SQL,再执行外部SQL。
mysql> select ename, sal, job from emp where sal=(select max(sal) from emp);
+-------+---------+-----------+
| ename | sal | job |
+-------+---------+-----------+
| KING | 5000.00 | PRESIDENT |
+-------+---------+-----------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from emp where sal>(select avg(sal) from emp);
+--------+-------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+------+--------+
| empno | ename | job | mgr | hiredate | sal | comm | deptno |
+--------+-------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+------+--------+
| 007566 | JONES | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-04-02 00:00:00 | 2975.00 | NULL | 20 |
| 007698 | BLAKE | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-05-01 00:00:00 | 2850.00 | NULL | 30 |
| 007782 | CLARK | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-06-09 00:00:00 | 2450.00 | NULL | 10 |
| 007788 | SCOTT | ANALYST | 7566 | 1987-04-19 00:00:00 | 3000.00 | NULL | 20 |
| 007839 | KING | PRESIDENT | NULL | 1981-11-17 00:00:00 | 5000.00 | NULL | 10 |
| 007902 | FORD | ANALYST | 7566 | 1981-12-03 00:00:00 | 3000.00 | NULL | 20 |
+--------+-------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+------+--------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select deptno, avg(sal) 平均, max(sal) 最高 from emp group by deptno;
+--------+-------------+---------+
| deptno | 平均 | 最高 |
+--------+-------------+---------+
| 10 | 2916.666667 | 5000.00 |
| 20 | 2175.000000 | 3000.00 |
| 30 | 1566.666667 | 2850.00 |
+--------+-------------+---------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
# 为了美观可以保留精度
mysql> select deptno, format(avg(sal),2) 平均, format(max(sal), 2) 最高 from emp group by dep
ptno;
+--------+----------+----------+
| deptno | 平均 | 最高 |
+--------+----------+----------+
| 10 | 2,916.67 | 5,000.00 |
| 20 | 2,175.00 | 3,000.00 |
| 30 | 1,566.67 | 2,850.00 |
+--------+----------+----------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select deptno, avg(sal) 平均工资 from emp group by deptno having avg(sal)<2000;
+--------+--------------+
| deptno | 平均工资 |
+--------+--------------+
| 30 | 1566.666667 |
+--------+--------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select job, count(ename) 雇员总数, avg(sal) 平均工资 from emp group by job;
+-----------+--------------+--------------+
| job | 雇员总数 | 平均工资 |
+-----------+--------------+--------------+
| ANALYST | 2 | 3000.000000 |
| CLERK | 4 | 1037.500000 |
| MANAGER | 3 | 2758.333333 |
| PRESIDENT | 1 | 5000.000000 |
| SALESMAN | 4 | 1400.000000 |
+-----------+--------------+--------------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
实际上很多时候我们要查的数据可能不在同一张表,所以需要多表查询。
比方说一张表里面有2行信息,另一个表里面有3行信息,如果直接select * form 表1,表2
那么就会在表中进行穷举组合(得到的结果称为笛卡尔积),生成6行信息。
可以看到SMITH这个人明明是20号部门的,但是也还是会拼接上其他部门的无效信息。
使用笛卡尔积后,后面必定紧跟一个where子句来确定多张表共同的字段,筛掉多张表中排列组合出来的无效数据,仅留下有效数据供程序员排查。
这样,多表查询问题就转化成了单表查询。
mysql> select * from emp as e, dept as d where e.deptno=d.deptno;
+--------+--------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+---------+--------+--------+------------+----------+
| empno | ename | job | mgr | hiredate | sal | comm | deptno | deptno | dname | loc |
+--------+--------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+---------+--------+--------+------------+----------+
| 007369 | SMITH | CLERK | 7902 | 1980-12-17 00:00:00 | 800.00 | NULL | 20 | 20 | RESEARCH | DALLAS |
| 007499 | ALLEN | SALESMAN | 7698 | 1981-02-20 00:00:00 | 1600.00 | 300.00 | 30 | 30 | SALES | CHICAGO |
| 007521 | WARD | SALESMAN | 7698 | 1981-02-22 00:00:00 | 1250.00 | 500.00 | 30 | 30 | SALES | CHICAGO |
| 007566 | JONES | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-04-02 00:00:00 | 2975.00 | NULL | 20 | 20 | RESEARCH | DALLAS |
| 007654 | MARTIN | SALESMAN | 7698 | 1981-09-28 00:00:00 | 1250.00 | 1400.00 | 30 | 30 | SALES | CHICAGO |
| 007698 | BLAKE | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-05-01 00:00:00 | 2850.00 | NULL | 30 | 30 | SALES | CHICAGO |
| 007782 | CLARK | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-06-09 00:00:00 | 2450.00 | NULL | 10 | 10 | ACCOUNTING | NEW YORK |
| 007788 | SCOTT | ANALYST | 7566 | 1987-04-19 00:00:00 | 3000.00 | NULL | 20 | 20 | RESEARCH | DALLAS |
| 007839 | KING | PRESIDENT | NULL | 1981-11-17 00:00:00 | 5000.00 | NULL | 10 | 10 | ACCOUNTING | NEW YORK |
| 007844 | TURNER | SALESMAN | 7698 | 1981-09-08 00:00:00 | 1500.00 | 0.00 | 30 | 30 | SALES | CHICAGO |
| 007876 | ADAMS | CLERK | 7788 | 1987-05-23 00:00:00 | 1100.00 | NULL | 20 | 20 | RESEARCH | DALLAS |
| 007900 | JAMES | CLERK | 7698 | 1981-12-03 00:00:00 | 950.00 | NULL | 30 | 30 | SALES | CHICAGO |
| 007902 | FORD | ANALYST | 7566 | 1981-12-03 00:00:00 | 3000.00 | NULL | 20 | 20 | RESEARCH | DALLAS |
| 007934 | MILLER | CLERK | 7782 | 1982-01-23 00:00:00 | 1300.00 | NULL | 10 | 10 | ACCOUNTING | NEW YORK |
+--------+--------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+---------+--------+--------+------------+----------+
14 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select ename,sal,dname from emp as e, dept as d where e.deptno=d.deptno;
+--------+---------+------------+
| ename | sal | dname |
+--------+---------+------------+
| SMITH | 800.00 | RESEARCH |
| ALLEN | 1600.00 | SALES |
| WARD | 1250.00 | SALES |
| JONES | 2975.00 | RESEARCH |
| MARTIN | 1250.00 | SALES |
| BLAKE | 2850.00 | SALES |
| CLARK | 2450.00 | ACCOUNTING |
| SCOTT | 3000.00 | RESEARCH |
| KING | 5000.00 | ACCOUNTING |
| TURNER | 1500.00 | SALES |
| ADAMS | 1100.00 | RESEARCH |
| JAMES | 950.00 | SALES |
| FORD | 3000.00 | RESEARCH |
| MILLER | 1300.00 | ACCOUNTING |
+--------+---------+------------+
14 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select e.deptno,dname,ename,sal from emp as e,dept as d where e.deptno=d.deptno and e.deptno=10;
+--------+------------+--------+---------+
| deptno | dname | ename | sal |
+--------+------------+--------+---------+
| 10 | ACCOUNTING | CLARK | 2450.00 |
| 10 | ACCOUNTING | KING | 5000.00 |
| 10 | ACCOUNTING | MILLER | 1300.00 |
+--------+------------+--------+---------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select ename,sal,grade from emp,salgrade where sal>losal and sal<hisal;
+--------+---------+-------+
| ename | sal | grade |
+--------+---------+-------+
| SMITH | 800.00 | 1 |
| ALLEN | 1600.00 | 3 |
| WARD | 1250.00 | 2 |
| JONES | 2975.00 | 4 |
| MARTIN | 1250.00 | 2 |
| BLAKE | 2850.00 | 4 |
| CLARK | 2450.00 | 4 |
| KING | 5000.00 | 5 |
| TURNER | 1500.00 | 3 |
| ADAMS | 1100.00 | 1 |
| JAMES | 950.00 | 1 |
| MILLER | 1300.00 | 2 |
+--------+---------+-------+
12 rows in set (0.00 sec)
刚刚我们多表连接的时候使用两张表做笛卡尔积,那如果想对同一张表做笛卡尔积呢?
mysql> select * from salgrade s1, salgrade s2;
+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
| grade | losal | hisal | grade | losal | hisal |
+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
| 1 | 700 | 1200 | 1 | 700 | 1200 |
| 2 | 1201 | 1400 | 1 | 700 | 1200 |
| 3 | 1401 | 2000 | 1 | 700 | 1200 |
| 4 | 2001 | 3000 | 1 | 700 | 1200 |
| 5 | 3001 | 9999 | 1 | 700 | 1200 |
| 1 | 700 | 1200 | 2 | 1201 | 1400 |
| 2 | 1201 | 1400 | 2 | 1201 | 1400 |
| 3 | 1401 | 2000 | 2 | 1201 | 1400 |
| 4 | 2001 | 3000 | 2 | 1201 | 1400 |
| 5 | 3001 | 9999 | 2 | 1201 | 1400 |
| 1 | 700 | 1200 | 3 | 1401 | 2000 |
| 2 | 1201 | 1400 | 3 | 1401 | 2000 |
| 3 | 1401 | 2000 | 3 | 1401 | 2000 |
| 4 | 2001 | 3000 | 3 | 1401 | 2000 |
| 5 | 3001 | 9999 | 3 | 1401 | 2000 |
| 1 | 700 | 1200 | 4 | 2001 | 3000 |
| 2 | 1201 | 1400 | 4 | 2001 | 3000 |
| 3 | 1401 | 2000 | 4 | 2001 | 3000 |
| 4 | 2001 | 3000 | 4 | 2001 | 3000 |
| 5 | 3001 | 9999 | 4 | 2001 | 3000 |
| 1 | 700 | 1200 | 5 | 3001 | 9999 |
| 2 | 1201 | 1400 | 5 | 3001 | 9999 |
| 3 | 1401 | 2000 | 5 | 3001 | 9999 |
| 4 | 2001 | 3000 | 5 | 3001 | 9999 |
| 5 | 3001 | 9999 | 5 | 3001 | 9999 |
+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
25 rows in set (0.00 sec)
自连接是指在同一张表连接查询。
对同一张表做重命名,在同一张表连接查询
首先找到FORD领导的编号,然后再利用编号自查寻领导的姓名
# 子查询
mysql> select ename from emp where empno=(select mgr from emp where ename = 'FORD');
+-------+
| ename |
+-------+
| JONES |
+-------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
# 自连接
mysql> select e2.ename from emp as e1, emp as e2 where e1.ename='FORD' and e1.mgr=e2.empno;
+-------+
| ename |
+-------+
| JONES |
+-------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
子查询是指嵌入在其他sql语句中的select语句,也叫嵌套查询。
子查询在where子句中使用,充当判断条件,在from子句中出现,充当笛卡尔积。
显示SMITH同一部门的员工
select * from emp where deptno=(select deptno from emp where ename='SMITH');
+--------+-------+---------+------+---------------------+---------+------+--------+
| empno | ename | job | mgr | hiredate | sal | comm | deptno |
+--------+-------+---------+------+---------------------+---------+------+--------+
| 007369 | SMITH | CLERK | 7902 | 1980-12-17 00:00:00 | 800.00 | NULL | 20 |
| 007566 | JONES | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-04-02 00:00:00 | 2975.00 | NULL | 20 |
| 007788 | SCOTT | ANALYST | 7566 | 1987-04-19 00:00:00 | 3000.00 | NULL | 20 |
| 007876 | ADAMS | CLERK | 7788 | 1987-05-23 00:00:00 | 1100.00 | NULL | 20 |
| 007902 | FORD | ANALYST | 7566 | 1981-12-03 00:00:00 | 3000.00 | NULL | 20 |
+--------+-------+---------+------+---------------------+---------+------+--------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
in关键字: 用来判断一个列值是否在集合当中。
mysql> select distinct ename,job,sal,deptno from emp where job in (select distinct job from emp where deptno=10) and deptno!=10;
+-------+---------+---------+--------+
| ename | job | sal | deptno |
+-------+---------+---------+--------+
| JONES | MANAGER | 2975.00 | 20 |
| BLAKE | MANAGER | 2850.00 | 30 |
| SMITH | CLERK | 800.00 | 20 |
| ADAMS | CLERK | 1100.00 | 20 |
| JAMES | CLERK | 950.00 | 30 |
+-------+---------+---------+--------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
all: >all()就表示比括号里面的所有数据都大
思路是先找到部门30的最高工资,再查找比他高的。
mysql> select * from emp where sal > (select max(sal) from emp where deptno=30);
+--------+-------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+------+--------+
| empno | ename | job | mgr | hiredate | sal | comm | deptno |
+--------+-------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+------+--------+
| 007566 | JONES | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-04-02 00:00:00 | 2975.00 | NULL | 20 |
| 007788 | SCOTT | ANALYST | 7566 | 1987-04-19 00:00:00 | 3000.00 | NULL | 20 |
| 007839 | KING | PRESIDENT | NULL | 1981-11-17 00:00:00 | 5000.00 | NULL | 10 |
| 007902 | FORD | ANALYST | 7566 | 1981-12-03 00:00:00 | 3000.00 | NULL | 20 |
+--------+-------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+------+--------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from emp where sal > all(select sal from emp where deptno=30);
+--------+-------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+------+--------+
| empno | ename | job | mgr | hiredate | sal | comm | deptno |
+--------+-------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+------+--------+
| 007566 | JONES | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-04-02 00:00:00 | 2975.00 | NULL | 20 |
| 007788 | SCOTT | ANALYST | 7566 | 1987-04-19 00:00:00 | 3000.00 | NULL | 20 |
| 007839 | KING | PRESIDENT | NULL | 1981-11-17 00:00:00 | 5000.00 | NULL | 10 |
| 007902 | FORD | ANALYST | 7566 | 1981-12-03 00:00:00 | 3000.00 | NULL | 20 |
+--------+-------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+------+--------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
any: 表示任意
mysql> select * from emp where sal > any(select distinct sal from emp where deptno=30);
+--------+--------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+---------+--------+
| empno | ename | job | mgr | hiredate | sal | comm | deptno |
+--------+--------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+---------+--------+
| 007499 | ALLEN | SALESMAN | 7698 | 1981-02-20 00:00:00 | 1600.00 | 300.00 | 30 |
| 007521 | WARD | SALESMAN | 7698 | 1981-02-22 00:00:00 | 1250.00 | 500.00 | 30 |
| 007566 | JONES | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-04-02 00:00:00 | 2975.00 | NULL | 20 |
| 007654 | MARTIN | SALESMAN | 7698 | 1981-09-28 00:00:00 | 1250.00 | 1400.00 | 30 |
| 007698 | BLAKE | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-05-01 00:00:00 | 2850.00 | NULL | 30 |
| 007782 | CLARK | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-06-09 00:00:00 | 2450.00 | NULL | 10 |
| 007788 | SCOTT | ANALYST | 7566 | 1987-04-19 00:00:00 | 3000.00 | NULL | 20 |
| 007839 | KING | PRESIDENT | NULL | 1981-11-17 00:00:00 | 5000.00 | NULL | 10 |
| 007844 | TURNER | SALESMAN | 7698 | 1981-09-08 00:00:00 | 1500.00 | 0.00 | 30 |
| 007876 | ADAMS | CLERK | 7788 | 1987-05-23 00:00:00 | 1100.00 | NULL | 20 |
| 007902 | FORD | ANALYST | 7566 | 1981-12-03 00:00:00 | 3000.00 | NULL | 20 |
| 007934 | MILLER | CLERK | 7782 | 1982-01-23 00:00:00 | 1300.00 | NULL | 10 |
+--------+--------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+---------+--------+
12 rows in set (0.00 sec)
单行子查询是指子查询只返回单列,单行数据;多行子查询是指返回单列多行数据,都是针对单列而言的,而多列子查询是指查询返回多个列数据的子查询语句。
mysql> select ename from emp where (deptno, job)=(select deptno, job from emp where ename='SMITHH') and ename!= 'SMITH';
+-------+
| ename |
+-------+
| ADAMS |
+-------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
# 先筛选出每个部门的平均工资
mysql> select deptno, avg(sal) from emp group by deptno;
+--------+-------------+
| deptno | avg(sal) |
+--------+-------------+
| 10 | 2916.666667 |
| 20 | 2175.000000 |
| 30 | 1566.666667 |
+--------+-------------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
# 多表查询
mysql> select * from emp, (select deptno, avg(sal) from emp group by deptno) tmp;
………………
# 转变成单表信息
mysql> select * from emp, (select deptno, avg(sal) 平均工资 from emp group by deptno) 临时表 wheere
+--------+--------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+---------+--------+--------+-------------+
| empno | ename | job | mgr | hiredate | sal | comm | deptno | deptno | avg(sal) |
+--------+--------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+---------+--------+--------+-------------+
| 007369 | SMITH | CLERK | 7902 | 1980-12-17 00:00:00 | 800.00 | NULL | 20 | 20 | 2175.000000 |
| 007499 | ALLEN | SALESMAN | 7698 | 1981-02-20 00:00:00 | 1600.00 | 300.00 | 30 | 30 | 1566.666667 |
| 007521 | WARD | SALESMAN | 7698 | 1981-02-22 00:00:00 | 1250.00 | 500.00 | 30 | 30 | 1566.666667 |
| 007566 | JONES | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-04-02 00:00:00 | 2975.00 | NULL | 20 | 20 | 2175.000000 |
| 007654 | MARTIN | SALESMAN | 7698 | 1981-09-28 00:00:00 | 1250.00 | 1400.00 | 30 | 30 | 1566.666667 |
| 007698 | BLAKE | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-05-01 00:00:00 | 2850.00 | NULL | 30 | 30 | 1566.666667 |
| 007782 | CLARK | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-06-09 00:00:00 | 2450.00 | NULL | 10 | 10 | 2916.666667 |
| 007788 | SCOTT | ANALYST | 7566 | 1987-04-19 00:00:00 | 3000.00 | NULL | 20 | 20 | 2175.000000 |
| 007839 | KING | PRESIDENT | NULL | 1981-11-17 00:00:00 | 5000.00 | NULL | 10 | 10 | 2916.666667 |
| 007844 | TURNER | SALESMAN | 7698 | 1981-09-08 00:00:00 | 1500.00 | 0.00 | 30 | 30 | 1566.666667 |
| 007876 | ADAMS | CLERK | 7788 | 1987-05-23 00:00:00 | 1100.00 | NULL | 20 | 20 | 2175.000000 |
| 007900 | JAMES | CLERK | 7698 | 1981-12-03 00:00:00 | 950.00 | NULL | 30 | 30 | 1566.666667 |
| 007902 | FORD | ANALYST | 7566 | 1981-12-03 00:00:00 | 3000.00 | NULL | 20 | 20 | 2175.000000 |
| 007934 | MILLER | CLERK | 7782 | 1982-01-23 00:00:00 | 1300.00 | NULL | 10 | 10 | 2916.666667 |
+--------+--------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+---------+--------+--------+-------------+
14 rows in set (0.00 sec)
# 单表查询
mysql> select ename, emp.deptno from emp, (select deptno, avg(sal) 平均工资 from emp group by deeptno) 临时表 where emp.deptno=临时表.deptno and emp.sal > 平均工资;
+-------+--------+
| ename | deptno |
+-------+--------+
| ALLEN | 30 |
| JONES | 20 |
| BLAKE | 30 |
| SCOTT | 20 |
| KING | 10 |
| FORD | 20 |
+-------+--------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)
这一问比上一问多了一个部门地点,涉及到多表查询。
做笛卡尔积然后筛选有效信息
# 做笛卡尔积
mysql> select * from dept, (select ename, emp.deptno from emp, (select deptno, avg(sal) 平均工资 from emp group by deptno) 临时表 where emp.deptno=临时表.deptno and emp.sal> 平均工资) t1;
+--------+------------+----------+-------+--------+
| deptno | dname | loc | ename | deptno |
+--------+------------+----------+-------+--------+
| 10 | ACCOUNTING | NEW YORK | ALLEN | 30 |
| 20 | RESEARCH | DALLAS | ALLEN | 30 |
| 30 | SALES | CHICAGO | ALLEN | 30 |
| 40 | OPERATIONS | BOSTON | ALLEN | 30 |
| 10 | ACCOUNTING | NEW YORK | JONES | 20 |
| 20 | RESEARCH | DALLAS | JONES | 20 |
| 30 | SALES | CHICAGO | JONES | 20 |
| 40 | OPERATIONS | BOSTON | JONES | 20 |
| 10 | ACCOUNTING | NEW YORK | BLAKE | 30 |
| 20 | RESEARCH | DALLAS | BLAKE | 30 |
| 30 | SALES | CHICAGO | BLAKE | 30 |
| 40 | OPERATIONS | BOSTON | BLAKE | 30 |
| 10 | ACCOUNTING | NEW YORK | SCOTT | 20 |
| 20 | RESEARCH | DALLAS | SCOTT | 20 |
| 30 | SALES | CHICAGO | SCOTT | 20 |
| 40 | OPERATIONS | BOSTON | SCOTT | 20 |
| 10 | ACCOUNTING | NEW YORK | KING | 10 |
| 20 | RESEARCH | DALLAS | KING | 10 |
| 30 | SALES | CHICAGO | KING | 10 |
| 40 | OPERATIONS | BOSTON | KING | 10 |
| 10 | ACCOUNTING | NEW YORK | FORD | 20 |
| 20 | RESEARCH | DALLAS | FORD | 20 |
| 30 | SALES | CHICAGO | FORD | 20 |
| 40 | OPERATIONS | BOSTON | FORD | 20 |
+--------+------------+----------+-------+--------+
24 rows in set (0.00 sec)
# 筛选有效信息
mysql> select t1.ename, dept.loc, t1.deptno from dept, (select ename, emp.deptno from emp, (select deptno, avg(sal) 平均工资 from emp group by deptno) 临时表 where emp.deptnoo=临时表.deptno and emp.sal > 平均工资) t1 where dept.deptno=t1.deptno;
+-------+----------+--------+
| ename | loc | deptno |
+-------+----------+--------+
| ALLEN | CHICAGO | 30 |
| JONES | DALLAS | 20 |
| BLAKE | CHICAGO | 30 |
| SCOTT | DALLAS | 20 |
| KING | NEW YORK | 10 |
| FORD | DALLAS | 20 |
+-------+----------+--------+
6 rows in set (0.01 sec)
# 通过group by聚合找出各部门的最高工资
mysql> select deptno,max(sal) from emp group by deptno;
+--------+----------+
| deptno | max(sal) |
+--------+----------+
| 10 | 5000.00 |
| 20 | 3000.00 |
| 30 | 2850.00 |
+--------+----------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
# 做笛卡尔积并筛选有效信息
mysql> select * from emp, (select deptno,max(sal) from emp group by deptno) 部门最高工资 where emp.deptno=部门最高工资.deptno;
+--------+--------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+---------+--------+--------+----------+
| empno | ename | job | mgr | hiredate | sal | comm | deptno | deptno | max(sal) |
+--------+--------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+---------+--------+--------+----------+
| 007369 | SMITH | CLERK | 7902 | 1980-12-17 00:00:00 | 800.00 | NULL | 20 | 20 | 3000.00 |
| 007499 | ALLEN | SALESMAN | 7698 | 1981-02-20 00:00:00 | 1600.00 | 300.00 | 30 | 30 | 2850.00 |
| 007521 | WARD | SALESMAN | 7698 | 1981-02-22 00:00:00 | 1250.00 | 500.00 | 30 | 30 | 2850.00 |
| 007566 | JONES | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-04-02 00:00:00 | 2975.00 | NULL | 20 | 20 | 3000.00 |
| 007654 | MARTIN | SALESMAN | 7698 | 1981-09-28 00:00:00 | 1250.00 | 1400.00 | 30 | 30 | 2850.00 |
| 007698 | BLAKE | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-05-01 00:00:00 | 2850.00 | NULL | 30 | 30 | 2850.00 |
| 007782 | CLARK | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-06-09 00:00:00 | 2450.00 | NULL | 10 | 10 | 5000.00 |
| 007788 | SCOTT | ANALYST | 7566 | 1987-04-19 00:00:00 | 3000.00 | NULL | 20 | 20 | 3000.00 |
| 007839 | KING | PRESIDENT | NULL | 1981-11-17 00:00:00 | 5000.00 | NULL | 10 | 10 | 5000.00 |
| 007844 | TURNER | SALESMAN | 7698 | 1981-09-08 00:00:00 | 1500.00 | 0.00 | 30 | 30 | 2850.00 |
| 007876 | ADAMS | CLERK | 7788 | 1987-05-23 00:00:00 | 1100.00 | NULL | 20 | 20 | 3000.00 |
| 007900 | JAMES | CLERK | 7698 | 1981-12-03 00:00:00 | 950.00 | NULL | 30 | 30 | 2850.00 |
| 007902 | FORD | ANALYST | 7566 | 1981-12-03 00:00:00 | 3000.00 | NULL | 20 | 20 | 3000.00 |
| 007934 | MILLER | CLERK | 7782 | 1982-01-23 00:00:00 | 1300.00 | NULL | 10 | 10 | 5000.00 |
+--------+--------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+---------+--------+--------+----------+
14 rows in set (0.00 sec)
# 在添加工资等于最高工资的条件
mysql> select ename, sal, emp.deptno, maxsal from emp, (select deptno,max(sal) maxsal from emp group by deptno) 部门最高工资 where emp.deptno=部门最高工资.deptno and 部门.高工资.maxsal=emp.sal;
+-------+---------+--------+---------+
| ename | sal | deptno | maxsal |
+-------+---------+--------+---------+
| BLAKE | 2850.00 | 30 | 2850.00 |
| SCOTT | 3000.00 | 20 | 3000.00 |
| KING | 5000.00 | 10 | 5000.00 |
| FORD | 3000.00 | 20 | 3000.00 |
+-------+---------+--------+---------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
1️⃣ 先统计每个部门有多少人
mysql> select deptno, count(*) dep_num from emp group by deptno;
+--------+---------+
| deptno | dep_num |
+--------+---------+
| 10 | 3 |
| 20 | 5 |
| 30 | 6 |
+--------+---------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
2️⃣ 对上面的临时表进行笛卡尔积并过滤无效信息
mysql> select * from dept t1, (select deptno, count(*) dep_num from emp group by deptno) t2 where t1.deptno=t2.deptno;
+--------+------------+----------+--------+---------+
| deptno | dname | loc | deptno | dep_num |
+--------+------------+----------+--------+---------+
| 10 | ACCOUNTING | NEW YORK | 10 | 3 |
| 20 | RESEARCH | DALLAS | 20 | 5 |
| 30 | SALES | CHICAGO | 30 | 6 |
+--------+------------+----------+--------+---------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
3️⃣ 提取想要打印的信息
mysql> select t1.dname, t1.loc, t2.dep_num, t1.deptno from dept t1, (select deptno, count(*) dep_num from emp group by deptno) t2 where t1.deptno=t2.deptno;
+------------+----------+---------+--------+
| dname | loc | dep_num | deptno |
+------------+----------+---------+--------+
| ACCOUNTING | NEW YORK | 3 | 10 |
| RESEARCH | DALLAS | 5 | 20 |
| SALES | CHICAGO | 6 | 30 |
+------------+----------+---------+--------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
在实际应用中,为了合并多个select的执行结果,可以使用集合操作符 union,union all。注意左右两边的select所查询的字段要相同。
mysql> select * from emp where sal > 2500 union select * from emp where job='MANAGER';
+-------+-------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+------+--------+
| empno | ename | job | mgr | hiredate | sal | comm | deptno |
+-------+-------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+------+--------+
| 7566 | JONES | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-04-02 00:00:00 | 2975.00 | NULL | 20 |
| 7698 | BLAKE | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-05-01 00:00:00 | 2850.00 | NULL | 30 |
| 7788 | SCOTT | ANALYST | 7566 | 1987-04-19 00:00:00 | 3000.00 | NULL | 20 |
| 7839 | KING | PRESIDENT | NULL | 1981-11-17 00:00:00 | 5000.00 | NULL | 10 |
| 7902 | FORD | ANALYST | 7566 | 1981-12-03 00:00:00 | 3000.00 | NULL | 20 |
| 7782 | CLARK | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-06-09 00:00:00 | 2450.00 | NULL | 10 |
+-------+-------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+------+--------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from emp where sal > 2500 union all select * from emp where job='MANAGER';
+-------+-------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+------+--------+
| empno | ename | job | mgr | hiredate | sal | comm | deptno |
+-------+-------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+------+--------+
| 7566 | JONES | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-04-02 00:00:00 | 2975.00 | NULL | 20 |
| 7698 | BLAKE | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-05-01 00:00:00 | 2850.00 | NULL | 30 |
| 7788 | SCOTT | ANALYST | 7566 | 1987-04-19 00:00:00 | 3000.00 | NULL | 20 |
| 7839 | KING | PRESIDENT | NULL | 1981-11-17 00:00:00 | 5000.00 | NULL | 10 |
| 7902 | FORD | ANALYST | 7566 | 1981-12-03 00:00:00 | 3000.00 | NULL | 20 |
| 7566 | JONES | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-04-02 00:00:00 | 2975.00 | NULL | 20 |
| 7698 | BLAKE | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-05-01 00:00:00 | 2850.00 | NULL | 30 |
| 7782 | CLARK | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-06-09 00:00:00 | 2450.00 | NULL | 10 |
+-------+-------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+------+--------+
8 rows in set (0.01 sec)